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doc/src/sgml/ref/prepare.sgml
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PostgreSQL documentation
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-->
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<refentry id="SQL-PREPARE">
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>PREPARE</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
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<refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>PREPARE</refname>
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<refpurpose>prepare a statement for execution</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<indexterm zone="sql-prepare">
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<primary>PREPARE</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="sql-prepare">
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<primary>prepared statements</primary>
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<secondary>creating</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<synopsis>
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PREPARE <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable class="PARAMETER">data_type</replaceable> [, ...] ) ] AS <replaceable class="PARAMETER">statement</replaceable>
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</synopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>
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<command>PREPARE</command> creates a prepared statement. A prepared
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statement is a server-side object that can be used to optimize
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performance. When the <command>PREPARE</command> statement is
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executed, the specified statement is parsed, analyzed, and rewritten.
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When an <command>EXECUTE</command> command is subsequently
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issued, the prepared statement is planned and executed. This division
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of labor avoids repetitive parse analysis work, while allowing
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the execution plan to depend on the specific parameter values supplied.
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</para>
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<para>
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Prepared statements can take parameters: values that are
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substituted into the statement when it is executed. When creating
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the prepared statement, refer to parameters by position, using
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<literal>$1</>, <literal>$2</>, etc. A corresponding list of
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parameter data types can optionally be specified. When a
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parameter's data type is not specified or is declared as
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<literal>unknown</literal>, the type is inferred from the context
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in which the parameter is used (if possible). When executing the
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statement, specify the actual values for these parameters in the
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<command>EXECUTE</command> statement. Refer to <xref
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linkend="sql-execute"> for more
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information about that.
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</para>
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<para>
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Prepared statements only last for the duration of the current
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database session. When the session ends, the prepared statement is
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forgotten, so it must be recreated before being used again. This
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also means that a single prepared statement cannot be used by
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multiple simultaneous database clients; however, each client can create
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their own prepared statement to use. Prepared statements can be
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manually cleaned up using the <xref linkend="sql-deallocate"> command.
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</para>
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<para>
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Prepared statements have the largest performance advantage when a
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single session is being used to execute a large number of similar
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statements. The performance difference will be particularly
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significant if the statements are complex to plan or rewrite, for
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example, if the query involves a join of many tables or requires
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the application of several rules. If the statement is relatively simple
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to plan and rewrite but relatively expensive to execute, the
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performance advantage of prepared statements will be less noticeable.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Parameters</title>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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An arbitrary name given to this particular prepared
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statement. It must be unique within a single session and is
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subsequently used to execute or deallocate a previously prepared
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statement.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">data_type</replaceable></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The data type of a parameter to the prepared statement. If the
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data type of a particular parameter is unspecified or is
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specified as <literal>unknown</literal>, it will be inferred
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from the context in which the parameter is used. To refer to the
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parameters in the prepared statement itself, use
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<literal>$1</literal>, <literal>$2</literal>, etc.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">statement</replaceable></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Any <command>SELECT</>, <command>INSERT</>, <command>UPDATE</>,
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<command>DELETE</>, or <command>VALUES</> statement.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Notes</title>
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<para>
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If a prepared statement is executed enough times, the server may eventually
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decide to save and re-use a generic plan rather than re-planning each time.
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This will occur immediately if the prepared statement has no parameters;
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otherwise it occurs only if the generic plan appears to be not much more
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expensive than a plan that depends on specific parameter values.
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Typically, a generic plan will be selected only if the query's performance
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is estimated to be fairly insensitive to the specific parameter values
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supplied.
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</para>
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<para>
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To examine the query plan <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is using
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for a prepared statement, use <xref linkend="sql-explain">.
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If a generic plan is in use, it will contain parameter symbols
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<literal>$<replaceable>n</></literal>, while a custom plan will have the
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current actual parameter values substituted into it.
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</para>
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<para>
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For more information on query planning and the statistics collected
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by <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> for that purpose, see
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the <xref linkend="sql-analyze">
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documentation.
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</para>
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<para>
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You can see all prepared statements available in the session by querying the
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<link linkend="view-pg-prepared-statements"><structname>pg_prepared_statements</structname></link>
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system view.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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2004-01-26 18:26:31 +01:00
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<refsect1 id="sql-prepare-examples">
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<title id="sql-prepare-examples-title">Examples</title>
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<para>
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Create a prepared statement for an <command>INSERT</command>
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statement, and then execute it:
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<programlisting>
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PREPARE fooplan (int, text, bool, numeric) AS
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INSERT INTO foo VALUES($1, $2, $3, $4);
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EXECUTE fooplan(1, 'Hunter Valley', 't', 200.00);
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</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
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Create a prepared statement for a <command>SELECT</command>
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statement, and then execute it:
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<programlisting>
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PREPARE usrrptplan (int) AS
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SELECT * FROM users u, logs l WHERE u.usrid=$1 AND u.usrid=l.usrid
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AND l.date = $2;
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EXECUTE usrrptplan(1, current_date);
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</programlisting>
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Note that the data type of the second parameter is not specified,
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so it is inferred from the context in which <literal>$2</> is used.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Compatibility</title>
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<para>
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The SQL standard includes a <command>PREPARE</command> statement,
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but it is only for use in embedded SQL. This version of the
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<command>PREPARE</command> statement also uses a somewhat different
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syntax.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>See Also</title>
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<simplelist type="inline">
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<member><xref linkend="sql-deallocate"></member>
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<member><xref linkend="sql-execute"></member>
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</simplelist>
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</refsect1>
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</refentry>
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