postgresql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml

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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml,v 1.19 2000/04/08 02:44:55 momjian Exp $
Postgres documentation
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<refentry id="SQL-CREATETABLE">
 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle id="sql-createtable-title">
   CREATE TABLE
  </refentrytitle>
  <refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>
 <refnamediv>
  <refname>
   CREATE TABLE
  </refname>
  <refpurpose>
   Creates a new table
  </refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>
 <refsynopsisdiv>
  <refsynopsisdivinfo>
   <date>2000-03-25</date>
  </refsynopsisdivinfo>
  <synopsis>
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] TABLE <replaceable class="PARAMETER">table</replaceable> (
    <replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable> <replaceable class="PARAMETER">type</replaceable>
    [ NULL | NOT NULL ] [ UNIQUE ] [ DEFAULT <replaceable class="PARAMETER">value</replaceable> ]
    [<replaceable>column_constraint_clause</replaceable> | PRIMARY KEY } [ ... ] ]
    [, ... ]
    [, PRIMARY KEY ( <replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable> [, ...] ) ]
    [, CHECK ( <replaceable class="PARAMETER">condition</replaceable> ) ]
    [, <replaceable>table_constraint_clause</replaceable> ]
    ) [ INHERITS ( <replaceable>inherited_table</replaceable> [, ...] ) ]
  </synopsis>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATETABLE-1">
   <title>
    Inputs
   </title>

   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>TEMPORARY</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The table is created only for this session, and is
	automatically dropped on session exit.
	Existing permanent tables with the same name are not visible
	while the temporary table exists.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">table</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a new class or table to be created.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a column.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">type</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The type of the column. This may include array specifiers.
	Refer to the <citetitle>PostgreSQL User's Guide</citetitle> for
	further information about data types and arrays.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>DEFAULT <replaceable class="PARAMETER">value</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A default value for a column.
	See the DEFAULT clause for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable>column_constraint_clause</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The optional column constraint clauses specify a list of integrity 
	constraints or tests which new or updated entries must satisfy for
	an insert or update operation to succeed. Each constraint
	must evaluate to a boolean expression. Although <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
	requires the <replaceable class="PARAMETER">column_constraint_clause</replaceable>
	to refer to that column only, <productname>Postgres</productname>
	allows multiple columns
	to be referenced within a single column constraint.
	See the column constraint clause for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable>table_constraint_clause</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The optional table CONSTRAINT clause specifies a list of integrity 
	constraints which new or updated entries must satisfy for
	an insert or update operation to succeed. Each constraint
	must evaluate to a boolean expression. Multiple columns
	may be referenced within a single constraint.
	Only one PRIMARY KEY clause may be specified for a table;
	PRIMARY KEY <replaceable>column</replaceable>
	(a table constraint) and PRIMARY KEY (a column constraint) are
	mutually exclusive..
	See the table constraint clause for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>INHERITS <replaceable class="PARAMETER">inherited_table</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The optional INHERITS clause specifies a collection of table
	names from which this table automatically inherits all fields.
	If any inherited field name appears more than once, 
	<productname>Postgres</productname>
	reports an error.
	<productname>Postgres</productname> automatically allows the created
	table to inherit functions on tables above it in the inheritance
	hierarchy.
	<note>
	 <title>Aside</title>
	 <para>
	  Inheritance of functions is done according
	  to the conventions of the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS).
	 </para>
	</note>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>    
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATETABLE-2">
   <title>
    Outputs
   </title>
   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
CREATE
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Message returned if table is successfully created.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
ERROR
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Message returned if table creation failed.
	This is usually accompanied by some descriptive text, such as:
	<computeroutput>
ERROR:  Relation '<replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable>' already exists
	</computeroutput>
	which occurs at runtime, if the table specified already exists
	in the database.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
ERROR:  DEFAULT: type mismatched
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	If data type of default value doesn't match the
	column definition's data type.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsynopsisdiv>

 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATETABLE-1">
  <title>
   Description
  </title>

  <para>
   <command>CREATE TABLE</command> will enter a new class or table
   into the current data base. The table will be "owned" by the user issuing the
   command.
  </para>

  <para>
   Each <replaceable class="PARAMETER">type</replaceable>
   may be a simple type, a complex type (set) or an array type.
   Each attribute may be specified to be non-null and
   each may have a default value, specified by the
   <xref linkend="R1-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-1-TITLE" endterm="R1-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-1-TITLE">.
  </para>

  <para>
   <note>
    <para>
     As of Postgres version 6.0, consistant array dimensions within an
     attribute are not enforced. This will likely change in a future
     release.
    </para>
   </note>
  </para>

  <para>
   The optional INHERITS
   clause specifies a collection of class names from which this class
   automatically inherits all fields.  If any inherited field name
   appears more than once, Postgres reports an error.  Postgres automatically
   allows the created class to inherit functions on classes above it in
   the inheritance hierarchy.  Inheritance of functions is done according
   to the conventions of the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS).
  </para>

  <para>
   Each new table or class <replaceable class="PARAMETER">table</replaceable>
   is automatically created as a type.  Therefore, one or more instances
   from the class are automatically a type and can be used in 
   <xref linkend="sql-altertable-title" endterm="sql-altertable-title">
   or other <command>CREATE TABLE</command> statements.
  </para>

  <para>
   The new table is created as a heap with no initial data.
   A table can have no more than 1600 columns (realistically,
   this is limited by the fact that tuple sizes must
   be less than 8192 bytes), but this limit may be configured
   lower at some sites. A table cannot have the same name as
   a system catalog table.
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-1">
  <title id="R1-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-1-TITLE">
   DEFAULT Clause
  </title>
  <para>
   <synopsis>
DEFAULT <replaceable class="PARAMETER">value</replaceable>
   </synopsis>
  </para>
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-1">
   <title>
    Inputs
   </title>
   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The possible values for the default value expression are:
	<itemizedlist>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>
	   a literal value
	  </simpara>
	 </listitem>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>
	   a user function
	  </simpara>
	 </listitem>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>
	   a niladic function
	  </simpara>
	 </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>	
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-2">
   <title>
    Outputs
   </title>
   <para>
    None.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-3">
   <title>
    Description
   </title>
   <para>
    The DEFAULT clause assigns a default data value to a column
    (via a column definition in the CREATE TABLE statement). 
    The data type of a default value must match the column definition's
    data type.
   </para>
   <para>
    An INSERT operation that includes a column without a specified
    default value will assign the NULL value to the column
    if no explicit data value is provided for it.
    Default <replaceable class="parameter">literal</replaceable> means
    that the default is the specified constant value.
    Default <replaceable class="parameter">niladic-function</replaceable>
    or <replaceable class="parameter">user-function</replaceable> means
    that the default
    is the value of the specified function at the time of the INSERT.
   </para>
   <para>
    There are two types of niladic functions:
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>niladic USER</term>
      <listitem>
       <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	 <term>CURRENT_USER / USER</term>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>See CURRENT_USER function</simpara>
	 </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	 <term>SESSION_USER</term>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>not yet supported</simpara>
	 </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	 <term>SYSTEM_USER</term>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>not yet supported</simpara>
	 </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
       </variablelist>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>niladic datetime</term>
      <listitem>
       <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	 <term>CURRENT_DATE</term>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>See CURRENT_DATE function</simpara>
	 </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	 <term>CURRENT_TIME</term>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>See CURRENT_TIME function</simpara>
	 </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	 <term>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</term>
	 <listitem>
	  <simpara>See CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function</simpara>
	 </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
       </variablelist>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
    In the current release (v7.0), <productname>Postgres</productname>
    evaluates all default expressions at the time the table is defined.
    Hence, functions which are "non-cacheable" such as
    <function>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</function> may not produce the desired
    effect. For the particular case of date/time types, one can work
    around this behavior by using 
    <quote>DEFAULT TEXT 'now'</quote>
    instead of
    <quote>DEFAULT 'now'</quote>
    or
    <quote>DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</quote>.
    This forces <productname>Postgres</productname> to consider the constant a string
    type and then to convert the value to <type>timestamp</type> at runtime.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-4">
   <title>
    Usage
   </title>

   <para>
    To assign a constant value as the default for the
    columns <literal>did</literal> and <literal>number</literal>,
    and a string literal to the column <literal>did</literal>:

    <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE video_sales (
    did      VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT 'luso films',
    number   INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
    total    CASH DEFAULT '$0.0'
);
    </programlisting>
   </para>
   <para>
    To assign an existing sequence
    as the default for the column <literal>did</literal>,
    and a literal to the column <literal>name</literal>:

    <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(3)  DEFAULT NEXTVAL('serial'),
    name     VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT 'luso films'
);
    </programlisting>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-COLUMNCONSTRAINT-1">
  <title id="R1-SQL-COLUMNCONSTRAINT-1-TITLE">
   Column CONSTRAINT Clause
  </title>
  <para>
   <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> ] { [
    NULL | NOT NULL ] | UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY | CHECK <replaceable
     class="parameter">constraint</replaceable> } [, ...]
   </synopsis>
  </para>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-COLUMNCONSTRAINT-1">
   <title>
    Inputs
   </title>
   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	An arbitrary name given to the integrity constraint. 
	If <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> is not specified,
	it is generated from the table and column names,
	which should ensure uniqueness for
	<replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>NULL</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The column is allowed to contain NULL values. This is the default.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>NOT NULL</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The column is not allowed to contain NULL values.
	This is equivalent to the column constraint
	CHECK (<replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable> NOT NULL).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>UNIQUE</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The column must have unique values. In <productname>Postgres</productname>
	this is enforced by an implicit creation of a unique index on the table.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>PRIMARY KEY</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	This column is a primary key, which implies that uniqueness is
	enforced by the system and that other tables may rely on this column
	as a unique identifier for rows.
	See PRIMARY KEY for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
<replaceable class="parameter">constraint</replaceable>
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The definition of the constraint.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-COLUMNCONSTRAINT-2">
   <title>
    Description
   </title>

   <para>
    The optional constraint
    clauses specify constraints or tests which new or updated entries
    must satisfy for an insert or update operation to succeed. Each constraint
    must evaluate to a boolean expression. Multiple attributes may be referenced within
    a single constraint.  The use of PRIMARY KEY
    as a table constraint
    is mutually incompatible with PRIMARY KEY as a column constraint.
   </para>

   <para>
    A constraint is a named rule: an SQL object which helps define
    valid sets of values by putting limits on the results of INSERT,
    UPDATE or DELETE operations performed on a Base Table. 
   </para>

   <para>
    There are two ways to define integrity constraints:
    table constraints, covered later, and column constraints, covered here.
   </para>

   <para>
    A column constraint is an integrity constraint defined as part
    of a column definition, and logically becomes a table
    constraint as soon as it is created. The column
    constraints available are:

    <simplelist columns="1">
     <member>PRIMARY KEY</member>
     <member>REFERENCES</member>
     <member>UNIQUE</member>
     <member>CHECK</member>
     <member>NOT NULL</member>
    </simplelist>
   </para>

   <note>
    <para>
     <productname>Postgres</productname> now
     (new for v7.0) supports
     REFERENCES integrity constraints.
    </para>
   </note>
  </refsect2>
   
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-NOTNULL-1">
   <title>
    NOT NULL Constraint
   </title>
   <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> ] NOT NULL 
   </synopsis>
   <para>
    The NOT NULL constraint specifies a rule that a column may
    contain only non-null values. 
    This is a column constraint only, and not allowed
    as a table constraint.
   </para>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-NOTNULL-1">
    <title>
     Outputs
    </title>
    <para>
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><replaceable>status</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 <variablelist>
	  <varlistentry>
	   <term><computeroutput>
ERROR:  ExecAppend: Fail to add null value in not null attribute "<replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable>".
	    </computeroutput></term>
	   <listitem>
	    <para>
	     This error occurs at runtime if one tries to insert a null value
	     into a column which has a NOT NULL constraint.
	    </para>
	   </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	 </variablelist>
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist> 
    </para>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-NOTNULL-2">
    <title>
     Description
    </title>
    <para>
    </para>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-NOTNULL-3">
    <title>
     Usage
    </title>

    <para>
     Define two NOT NULL column constraints on the table
     <classname>distributors</classname>,
     one of which being a named constraint:

     <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(3) CONSTRAINT no_null NOT NULL,
    name     VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
);
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-UNIQUECLAUSE-1">
   <title>
    UNIQUE Constraint
   </title>
   <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> ] UNIQUE
   </synopsis>

   <refsect3>
    <title>Inputs</title>
    <para>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 An arbitrary label given to a constraint.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
   <refsect3>
    <title>Outputs</title>
    <para>
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><replaceable>status</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 <variablelist>
	  <varlistentry>
	   <term><computeroutput>
ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into a unique index.
	    </computeroutput></term>
	   <listitem>
	    <para>
	     This error occurs at runtime if one tries to insert a
	     duplicate value into a column.
	    </para>
	   </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	 </variablelist>
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3>
    <title>
     Description
    </title>

    <para>
     The UNIQUE constraint specifies a rule that a group of one or
     more distinct columns of a table may contain only unique values.
    </para>
    <para>
     The column definitions of the specified columns do not have to
     include a NOT NULL constraint to be included in a UNIQUE
     constraint.  Having more than one null value in a column without a
     NOT NULL constraint, does not violate a UNIQUE constraint.
     (This deviates from the <acronym>SQL92</acronym> definition, but
     is a more sensible convention. See the section on compatibility
     for more details.).
    </para>
    <para>
     Each UNIQUE column constraint must name a column that is
     different from the set of columns named by any other UNIQUE or
     PRIMARY KEY constraint defined for the table.
    </para>
    <note>
     <para>
      <productname>Postgres</productname> automatically creates a unique
      index for each UNIQUE constraint, to assure
      data integrity. See CREATE INDEX for more information.
     </para>
    </note>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-UNIQUECLAUSE-3">
    <title>
     Usage
    </title>

    <para>
     Defines a UNIQUE column constraint for the table distributors.
     UNIQUE column constraints can only be defined on one column
     of the table:
     <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(3),
    name     VARCHAR(40) UNIQUE
);
  </programlisting>

     which is equivalent to the following specified as a table constraint:
     <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(3),
    name     VARCHAR(40),
    UNIQUE(name)
);
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CHECK-1">
   <title>
    The CHECK Constraint
   </title>
   <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> ] CHECK
    ( <replaceable>condition</replaceable> [, ...] ) 
   </synopsis>
   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-CHECK-1">
    <title>Inputs</title>
    <para>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 An arbitrary name given to a constraint.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><replaceable>condition</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 Any valid conditional expression evaluating to a boolean result.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-CHECK-2">
    <title>
     Outputs
    </title>
    <para>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><replaceable>status</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>

	 <variablelist>
	  <varlistentry>
	   <term><computeroutput>
ERROR:  ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint "<replaceable class="parameter">table_column</replaceable>".
	    </computeroutput></term>
	   <listitem>
	    <para>
	     This error occurs at runtime if one tries to insert an illegal
	     value into a column subject to a CHECK constraint.
	    </para>
	   </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	 </variablelist>
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3>
    <title>Description</title>
    <para>
     The CHECK constraint specifies a restriction on allowed values
     within a column.
     The CHECK constraint is also allowed as a table constraint.
    </para>
    <para>
     The SQL92 CHECK column constraints can only be defined on, and
     refer to, one column of the table. <productname>Postgres</productname>
     does not have
     this restriction.
    </para>
   </refsect3>
  </refsect2>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-PRIMARYKEY-1">
   <title>
    PRIMARY KEY Constraint
   </title>
   <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable> ] PRIMARY KEY 
   </synopsis>

   <refsect3>
    <title>Inputs</title>
    <para>
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 An arbitrary name for the constraint.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3>
    <title>Outputs</title>
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into a unique index.
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	This occurs at run-time if one tries to insert a duplicate value into
	a column subject to a PRIMARY KEY constraint.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3>
    <title>Description</title>
    <para>
     The PRIMARY KEY column constraint specifies that a column of a table
     may contain only unique
     (non-duplicate), non-NULL values. The definition of
     the specified column does not have to include an explicit NOT NULL
     constraint to be included in a PRIMARY KEY constraint. 
    </para>
    <para>
     Only one PRIMARY KEY can be specified for a table.
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-PRIMARYKEY-3">
    <title>
     Notes
    </title>
    <para>
     <productname>Postgres</productname> automatically creates
     a unique index to assure
     data integrity. (See CREATE INDEX statement)
    </para>
    <para>
     The PRIMARY KEY constraint should name a set of columns that is
     different from other sets of columns named by any UNIQUE constraint
     defined for the same table, since it will result in duplication
     of equivalent indexes and unproductive additional runtime overhead.
     However, <productname>Postgres</productname> does not specifically
     disallow this.
    </para>
   </refsect3>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>
 
 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-TABLECONSTRAINT-1">
  <title>
   Table CONSTRAINT Clause
  </title>
  <para>
   <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] { PRIMARY KEY |  UNIQUE } ( <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...] )
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK ( <replaceable>constraint</replaceable> )
   </synopsis>
  </para>
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-TABLECONSTRAINT-1">
   <title>
    Inputs
   </title>

   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	An arbitrary name given to an integrity constraint.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...]</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The column name(s) for which to define a unique index
	and, for PRIMARY KEY, a NOT NULL constraint.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>CHECK ( <replaceable class="parameter">constraint</replaceable> )</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A boolean expression to be evaluated as the constraint.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
    
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-TABLECONSTRAINT-2">
   <title>
    Outputs
   </title>
   
   <para>
    The possible outputs for the table constraint clause are the same
    as for the corresponding portions of the column constraint clause.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-TABLECONSTRAINT-3">
   <title>
    Description
   </title>
   
   <para>
    A table constraint is an integrity constraint defined on one or
    more columns of a base table. The four variations of "Table
    Constraint" are:
    <simplelist columns="1">
     <member>UNIQUE</member>
     <member>CHECK</member>
     <member>PRIMARY KEY</member>
     <member>FOREIGN KEY</member>
    </simplelist>
   </para>

   <note>
    <para>
     <productname>Postgres</productname> now
     supports FOREIGN KEY
     integrity constraints
    </para>
   </note>
  </refsect2>
 
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-UNIQUECLAUSE-4">
   <title>
    UNIQUE Constraint
   </title>
   <para>
    <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> ] UNIQUE ( <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...] )
    </synopsis>
   </para>
   <refsect3>
    <title>Inputs</title>
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	An arbitrary name given to a constraint.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A name of a column in a table.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3>
    <title>Outputs</title>
    <para>
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><replaceable>status</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 <variablelist>
	  <varlistentry>
	   <term>ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into a unique index</term>
	   <listitem>
	    <para>
	     This error occurs at runtime if one tries to insert a
	     duplicate value into a column.
	    </para>
	   </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	 </variablelist>
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
   <refsect3>
    <title>
     Description
    </title>
    
    <para>
     The UNIQUE constraint specifies a rule that a group of one or
     more distinct columns of a table may contain only unique values.
     The behavior of the UNIQUE table constraint is the same as that for column
     constraints, with the additional capability to span multiple columns.
    </para>
    <para>
     See the section on the UNIQUE column constraint for more details.
    </para>
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-UNIQUECLAUSE-4">
    <title>
     Usage
    </title>
    
    <para>
     Define a UNIQUE table constraint for the table distributors:
     <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(03),
    name     VARCHAR(40),
    UNIQUE(name)
);
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-PRIMARYKEY-4">
   <title>
    PRIMARY KEY Constraint
   </title>
   <para>
    <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable> ] PRIMARY KEY ( <replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable> [, ...] ) 
    </synopsis>
   </para>
   <refsect3>
    <title>Inputs</title>
    <para>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 An arbitrary name for the constraint.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable> [, ...]</term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 The names of one or more columns in the table.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
   <refsect3>
    <title>Outputs</title>
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable>status</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into a unique index.</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    This occurs at run-time if one tries to insert a duplicate value into
	    a column subject to a PRIMARY KEY constraint.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </refsect3>
   
   <refsect3>
    <title>Description</title>
    <para>
     The PRIMARY KEY constraint specifies a rule that a group of one
     or more distinct columns of a table may contain only unique,
     (non duplicate), non-null values. The column definitions of
     the specified columns do not have to include a NOT NULL
     constraint to be included in a PRIMARY KEY constraint.
    </para>

    <para>
     The PRIMARY KEY table constraint is similar to that for column constraints,
     with the additional capability of encompassing multiple columns.
    </para>
    <para>
     Refer to the section on the PRIMARY KEY column constraint for more
     information.
    </para>
   </refsect3>

  </refsect2>

 </refsect1>
 
 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATETABLE-2">
  <title>
   Usage
  </title>
  <para>
   Create table films and table distributors:

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE films (
     code      CHARACTER(5) CONSTRAINT firstkey PRIMARY KEY,
     title     CHARACTER VARYING(40) NOT NULL,
     did       DECIMAL(3) NOT NULL,
     date_prod DATE,
     kind      CHAR(10),
     len       INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE
);
   </programlisting>

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
     did      DECIMAL(03) PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT NEXTVAL('serial'),
     name     VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL CHECK (name &lt;&gt; '')
);
   </programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   Create a table with a 2-dimensional array:

   <programlisting>
   CREATE TABLE array (
          vector INT[][]
          );
   </programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   Define a UNIQUE table constraint for the table films.
   UNIQUE table constraints can be defined on one or more
   columns of the table:

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE films (
    code      CHAR(5),
    title     VARCHAR(40),
    did       DECIMAL(03),
    date_prod DATE,
    kind      CHAR(10),
    len       INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE,
    CONSTRAINT production UNIQUE(date_prod)
);
   </programlisting>
  </para>
  
  <para>
   Define a CHECK column constraint:

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(3) CHECK (did > 100),
    name     VARCHAR(40)
);
   </programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   Define a CHECK table constraint:

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(3),
    name     VARCHAR(40)
    CONSTRAINT con1 CHECK (did > 100 AND name > '')
);
   </programlisting>
  </para>
 
  <para>
   Define a PRIMARY KEY table constraint for the table films.
   PRIMARY KEY table constraints can be defined on one or more
   columns of the table:

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE films (
    code      CHAR(05),
    title     VARCHAR(40),
    did       DECIMAL(03),
    date_prod DATE,
    kind      CHAR(10),
    len       INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE,
    CONSTRAINT code_title PRIMARY KEY(code,title)
);
   </programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   Defines a PRIMARY KEY column constraint for table distributors.
   PRIMARY KEY column constraints can only be defined on one column
   of the table (the following two examples are equivalent):

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(03),
    name     CHAR VARYING(40),
    PRIMARY KEY(did)
); 
   </programlisting>

   <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE distributors (
    did      DECIMAL(03) PRIMARY KEY,
    name     VARCHAR(40)
);
   </programlisting>
  </para>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATETABLE-3">
   <title>
    Notes
   </title>
   <para>
    CREATE TABLE/INHERITS is a <productname>Postgres</productname>
    language extension.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
  
 </refsect1>
 
 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATETABLE-3">
  <title>
   Compatibility
  </title>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATETABLE-4">
   <title>
    SQL92
   </title>
   <para>
    In addition to the locally-visible temporary table, SQL92 also defines a
    CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement, and optionally an 
    ON COMMIT clause:
   <synopsis>
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable> ( <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable> [
    DEFAULT <replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable> ] [ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">column_constraint</replaceable> ] [, ...] )
    [ CONSTRAINT <replaceable class="parameter">table_constraint</replaceable> ] [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ] 
   </synopsis>
   </para>

   <para>
    For temporary tables, the CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement
    names a new table visible to other clients and defines the table's columns and
    constraints. 
   </para>
   <para>
    The optional ON COMMIT clause of CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE
    specifies whether or not the temporary table should be emptied of
    rows whenever COMMIT is executed. If the ON COMMIT clause is
    omitted, the default option, ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS, is assumed. 
   </para>
   <para>
    To create a temporary table:

    <programlisting>
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE actors (
    id         DECIMAL(03),
    name       VARCHAR(40),
    CONSTRAINT actor_id CHECK (id &lt; 150)
) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS;
    </programlisting>
   </para>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-UNIQUECLAUSE-1">
    <title>
     UNIQUE clause
    </title>
    <para>
     SQL92 specifies some additional capabilities for UNIQUE:
    </para>
    <para>
     Table Constraint definition:

     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE ( column [, ...] )
    [ { INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE } ]
    [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>

    <para>
     Column Constraint definition:

     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE
      [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
      [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-NULL-1">
    <title>
     NULL clause
    </title>
    <para>
	The NULL "constraint" (actually a non-constraint)
	is a <productname>Postgres</productname> extension to SQL92
	is included for symmetry with the NOT NULL clause. Since it is the default
	for any column, its presence is simply noise.
     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] NULL 
     </synopsis>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-NOTNULL-4">
    <title>
     NOT NULL clause
    </title>
    <para>
     
     SQL92 specifies some additional capabilities for NOT NULL:
     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] NOT NULL 
    [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
    [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
<!--
I can't figure out why DEFAULT clause is different from what we already have.
Perhaps because CURRENT_USER and CURRENT_DATE have specific types (currently
the "name" type), if you aren't careful then the types won't match up with
the column. Not our problem...
- Thomas 1998-08-16

   <REFSECT3 ID="R3-SQL-DEFAULTCLAUSE-1">
    <TITLE>
     DEFAULT clause
    </TITLE>
    <PARA>
     SQL92 specifies some additional capabilities for the DEFAULT clause.
     A DEFAULT clause is used to set the default value for a column
     or a domain.
    </para>
    <synopsis>
     DEFAULT niladic USER function |
             niladic datetime function |
             NULL
    </synopsis>
   </refsect3>
-->

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-CONSTRAINT-3">
    <title>
     CONSTRAINT clause
    </title>
    <para>
     SQL92 specifies some additional capabilities for constraints,
     and also defines assertions and domain constraints.
     <note>
      <para>
       <productname>Postgres</productname> does not yet support 
       either domains or assertions.
      </para>
     </note>
    </para>
    <para>
     An assertion is a special type of integrity constraint and share
     the same namespace as other constraints.
     However, an assertion is not necessarily dependent on one
     particular base table as constraints are, so SQL-92 provides the
     CREATE ASSERTION statement as an alternate method for defining a
     constraint:
    </para>
    <synopsis>
CREATE ASSERTION name CHECK ( condition )
    </synopsis>
    
    <para>
     Domain constraints are defined by CREATE DOMAIN or ALTER DOMAIN
     statements:
    </para>
    <para>
     Domain constraint: 

     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK constraint 
    [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
    [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>

    <para>
     Table constraint definition:

     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] { PRIMARY KEY ( <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable>, ... ) | FOREIGN KEY constraint | UNIQUE constraint | CHECK constraint }
    [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
    [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>

    <para>
     Column constraint definition:

     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] { NOT NULL | PRIMARY KEY | FOREIGN KEY constraint | UNIQUE | CHECK constraint }  
    [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
    [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>

    <para>
     A CONSTRAINT definition may contain one deferment attribute
     clause and/or one initial constraint mode clause, in any order.
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>NOT DEFERRABLE</term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 means that the Constraint must be checked for
	 violation of its rule after the execution of every SQL statement.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>DEFERRABLE</term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 means that checking of the Constraint may be deferred
	 until some later time, but no later than the end of the current
	 transaction.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
    <para>
     The constraint mode for every Constraint always has an initial
     default value which is set for that Constraint at the beginning
     of a transaction.
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>INITIALLY IMMEDIATE</term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 means that, as of the start of the transaction,
	 the Constraint must be checked for violation of its rule after the
	 execution of every SQL statement.
	</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>INITIALLY DEFERRED</term>
       <listitem>
	<para>
	 means that, as of the start of the transaction,
	 checking of the Constraint may be deferred until some later time,
	 but no later than the end of the current transaction.</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
   
   
   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-CHECK-4">
    <title>
     CHECK clause
    </title>
    <para>
     SQL92 specifies some additional capabilities for CHECK in either
table or column constraints.
    </para>
<!--
Constraints associated with domains do not need to be mentioned here,
even though it is the case that a domain constraint may possibly
affect a column or a table.
- Thomas 1998-08-16
    <para>
     A CHECK constraint is either a table constraint, a column
     constraint or a domain constraint.
    </para> 
-->
    <para>
     table constraint definition:
     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK ( VALUE condition ) 
      [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
      [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>

    <para>
     column constraint definition:
    <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK ( VALUE condition ) 
      [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
      [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
    </synopsis>
    </para>
<!--
   <para>
     domain constraint definition: 
    </para>
    <synopsis>
     [ CONSTRAINT name ] 
      CHECK ( VALUE condition ) 
      [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
      [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
    </synopsis>
    <para>
     CHECK domain constraints can be defined in either
     a CREATE DOMAIN statement or an ALTER DOMAIN statement:
    </para>
    <programlisting>
CREATE DOMAIN duration AS SMALLINT 
    CONSTRAINT minutes CHECK (VALUE IN (90,120,180,240)); 

ALTER DOMAIN cities 
    ADD CONSTRAINT new_city CHECK (VALUE LIKE 'L%');
   </programlisting>
-->
   </refsect3>

   <refsect3 id="R3-SQL-PRIMARYKEY-1">
    <title>
     PRIMARY KEY clause
    </title>
    <para>
     SQL92 specifies some additional capabilities for PRIMARY KEY:
    </para>
    <para>
     Table Constraint definition:
     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY ( column [, ...] ) 
    [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
    [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>
    <para>
     Column Constraint definition: 
     <synopsis>
[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY 
    [ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
    [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
     </synopsis>
    </para>
   </refsect3>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>
</refentry>

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