postgresql/src/test/regress/sql/btree_index.sql

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--
-- BTREE_INDEX
-- test retrieval of min/max keys for each index
--
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_i4_heap b
WHERE b.seqno < 1;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_i4_heap b
WHERE b.seqno >= 9999;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_i4_heap b
WHERE b.seqno = 4500;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_name_heap b
WHERE b.seqno < '1'::name;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_name_heap b
WHERE b.seqno >= '9999'::name;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_name_heap b
WHERE b.seqno = '4500'::name;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_txt_heap b
WHERE b.seqno < '1'::text;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_txt_heap b
WHERE b.seqno >= '9999'::text;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_txt_heap b
WHERE b.seqno = '4500'::text;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_f8_heap b
WHERE b.seqno < '1'::float8;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_f8_heap b
WHERE b.seqno >= '9999'::float8;
SELECT b.*
FROM bt_f8_heap b
WHERE b.seqno = '4500'::float8;
--
-- Check correct optimization of LIKE (special index operator support)
-- for both indexscan and bitmapscan cases
--
set enable_seqscan to false;
set enable_indexscan to true;
set enable_bitmapscan to false;
explain (costs off)
select proname from pg_proc where proname like E'RI\\_FKey%del' order by 1;
select proname from pg_proc where proname like E'RI\\_FKey%del' order by 1;
explain (costs off)
select proname from pg_proc where proname ilike '00%foo' order by 1;
select proname from pg_proc where proname ilike '00%foo' order by 1;
explain (costs off)
select proname from pg_proc where proname ilike 'ri%foo' order by 1;
set enable_indexscan to false;
set enable_bitmapscan to true;
explain (costs off)
select proname from pg_proc where proname like E'RI\\_FKey%del' order by 1;
select proname from pg_proc where proname like E'RI\\_FKey%del' order by 1;
explain (costs off)
select proname from pg_proc where proname ilike '00%foo' order by 1;
select proname from pg_proc where proname ilike '00%foo' order by 1;
explain (costs off)
select proname from pg_proc where proname ilike 'ri%foo' order by 1;
reset enable_seqscan;
reset enable_indexscan;
reset enable_bitmapscan;
--
Make heap TID a tiebreaker nbtree index column. Make nbtree treat all index tuples as having a heap TID attribute. Index searches can distinguish duplicates by heap TID, since heap TID is always guaranteed to be unique. This general approach has numerous benefits for performance, and is prerequisite to teaching VACUUM to perform "retail index tuple deletion". Naively adding a new attribute to every pivot tuple has unacceptable overhead (it bloats internal pages), so suffix truncation of pivot tuples is added. This will usually truncate away the "extra" heap TID attribute from pivot tuples during a leaf page split, and may also truncate away additional user attributes. This can increase fan-out, especially in a multi-column index. Truncation can only occur at the attribute granularity, which isn't particularly effective, but works well enough for now. A future patch may add support for truncating "within" text attributes by generating truncated key values using new opclass infrastructure. Only new indexes (BTREE_VERSION 4 indexes) will have insertions that treat heap TID as a tiebreaker attribute, or will have pivot tuples undergo suffix truncation during a leaf page split (on-disk compatibility with versions 2 and 3 is preserved). Upgrades to version 4 cannot be performed on-the-fly, unlike upgrades from version 2 to version 3. contrib/amcheck continues to work with version 2 and 3 indexes, while also enforcing stricter invariants when verifying version 4 indexes. These stricter invariants are the same invariants described by "3.1.12 Sequencing" from the Lehman and Yao paper. A later patch will enhance the logic used by nbtree to pick a split point. This patch is likely to negatively impact performance without smarter choices around the precise point to split leaf pages at. Making these two mostly-distinct sets of enhancements into distinct commits seems like it might clarify their design, even though neither commit is particularly useful on its own. The maximum allowed size of new tuples is reduced by an amount equal to the space required to store an extra MAXALIGN()'d TID in a new high key during leaf page splits. The user-facing definition of the "1/3 of a page" restriction is already imprecise, and so does not need to be revised. However, there should be a compatibility note in the v12 release notes. Author: Peter Geoghegan Reviewed-By: Heikki Linnakangas, Alexander Korotkov Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkVb0Kom=R+88fDFb=JSxZMFvbHVC6Mn9LJ2n=X=kS-Uw@mail.gmail.com
2019-03-20 18:04:01 +01:00
-- Test B-tree fast path (cache rightmost leaf page) optimization.
--
Make heap TID a tiebreaker nbtree index column. Make nbtree treat all index tuples as having a heap TID attribute. Index searches can distinguish duplicates by heap TID, since heap TID is always guaranteed to be unique. This general approach has numerous benefits for performance, and is prerequisite to teaching VACUUM to perform "retail index tuple deletion". Naively adding a new attribute to every pivot tuple has unacceptable overhead (it bloats internal pages), so suffix truncation of pivot tuples is added. This will usually truncate away the "extra" heap TID attribute from pivot tuples during a leaf page split, and may also truncate away additional user attributes. This can increase fan-out, especially in a multi-column index. Truncation can only occur at the attribute granularity, which isn't particularly effective, but works well enough for now. A future patch may add support for truncating "within" text attributes by generating truncated key values using new opclass infrastructure. Only new indexes (BTREE_VERSION 4 indexes) will have insertions that treat heap TID as a tiebreaker attribute, or will have pivot tuples undergo suffix truncation during a leaf page split (on-disk compatibility with versions 2 and 3 is preserved). Upgrades to version 4 cannot be performed on-the-fly, unlike upgrades from version 2 to version 3. contrib/amcheck continues to work with version 2 and 3 indexes, while also enforcing stricter invariants when verifying version 4 indexes. These stricter invariants are the same invariants described by "3.1.12 Sequencing" from the Lehman and Yao paper. A later patch will enhance the logic used by nbtree to pick a split point. This patch is likely to negatively impact performance without smarter choices around the precise point to split leaf pages at. Making these two mostly-distinct sets of enhancements into distinct commits seems like it might clarify their design, even though neither commit is particularly useful on its own. The maximum allowed size of new tuples is reduced by an amount equal to the space required to store an extra MAXALIGN()'d TID in a new high key during leaf page splits. The user-facing definition of the "1/3 of a page" restriction is already imprecise, and so does not need to be revised. However, there should be a compatibility note in the v12 release notes. Author: Peter Geoghegan Reviewed-By: Heikki Linnakangas, Alexander Korotkov Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkVb0Kom=R+88fDFb=JSxZMFvbHVC6Mn9LJ2n=X=kS-Uw@mail.gmail.com
2019-03-20 18:04:01 +01:00
-- First create a tree that's at least three levels deep (i.e. has one level
-- between the root and leaf levels). The text inserted is long. It won't be
-- compressed because we use plain storage in the table. Only a few index
-- tuples fit on each internal page, allowing us to get a tall tree with few
-- pages. (A tall tree is required to trigger caching.)
--
Make heap TID a tiebreaker nbtree index column. Make nbtree treat all index tuples as having a heap TID attribute. Index searches can distinguish duplicates by heap TID, since heap TID is always guaranteed to be unique. This general approach has numerous benefits for performance, and is prerequisite to teaching VACUUM to perform "retail index tuple deletion". Naively adding a new attribute to every pivot tuple has unacceptable overhead (it bloats internal pages), so suffix truncation of pivot tuples is added. This will usually truncate away the "extra" heap TID attribute from pivot tuples during a leaf page split, and may also truncate away additional user attributes. This can increase fan-out, especially in a multi-column index. Truncation can only occur at the attribute granularity, which isn't particularly effective, but works well enough for now. A future patch may add support for truncating "within" text attributes by generating truncated key values using new opclass infrastructure. Only new indexes (BTREE_VERSION 4 indexes) will have insertions that treat heap TID as a tiebreaker attribute, or will have pivot tuples undergo suffix truncation during a leaf page split (on-disk compatibility with versions 2 and 3 is preserved). Upgrades to version 4 cannot be performed on-the-fly, unlike upgrades from version 2 to version 3. contrib/amcheck continues to work with version 2 and 3 indexes, while also enforcing stricter invariants when verifying version 4 indexes. These stricter invariants are the same invariants described by "3.1.12 Sequencing" from the Lehman and Yao paper. A later patch will enhance the logic used by nbtree to pick a split point. This patch is likely to negatively impact performance without smarter choices around the precise point to split leaf pages at. Making these two mostly-distinct sets of enhancements into distinct commits seems like it might clarify their design, even though neither commit is particularly useful on its own. The maximum allowed size of new tuples is reduced by an amount equal to the space required to store an extra MAXALIGN()'d TID in a new high key during leaf page splits. The user-facing definition of the "1/3 of a page" restriction is already imprecise, and so does not need to be revised. However, there should be a compatibility note in the v12 release notes. Author: Peter Geoghegan Reviewed-By: Heikki Linnakangas, Alexander Korotkov Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkVb0Kom=R+88fDFb=JSxZMFvbHVC6Mn9LJ2n=X=kS-Uw@mail.gmail.com
2019-03-20 18:04:01 +01:00
-- The text column must be the leading column in the index, since suffix
-- truncation would otherwise truncate tuples on internal pages, leaving us
-- with a short tree.
create table btree_tall_tbl(id int4, t text);
alter table btree_tall_tbl alter COLUMN t set storage plain;
create index btree_tall_idx on btree_tall_tbl (t, id) with (fillfactor = 10);
insert into btree_tall_tbl select g, repeat('x', 250)
from generate_series(1, 130) g;
Skip full index scan during cleanup of B-tree indexes when possible Vacuum of index consists from two stages: multiple (zero of more) ambulkdelete calls and one amvacuumcleanup call. When workload on particular table is append-only, then autovacuum isn't intended to touch this table. However, user may run vacuum manually in order to fill visibility map and get benefits of index-only scans. Then ambulkdelete wouldn't be called for indexes of such table (because no heap tuples were deleted), only amvacuumcleanup would be called In this case, amvacuumcleanup would perform full index scan for two objectives: put recyclable pages into free space map and update index statistics. This patch allows btvacuumclanup to skip full index scan when two conditions are satisfied: no pages are going to be put into free space map and index statistics isn't stalled. In order to check first condition, we store oldest btpo_xact in the meta-page. When it's precedes RecentGlobalXmin, then there are some recyclable pages. In order to check second condition we store number of heap tuples observed during previous full index scan by cleanup. If fraction of newly inserted tuples is less than vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor, then statistics isn't considered to be stalled. vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor can be defined as both reloption and GUC (default). This patch bumps B-tree meta-page version. Upgrade of meta-page is performed "on the fly": during VACUUM meta-page is rewritten with new version. No special handling in pg_upgrade is required. Author: Masahiko Sawada, Alexander Korotkov Review by: Peter Geoghegan, Kyotaro Horiguchi, Alexander Korotkov, Yura Sokolov Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAD21AoAX+d2oD_nrd9O2YkpzHaFr=uQeGr9s1rKC3O4ENc568g@mail.gmail.com
2018-04-04 18:29:00 +02:00
--
-- Test vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor
--
-- Simple create
create table btree_test(a int);
create index btree_idx1 on btree_test(a) with (vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = 40.0);
select reloptions from pg_class WHERE oid = 'btree_idx1'::regclass;
-- Fail while setting improper values
create index btree_idx_err on btree_test(a) with (vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = -10.0);
create index btree_idx_err on btree_test(a) with (vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = 100.0);
create index btree_idx_err on btree_test(a) with (vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = 'string');
create index btree_idx_err on btree_test(a) with (vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = true);
-- Simple ALTER INDEX
alter index btree_idx1 set (vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = 70.0);
select reloptions from pg_class WHERE oid = 'btree_idx1'::regclass;