Allow per-tablespace effective_io_concurrency

Per discussion, nowadays it is possible to have tablespaces that have
wildly different I/O characteristics from others.  Setting different
effective_io_concurrency parameters for those has been measured to
improve performance.

Author: Julien Rouhaud
Reviewed by: Andres Freund

doc/src/sgml/config.sgml

@@ -1901,7 +1901,10 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
         </para>
 
         <para>
-         The default is 1 on supported systems, otherwise 0.
+         The default is 1 on supported systems, otherwise 0.  This value can
+         be overriden for tables in a particular tablespace by setting the
+         tablespace parameter of the same name (see
+         <xref linkend="sql-altertablespace">).
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>

doc/src/sgml/ref/create_tablespace.sgml

@@ -104,14 +104,15 @@ CREATE TABLESPACE <replaceable class="parameter">tablespace_name</replaceable>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         A tablespace parameter to be set or reset.  Currently, the only
-        available parameters are <varname>seq_page_cost</> and
+        available parameters are <varname>seq_page_cost</>,
-        <varname>random_page_cost</>.  Setting either value for a particular
+        <varname>random_page_cost</> and <varname>effective_io_concurrency</>.
-        tablespace will override the planner's usual estimate of the cost of
+        Setting either value for a particular tablespace will override the
-        reading pages from tables in that tablespace, as established by
+        planner's usual estimate of the cost of reading pages from tables in
-        the configuration parameters of the same name (see
+        that tablespace, as established by the configuration parameters of the
-        <xref linkend="guc-seq-page-cost">,
+        same name (see <xref linkend="guc-seq-page-cost">,
-        <xref linkend="guc-random-page-cost">).  This may be useful if one
+        <xref linkend="guc-random-page-cost">,
-        tablespace is located on a disk which is faster or slower than the
+        <xref linkend="guc-effective-io-concurrency">).  This may be useful if
+        one tablespace is located on a disk which is faster or slower than the
         remainder of the I/O subsystem.
        </para>
       </listitem>

src/backend/access/common/reloptions.c

@@ -254,6 +254,19 @@ static relopt_int intRelOpts[] =
 		},
 		-1, 64, MAX_KILOBYTES
 	},
+	{
+		{
+			"effective_io_concurrency",
+			"Number of simultaneous requests that can be handled efficiently by the disk subsystem.",
+			RELOPT_KIND_TABLESPACE,
+			AccessExclusiveLock
+		},
+#ifdef USE_PREFETCH
+		-1, 0, MAX_IO_CONCURRENCY
+#else
+		0, 0, 0
+#endif
+	},
 
 	/* list terminator */
 	{{NULL}}
@@ -1438,7 +1451,8 @@ tablespace_reloptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 	int			numoptions;
 	static const relopt_parse_elt tab[] = {
 		{"random_page_cost", RELOPT_TYPE_REAL, offsetof(TableSpaceOpts, random_page_cost)},
-		{"seq_page_cost", RELOPT_TYPE_REAL, offsetof(TableSpaceOpts, seq_page_cost)}
+		{"seq_page_cost", RELOPT_TYPE_REAL, offsetof(TableSpaceOpts, seq_page_cost)},
+		{"effective_io_concurrency", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(TableSpaceOpts, effective_io_concurrency)}
 	};
 
 	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, RELOPT_KIND_TABLESPACE,

src/backend/executor/nodeBitmapHeapscan.c

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "storage/predicate.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
+#include "utils/spccache.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/tqual.h"
 
@@ -95,9 +96,8 @@ BitmapHeapNext(BitmapHeapScanState *node)
 	 * prefetching.  node->prefetch_pages tracks exactly how many pages ahead
 	 * the prefetch iterator is.  Also, node->prefetch_target tracks the
 	 * desired prefetch distance, which starts small and increases up to the
-	 * GUC-controlled maximum, target_prefetch_pages.  This is to avoid doing
+	 * node->prefetch_maximum.  This is to avoid doing a lot of prefetching in
-	 * a lot of prefetching in a scan that stops after a few tuples because of
+	 * a scan that stops after a few tuples because of a LIMIT.
-	 * a LIMIT.
 	 */
 	if (tbm == NULL)
 	{
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BitmapHeapNext(BitmapHeapScanState *node)
 		node->tbmres = tbmres = NULL;
 
 #ifdef USE_PREFETCH
-		if (target_prefetch_pages > 0)
+		if (node->prefetch_maximum > 0)
 		{
 			node->prefetch_iterator = prefetch_iterator = tbm_begin_iterate(tbm);
 			node->prefetch_pages = 0;
@@ -188,10 +188,10 @@ BitmapHeapNext(BitmapHeapScanState *node)
 			 * page/tuple, then to one after the second tuple is fetched, then
 			 * it doubles as later pages are fetched.
 			 */
-			if (node->prefetch_target >= target_prefetch_pages)
+			if (node->prefetch_target >= node->prefetch_maximum)
 				 /* don't increase any further */ ;
-			else if (node->prefetch_target >= target_prefetch_pages / 2)
+			else if (node->prefetch_target >= node->prefetch_maximum / 2)
-				node->prefetch_target = target_prefetch_pages;
+				node->prefetch_target = node->prefetch_maximum;
 			else if (node->prefetch_target > 0)
 				node->prefetch_target *= 2;
 			else
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ BitmapHeapNext(BitmapHeapScanState *node)
 			 * Try to prefetch at least a few pages even before we get to the
 			 * second page if we don't stop reading after the first tuple.
 			 */
-			if (node->prefetch_target < target_prefetch_pages)
+			if (node->prefetch_target < node->prefetch_maximum)
 				node->prefetch_target++;
 #endif   /* USE_PREFETCH */
 		}
@@ -539,6 +539,7 @@ ExecInitBitmapHeapScan(BitmapHeapScan *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
 {
 	BitmapHeapScanState *scanstate;
 	Relation	currentRelation;
+	int			io_concurrency;
 
 	/* check for unsupported flags */
 	Assert(!(eflags & (EXEC_FLAG_BACKWARD | EXEC_FLAG_MARK)));
@@ -564,6 +565,8 @@ ExecInitBitmapHeapScan(BitmapHeapScan *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
 	scanstate->prefetch_iterator = NULL;
 	scanstate->prefetch_pages = 0;
 	scanstate->prefetch_target = 0;
+	/* may be updated below */
+	scanstate->prefetch_maximum = target_prefetch_pages;
 
 	/*
 	 * Miscellaneous initialization
@@ -598,6 +601,22 @@ ExecInitBitmapHeapScan(BitmapHeapScan *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
 	 */
 	currentRelation = ExecOpenScanRelation(estate, node->scan.scanrelid, eflags);
 
+	/*
+	 * Determine the maximum for prefetch_target.  If the tablespace has a
+	 * specific IO concurrency set, use that to compute the corresponding
+	 * maximum value; otherwise, we already initialized to the value computed
+	 * by the GUC machinery.
+	 */
+	io_concurrency =
+		get_tablespace_io_concurrency(currentRelation->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	if (io_concurrency != effective_io_concurrency)
+	{
+		double		maximum;
+
+		if (ComputeIoConcurrency(io_concurrency, &maximum))
+			scanstate->prefetch_maximum = rint(maximum);
+	}
+
 	scanstate->ss.ss_currentRelation = currentRelation;
 
 	/*

src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c

@@ -80,11 +80,14 @@ bool		zero_damaged_pages = false;
 int			bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100;
 double		bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0;
 bool		track_io_timing = false;
+int			effective_io_concurrency = 0;
 
 /*
  * How many buffers PrefetchBuffer callers should try to stay ahead of their
  * ReadBuffer calls by.  This is maintained by the assign hook for
- * effective_io_concurrency.  Zero means "never prefetch".
+ * effective_io_concurrency.  Zero means "never prefetch".  This value is
+ * only used for buffers not belonging to tablespaces that have their
+ * effective_io_concurrency parameter set.
  */
 int			target_prefetch_pages = 0;
 
@@ -415,6 +418,64 @@ static void CheckForBufferLeaks(void);
 static int	rnode_comparator(const void *p1, const void *p2);
 
 
+/*
+ * ComputeIoConcurrency -- get the number of pages to prefetch for a given
+ *		number of spindles.
+ */
+bool
+ComputeIoConcurrency(int io_concurrency, double *target)
+{
+	double		new_prefetch_pages = 0.0;
+	int			i;
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the io_concurrency value is within valid range; it may have
+	 * been forced with a manual pg_tablespace update.
+	 */
+	io_concurrency = Min(Max(io_concurrency, 0), MAX_IO_CONCURRENCY);
+
+	/*----------
+	 * The user-visible GUC parameter is the number of drives (spindles),
+	 * which we need to translate to a number-of-pages-to-prefetch target.
+	 * The target value is stashed in *extra and then assigned to the actual
+	 * variable by assign_effective_io_concurrency.
+	 *
+	 * The expected number of prefetch pages needed to keep N drives busy is:
+	 *
+	 * drives |   I/O requests
+	 * -------+----------------
+	 *		1 |   1
+	 *		2 |   2/1 + 2/2 = 3
+	 *		3 |   3/1 + 3/2 + 3/3 = 5 1/2
+	 *		4 |   4/1 + 4/2 + 4/3 + 4/4 = 8 1/3
+	 *		n |   n * H(n)
+	 *
+	 * This is called the "coupon collector problem" and H(n) is called the
+	 * harmonic series.  This could be approximated by n * ln(n), but for
+	 * reasonable numbers of drives we might as well just compute the series.
+	 *
+	 * Alternatively we could set the target to the number of pages necessary
+	 * so that the expected number of active spindles is some arbitrary
+	 * percentage of the total.  This sounds the same but is actually slightly
+	 * different.  The result ends up being ln(1-P)/ln((n-1)/n) where P is
+	 * that desired fraction.
+	 *
+	 * Experimental results show that both of these formulas aren't aggressive
+	 * enough, but we don't really have any better proposals.
+	 *
+	 * Note that if io_concurrency = 0 (disabled), we must set target = 0.
+	 *----------
+	 */
+
+	for (i = 1; i <= io_concurrency; i++)
+		new_prefetch_pages += (double) io_concurrency / (double) i;
+
+	*target = new_prefetch_pages;
+
+	/* This range check shouldn't fail, but let's be paranoid */
+	return (new_prefetch_pages > 0.0 && new_prefetch_pages < (double) INT_MAX);
+}
+
 /*
  * PrefetchBuffer -- initiate asynchronous read of a block of a relation
  *

src/backend/utils/cache/spccache.c

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "optimizer/cost.h"
+#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/catcache.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
@@ -198,3 +199,14 @@ get_tablespace_page_costs(Oid spcid,
 			*spc_seq_page_cost = spc->opts->seq_page_cost;
 	}
 }
+
+int
+get_tablespace_io_concurrency(Oid spcid)
+{
+	TableSpaceCacheEntry *spc = get_tablespace(spcid);
+
+	if (!spc->opts || spc->opts->effective_io_concurrency < 0)
+		return effective_io_concurrency;
+	else
+		return spc->opts->effective_io_concurrency;
+}

src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c

@@ -490,7 +490,6 @@ static int	wal_block_size;
 static bool data_checksums;
 static int	wal_segment_size;
 static bool integer_datetimes;
-static int	effective_io_concurrency;
 static bool assert_enabled;
 
 /* should be static, but commands/variable.c needs to get at this */
@@ -2352,7 +2351,7 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		},
 		&effective_io_concurrency,
 #ifdef USE_PREFETCH
-		1, 0, 1000,
+		1, 0, MAX_IO_CONCURRENCY,
 #else
 		0, 0, 0,
 #endif
@@ -9986,47 +9985,9 @@ static bool
 check_effective_io_concurrency(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
 {
 #ifdef USE_PREFETCH
-	double		new_prefetch_pages = 0.0;
+	double		new_prefetch_pages;
-	int			i;
 
-	/*----------
+	if (ComputeIoConcurrency(*newval, &new_prefetch_pages))
-	 * The user-visible GUC parameter is the number of drives (spindles),
-	 * which we need to translate to a number-of-pages-to-prefetch target.
-	 * The target value is stashed in *extra and then assigned to the actual
-	 * variable by assign_effective_io_concurrency.
-	 *
-	 * The expected number of prefetch pages needed to keep N drives busy is:
-	 *
-	 * drives |   I/O requests
-	 * -------+----------------
-	 *		1 |   1
-	 *		2 |   2/1 + 2/2 = 3
-	 *		3 |   3/1 + 3/2 + 3/3 = 5 1/2
-	 *		4 |   4/1 + 4/2 + 4/3 + 4/4 = 8 1/3
-	 *		n |   n * H(n)
-	 *
-	 * This is called the "coupon collector problem" and H(n) is called the
-	 * harmonic series.  This could be approximated by n * ln(n), but for
-	 * reasonable numbers of drives we might as well just compute the series.
-	 *
-	 * Alternatively we could set the target to the number of pages necessary
-	 * so that the expected number of active spindles is some arbitrary
-	 * percentage of the total.  This sounds the same but is actually slightly
-	 * different.  The result ends up being ln(1-P)/ln((n-1)/n) where P is
-	 * that desired fraction.
-	 *
-	 * Experimental results show that both of these formulas aren't aggressive
-	 * enough, but we don't really have any better proposals.
-	 *
-	 * Note that if *newval = 0 (disabled), we must set target = 0.
-	 *----------
-	 */
-
-	for (i = 1; i <= *newval; i++)
-		new_prefetch_pages += (double) *newval / (double) i;
-
-	/* This range check shouldn't fail, but let's be paranoid */
-	if (new_prefetch_pages >= 0.0 && new_prefetch_pages < (double) INT_MAX)
 	{
 		int		   *myextra = (int *) guc_malloc(ERROR, sizeof(int));
 

src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c

@@ -1885,7 +1885,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 			 pg_strcasecmp(prev_wd, "(") == 0)
 	{
 		static const char *const list_TABLESPACEOPTIONS[] =
-		{"seq_page_cost", "random_page_cost", NULL};
+		{"seq_page_cost", "random_page_cost", "effective_io_concurrency", NULL};
 
 		COMPLETE_WITH_LIST(list_TABLESPACEOPTIONS);
 	}

src/include/commands/tablespace.h

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ typedef struct TableSpaceOpts
 	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
 	float8		random_page_cost;
 	float8		seq_page_cost;
+	int			effective_io_concurrency;
 } TableSpaceOpts;
 
 extern Oid	CreateTableSpace(CreateTableSpaceStmt *stmt);

src/include/nodes/execnodes.h

@@ -1424,7 +1424,8 @@ typedef struct BitmapIndexScanState
  *		lossy_pages		   total number of lossy pages retrieved
  *		prefetch_iterator  iterator for prefetching ahead of current page
  *		prefetch_pages	   # pages prefetch iterator is ahead of current
- *		prefetch_target    target prefetch distance
+ *		prefetch_target    current target prefetch distance
+ *		prefetch_maximum   maximum value for prefetch_target
  * ----------------
  */
 typedef struct BitmapHeapScanState
@@ -1439,6 +1440,7 @@ typedef struct BitmapHeapScanState
 	TBMIterator *prefetch_iterator;
 	int			prefetch_pages;
 	int			prefetch_target;
+	int			prefetch_maximum;
 } BitmapHeapScanState;
 
 /* ----------------

src/include/storage/bufmgr.h

@@ -58,11 +58,17 @@ extern int	target_prefetch_pages;
 /* in buf_init.c */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT char *BufferBlocks;
 
+/* in guc.c */
+extern int	effective_io_concurrency;
+
 /* in localbuf.c */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int NLocBuffer;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT Block *LocalBufferBlockPointers;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int32 *LocalRefCount;
 
+/* upper limit for effective_io_concurrency */
+#define MAX_IO_CONCURRENCY 1000
+
 /* special block number for ReadBuffer() */
 #define P_NEW	InvalidBlockNumber		/* grow the file to get a new page */
 
@@ -144,6 +150,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT int32 *LocalRefCount;
 /*
  * prototypes for functions in bufmgr.c
  */
+extern bool ComputeIoConcurrency(int io_concurrency, double *target);
 extern void PrefetchBuffer(Relation reln, ForkNumber forkNum,
 			   BlockNumber blockNum);
 extern Buffer ReadBuffer(Relation reln, BlockNumber blockNum);

src/include/utils/spccache.h

@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@
 
 void get_tablespace_page_costs(Oid spcid, float8 *spc_random_page_cost,
 						  float8 *spc_seq_page_cost);
+int			get_tablespace_io_concurrency(Oid spcid);
 
 #endif   /* SPCCACHE_H */