postgresql/src/backend/utils/adt/varchar.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * varchar.c
 *	  Functions for the built-in types char(n) and varchar(n).
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2022, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/utils/adt/varchar.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/detoast.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "common/hashfn.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "nodes/supportnodes.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/pg_locale.h"
#include "utils/varlena.h"

/* common code for bpchartypmodin and varchartypmodin */
static int32
anychar_typmodin(ArrayType *ta, const char *typename)
{
	int32		typmod;
	int32	   *tl;
	int			n;

	tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);

	/*
	 * we're not too tense about good error message here because grammar
	 * shouldn't allow wrong number of modifiers for CHAR
	 */
	if (n != 1)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
				 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));

	if (*tl < 1)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
				 errmsg("length for type %s must be at least 1", typename)));
	if (*tl > MaxAttrSize)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
				 errmsg("length for type %s cannot exceed %d",
						typename, MaxAttrSize)));

	/*
	 * For largely historical reasons, the typmod is VARHDRSZ plus the number
	 * of characters; there is enough client-side code that knows about that
	 * that we'd better not change it.
	 */
	typmod = VARHDRSZ + *tl;

	return typmod;
}

/* common code for bpchartypmodout and varchartypmodout */
static char *
anychar_typmodout(int32 typmod)
{
	char	   *res = (char *) palloc(64);

	if (typmod > VARHDRSZ)
		snprintf(res, 64, "(%d)", (int) (typmod - VARHDRSZ));
	else
		*res = '\0';

	return res;
}


/*
 * CHAR() and VARCHAR() types are part of the SQL standard. CHAR()
 * is for blank-padded string whose length is specified in CREATE TABLE.
 * VARCHAR is for storing string whose length is at most the length specified
 * at CREATE TABLE time.
 *
 * It's hard to implement these types because we cannot figure out
 * the length of the type from the type itself. I changed (hopefully all) the
 * fmgr calls that invoke input functions of a data type to supply the
 * length also. (eg. in INSERTs, we have the tupleDescriptor which contains
 * the length of the attributes and hence the exact length of the char() or
 * varchar(). We pass this to bpcharin() or varcharin().) In the case where
 * we cannot determine the length, we pass in -1 instead and the input
 * converter does not enforce any length check.
 *
 * We actually implement this as a varlena so that we don't have to pass in
 * the length for the comparison functions. (The difference between these
 * types and "text" is that we truncate and possibly blank-pad the string
 * at insertion time.)
 *
 *															  - ay 6/95
 */


/*****************************************************************************
 *	 bpchar - char()														 *
 *****************************************************************************/

/*
 * bpchar_input -- common guts of bpcharin and bpcharrecv
 *
 * s is the input text of length len (may not be null-terminated)
 * atttypmod is the typmod value to apply
 *
 * Note that atttypmod is measured in characters, which
 * is not necessarily the same as the number of bytes.
 *
 * If the input string is too long, raise an error, unless the extra
 * characters are spaces, in which case they're truncated.  (per SQL)
 */
static BpChar *
bpchar_input(const char *s, size_t len, int32 atttypmod)
{
	BpChar	   *result;
	char	   *r;
	size_t		maxlen;

	/* If typmod is -1 (or invalid), use the actual string length */
	if (atttypmod < (int32) VARHDRSZ)
		maxlen = len;
	else
	{
		size_t		charlen;	/* number of CHARACTERS in the input */

		maxlen = atttypmod - VARHDRSZ;
		charlen = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(s, len);
		if (charlen > maxlen)
		{
			/* Verify that extra characters are spaces, and clip them off */
			size_t		mbmaxlen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s, len, maxlen);
			size_t		j;

			/*
			 * at this point, len is the actual BYTE length of the input
			 * string, maxlen is the max number of CHARACTERS allowed for this
			 * bpchar type, mbmaxlen is the length in BYTES of those chars.
			 */
			for (j = mbmaxlen; j < len; j++)
			{
				if (s[j] != ' ')
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
							 errmsg("value too long for type character(%d)",
									(int) maxlen)));
			}

			/*
			 * Now we set maxlen to the necessary byte length, not the number
			 * of CHARACTERS!
			 */
			maxlen = len = mbmaxlen;
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Now we set maxlen to the necessary byte length, not the number
			 * of CHARACTERS!
			 */
			maxlen = len + (maxlen - charlen);
		}
	}

	result = (BpChar *) palloc(maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
	SET_VARSIZE(result, maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
	r = VARDATA(result);
	memcpy(r, s, len);

	/* blank pad the string if necessary */
	if (maxlen > len)
		memset(r + len, ' ', maxlen - len);

	return result;
}

/*
 * Convert a C string to CHARACTER internal representation.  atttypmod
 * is the declared length of the type plus VARHDRSZ.
 */
Datum
bpcharin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	char	   *s = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);

#ifdef NOT_USED
	Oid			typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
	int32		atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
	BpChar	   *result;

	result = bpchar_input(s, strlen(s), atttypmod);
	PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}


/*
 * Convert a CHARACTER value to a C string.
 *
 * Uses the text conversion functions, which is only appropriate if BpChar
 * and text are equivalent types.
 */
Datum
bpcharout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Datum		txt = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);

	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(TextDatumGetCString(txt));
}

/*
 *		bpcharrecv			- converts external binary format to bpchar
 */
Datum
bpcharrecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);

#ifdef NOT_USED
	Oid			typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
	int32		atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
	BpChar	   *result;
	char	   *str;
	int			nbytes;

	str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
	result = bpchar_input(str, nbytes, atttypmod);
	pfree(str);
	PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}

/*
 *		bpcharsend			- converts bpchar to binary format
 */
Datum
bpcharsend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/* Exactly the same as textsend, so share code */
	return textsend(fcinfo);
}


/*
 * Converts a CHARACTER type to the specified size.
 *
 * maxlen is the typmod, ie, declared length plus VARHDRSZ bytes.
 * isExplicit is true if this is for an explicit cast to char(N).
 *
 * Truncation rules: for an explicit cast, silently truncate to the given
 * length; for an implicit cast, raise error unless extra characters are
 * all spaces.  (This is sort-of per SQL: the spec would actually have us
 * raise a "completion condition" for the explicit cast case, but Postgres
 * hasn't got such a concept.)
 */
Datum
bpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *source = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	int32		maxlen = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
	bool		isExplicit = PG_GETARG_BOOL(2);
	BpChar	   *result;
	int32		len;
	char	   *r;
	char	   *s;
	int			i;
	int			charlen;		/* number of characters in the input string +
								 * VARHDRSZ */

	/* No work if typmod is invalid */
	if (maxlen < (int32) VARHDRSZ)
		PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(source);

	maxlen -= VARHDRSZ;

	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(source);
	s = VARDATA_ANY(source);

	charlen = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(s, len);

	/* No work if supplied data matches typmod already */
	if (charlen == maxlen)
		PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(source);

	if (charlen > maxlen)
	{
		/* Verify that extra characters are spaces, and clip them off */
		size_t		maxmblen;

		maxmblen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s, len, maxlen);

		if (!isExplicit)
		{
			for (i = maxmblen; i < len; i++)
				if (s[i] != ' ')
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
							 errmsg("value too long for type character(%d)",
									maxlen)));
		}

		len = maxmblen;

		/*
		 * At this point, maxlen is the necessary byte length, not the number
		 * of CHARACTERS!
		 */
		maxlen = len;
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * At this point, maxlen is the necessary byte length, not the number
		 * of CHARACTERS!
		 */
		maxlen = len + (maxlen - charlen);
	}

	Assert(maxlen >= len);

	result = palloc(maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
	SET_VARSIZE(result, maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
	r = VARDATA(result);

	memcpy(r, s, len);

	/* blank pad the string if necessary */
	if (maxlen > len)
		memset(r + len, ' ', maxlen - len);

	PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}


/* char_bpchar()
 * Convert char to bpchar(1).
 */
Datum
char_bpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	char		c = PG_GETARG_CHAR(0);
	BpChar	   *result;

	result = (BpChar *) palloc(VARHDRSZ + 1);

	SET_VARSIZE(result, VARHDRSZ + 1);
	*(VARDATA(result)) = c;

	PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}


/* bpchar_name()
 * Converts a bpchar() type to a NameData type.
 */
Datum
bpchar_name(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *s = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	char	   *s_data;
	Name		result;
	int			len;

	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(s);
	s_data = VARDATA_ANY(s);

	/* Truncate oversize input */
	if (len >= NAMEDATALEN)
		len = pg_mbcliplen(s_data, len, NAMEDATALEN - 1);

	/* Remove trailing blanks */
	while (len > 0)
	{
		if (s_data[len - 1] != ' ')
			break;
		len--;
	}

	/* We use palloc0 here to ensure result is zero-padded */
	result = (Name) palloc0(NAMEDATALEN);
	memcpy(NameStr(*result), s_data, len);

	PG_RETURN_NAME(result);
}

/* name_bpchar()
 * Converts a NameData type to a bpchar type.
 *
 * Uses the text conversion functions, which is only appropriate if BpChar
 * and text are equivalent types.
 */
Datum
name_bpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Name		s = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
	BpChar	   *result;

	result = (BpChar *) cstring_to_text(NameStr(*s));
	PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}

Datum
bpchartypmodin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);

	PG_RETURN_INT32(anychar_typmodin(ta, "char"));
}

Datum
bpchartypmodout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);

	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(anychar_typmodout(typmod));
}


/*****************************************************************************
 *	 varchar - varchar(n)
 *
 * Note: varchar piggybacks on type text for most operations, and so has no
 * C-coded functions except for I/O and typmod checking.
 *****************************************************************************/

/*
 * varchar_input -- common guts of varcharin and varcharrecv
 *
 * s is the input text of length len (may not be null-terminated)
 * atttypmod is the typmod value to apply
 *
 * Note that atttypmod is measured in characters, which
 * is not necessarily the same as the number of bytes.
 *
 * If the input string is too long, raise an error, unless the extra
 * characters are spaces, in which case they're truncated.  (per SQL)
 *
 * Uses the C string to text conversion function, which is only appropriate
 * if VarChar and text are equivalent types.
 */
static VarChar *
varchar_input(const char *s, size_t len, int32 atttypmod)
{
	VarChar    *result;
	size_t		maxlen;

	maxlen = atttypmod - VARHDRSZ;

	if (atttypmod >= (int32) VARHDRSZ && len > maxlen)
	{
		/* Verify that extra characters are spaces, and clip them off */
		size_t		mbmaxlen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s, len, maxlen);
		size_t		j;

		for (j = mbmaxlen; j < len; j++)
		{
			if (s[j] != ' ')
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
						 errmsg("value too long for type character varying(%d)",
								(int) maxlen)));
		}

		len = mbmaxlen;
	}

	result = (VarChar *) cstring_to_text_with_len(s, len);
	return result;
}

/*
 * Convert a C string to VARCHAR internal representation.  atttypmod
 * is the declared length of the type plus VARHDRSZ.
 */
Datum
varcharin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	char	   *s = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);

#ifdef NOT_USED
	Oid			typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
	int32		atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
	VarChar    *result;

	result = varchar_input(s, strlen(s), atttypmod);
	PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P(result);
}


/*
 * Convert a VARCHAR value to a C string.
 *
 * Uses the text to C string conversion function, which is only appropriate
 * if VarChar and text are equivalent types.
 */
Datum
varcharout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Datum		txt = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);

	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(TextDatumGetCString(txt));
}

/*
 *		varcharrecv			- converts external binary format to varchar
 */
Datum
varcharrecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);

#ifdef NOT_USED
	Oid			typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
	int32		atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
	VarChar    *result;
	char	   *str;
	int			nbytes;

	str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
	result = varchar_input(str, nbytes, atttypmod);
	pfree(str);
	PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P(result);
}

/*
 *		varcharsend			- converts varchar to binary format
 */
Datum
varcharsend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/* Exactly the same as textsend, so share code */
	return textsend(fcinfo);
}


/*
 * varchar_support()
 *
 * Planner support function for the varchar() length coercion function.
 *
 * Currently, the only interesting thing we can do is flatten calls that set
 * the new maximum length >= the previous maximum length.  We can ignore the
 * isExplicit argument, since that only affects truncation cases.
 */
Datum
varchar_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Node	   *rawreq = (Node *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
	Node	   *ret = NULL;

	if (IsA(rawreq, SupportRequestSimplify))
	{
		SupportRequestSimplify *req = (SupportRequestSimplify *) rawreq;
		FuncExpr   *expr = req->fcall;
		Node	   *typmod;

		Assert(list_length(expr->args) >= 2);

		typmod = (Node *) lsecond(expr->args);

		if (IsA(typmod, Const) && !((Const *) typmod)->constisnull)
		{
			Node	   *source = (Node *) linitial(expr->args);
			int32		old_typmod = exprTypmod(source);
			int32		new_typmod = DatumGetInt32(((Const *) typmod)->constvalue);
			int32		old_max = old_typmod - VARHDRSZ;
			int32		new_max = new_typmod - VARHDRSZ;

			if (new_typmod < 0 || (old_typmod >= 0 && old_max <= new_max))
				ret = relabel_to_typmod(source, new_typmod);
		}
	}

	PG_RETURN_POINTER(ret);
}

/*
 * Converts a VARCHAR type to the specified size.
 *
 * maxlen is the typmod, ie, declared length plus VARHDRSZ bytes.
 * isExplicit is true if this is for an explicit cast to varchar(N).
 *
 * Truncation rules: for an explicit cast, silently truncate to the given
 * length; for an implicit cast, raise error unless extra characters are
 * all spaces.  (This is sort-of per SQL: the spec would actually have us
 * raise a "completion condition" for the explicit cast case, but Postgres
 * hasn't got such a concept.)
 */
Datum
varchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	VarChar    *source = PG_GETARG_VARCHAR_PP(0);
	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
	bool		isExplicit = PG_GETARG_BOOL(2);
	int32		len,
				maxlen;
	size_t		maxmblen;
	int			i;
	char	   *s_data;

	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(source);
	s_data = VARDATA_ANY(source);
	maxlen = typmod - VARHDRSZ;

	/* No work if typmod is invalid or supplied data fits it already */
	if (maxlen < 0 || len <= maxlen)
		PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P(source);

	/* only reach here if string is too long... */

	/* truncate multibyte string preserving multibyte boundary */
	maxmblen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s_data, len, maxlen);

	if (!isExplicit)
	{
		for (i = maxmblen; i < len; i++)
			if (s_data[i] != ' ')
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
						 errmsg("value too long for type character varying(%d)",
								maxlen)));
	}

	PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P((VarChar *) cstring_to_text_with_len(s_data,
															 maxmblen));
}

Datum
varchartypmodin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);

	PG_RETURN_INT32(anychar_typmodin(ta, "varchar"));
}

Datum
varchartypmodout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);

	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(anychar_typmodout(typmod));
}


/*****************************************************************************
 * Exported functions
 *****************************************************************************/

/* "True" length (not counting trailing blanks) of a BpChar */
static inline int
bcTruelen(BpChar *arg)
{
	return bpchartruelen(VARDATA_ANY(arg), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg));
}

int
bpchartruelen(char *s, int len)
{
	int			i;

	/*
	 * Note that we rely on the assumption that ' ' is a singleton unit on
	 * every supported multibyte server encoding.
	 */
	for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
	{
		if (s[i] != ' ')
			break;
	}
	return i + 1;
}

Datum
bpcharlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	int			len;

	/* get number of bytes, ignoring trailing spaces */
	len = bcTruelen(arg);

	/* in multibyte encoding, convert to number of characters */
	if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() != 1)
		len = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(VARDATA_ANY(arg), len);

	PG_RETURN_INT32(len);
}

Datum
bpcharoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Datum		arg = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);

	/* We need not detoast the input at all */
	PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(arg) - VARHDRSZ);
}


/*****************************************************************************
 *	Comparison Functions used for bpchar
 *
 * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
 * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
 * need to be so careful.
 *****************************************************************************/

static void
check_collation_set(Oid collid)
{
	if (!OidIsValid(collid))
	{
		/*
		 * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a conflict
		 * of implicit collations, so report it that way.
		 */
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
				 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for string comparison"),
				 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
	}
}

Datum
bpchareq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	bool		result;
	Oid			collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
	bool		locale_is_c = false;
	pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;

	check_collation_set(collid);

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	if (lc_collate_is_c(collid))
		locale_is_c = true;
	else
		mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);

	if (locale_is_c || !mylocale || mylocale->deterministic)
	{
		/*
		 * Since we only care about equality or not-equality, we can avoid all
		 * the expense of strcoll() here, and just do bitwise comparison.
		 */
		if (len1 != len2)
			result = false;
		else
			result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len1) == 0);
	}
	else
	{
		result = (varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
							 collid) == 0);
	}

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}

Datum
bpcharne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	bool		result;
	Oid			collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
	bool		locale_is_c = false;
	pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;

	check_collation_set(collid);

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	if (lc_collate_is_c(collid))
		locale_is_c = true;
	else
		mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);

	if (locale_is_c || !mylocale || mylocale->deterministic)
	{
		/*
		 * Since we only care about equality or not-equality, we can avoid all
		 * the expense of strcoll() here, and just do bitwise comparison.
		 */
		if (len1 != len2)
			result = true;
		else
			result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len1) != 0);
	}
	else
	{
		result = (varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
							 collid) != 0);
	}

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}

Datum
bpcharlt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	int			cmp;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
					 PG_GET_COLLATION());

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp < 0);
}

Datum
bpcharle(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	int			cmp;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
					 PG_GET_COLLATION());

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp <= 0);
}

Datum
bpchargt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	int			cmp;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
					 PG_GET_COLLATION());

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp > 0);
}

Datum
bpcharge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	int			cmp;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
					 PG_GET_COLLATION());

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp >= 0);
}

Datum
bpcharcmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	int			cmp;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
					 PG_GET_COLLATION());

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_INT32(cmp);
}

Datum
bpchar_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
	Oid			collid = ssup->ssup_collation;
	MemoryContext oldcontext;

	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);

	/* Use generic string SortSupport */
	varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BPCHAROID, collid);

	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	PG_RETURN_VOID();
}

Datum
bpchar_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	int			cmp;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
					 PG_GET_COLLATION());

	PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P((cmp >= 0) ? arg1 : arg2);
}

Datum
bpchar_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			len1,
				len2;
	int			cmp;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
					 PG_GET_COLLATION());

	PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P((cmp <= 0) ? arg1 : arg2);
}


/*
 * bpchar needs a specialized hash function because we want to ignore
 * trailing blanks in comparisons.
 */
Datum
hashbpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *key = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	Oid			collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
	char	   *keydata;
	int			keylen;
	pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
	Datum		result;

	if (!collid)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
				 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for string hashing"),
				 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));

	keydata = VARDATA_ANY(key);
	keylen = bcTruelen(key);

	if (!lc_collate_is_c(collid))
		mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);

	if (!mylocale || mylocale->deterministic)
	{
		result = hash_any((unsigned char *) keydata, keylen);
	}
	else
	{
#ifdef USE_ICU
		if (mylocale->provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
		{
			int32_t		ulen = -1;
			UChar	   *uchar = NULL;
			Size		bsize;
			uint8_t    *buf;

			ulen = icu_to_uchar(&uchar, keydata, keylen);

			bsize = ucol_getSortKey(mylocale->info.icu.ucol,
									uchar, ulen, NULL, 0);
			buf = palloc(bsize);
			ucol_getSortKey(mylocale->info.icu.ucol,
							uchar, ulen, buf, bsize);

			result = hash_any(buf, bsize);

			pfree(buf);
		}
		else
#endif
			/* shouldn't happen */
			elog(ERROR, "unsupported collprovider: %c", mylocale->provider);
	}

	/* Avoid leaking memory for toasted inputs */
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(key, 0);

	return result;
}

Datum
hashbpcharextended(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *key = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	Oid			collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
	char	   *keydata;
	int			keylen;
	pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
	Datum		result;

	if (!collid)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
				 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for string hashing"),
				 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));

	keydata = VARDATA_ANY(key);
	keylen = bcTruelen(key);

	if (!lc_collate_is_c(collid))
		mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);

	if (!mylocale || mylocale->deterministic)
	{
		result = hash_any_extended((unsigned char *) keydata, keylen,
								   PG_GETARG_INT64(1));
	}
	else
	{
#ifdef USE_ICU
		if (mylocale->provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
		{
			int32_t		ulen = -1;
			UChar	   *uchar = NULL;
			Size		bsize;
			uint8_t    *buf;

			ulen = icu_to_uchar(&uchar, VARDATA_ANY(key), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(key));

			bsize = ucol_getSortKey(mylocale->info.icu.ucol,
									uchar, ulen, NULL, 0);
			buf = palloc(bsize);
			ucol_getSortKey(mylocale->info.icu.ucol,
							uchar, ulen, buf, bsize);

			result = hash_any_extended(buf, bsize, PG_GETARG_INT64(1));

			pfree(buf);
		}
		else
#endif
			/* shouldn't happen */
			elog(ERROR, "unsupported collprovider: %c", mylocale->provider);
	}

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(key, 0);

	return result;
}

/*
 * The following operators support character-by-character comparison
 * of bpchar datums, to allow building indexes suitable for LIKE clauses.
 * Note that the regular bpchareq/bpcharne comparison operators, and
 * regular support functions 1 and 2 with "C" collation are assumed to be
 * compatible with these!
 */

static int
internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(BpChar *arg1, BpChar *arg2)
{
	int			result;
	int			len1,
				len2;

	len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
	len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);

	result = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
	if (result != 0)
		return result;
	else if (len1 < len2)
		return -1;
	else if (len1 > len2)
		return 1;
	else
		return 0;
}


Datum
bpchar_pattern_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			result;

	result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result < 0);
}


Datum
bpchar_pattern_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			result;

	result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result <= 0);
}


Datum
bpchar_pattern_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			result;

	result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result >= 0);
}


Datum
bpchar_pattern_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			result;

	result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result > 0);
}


Datum
btbpchar_pattern_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	BpChar	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
	BpChar	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
	int			result;

	result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);

	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);

	PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}


Datum
btbpchar_pattern_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
	MemoryContext oldcontext;

	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);

	/* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
	varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BPCHAROID, C_COLLATION_OID);

	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	PG_RETURN_VOID();
}