Add amcheck extension to contrib.
This is the beginning of a collection of SQL-callable functions to verify the integrity of data files. For now it only contains code to verify B-Tree indexes. This adds two SQL-callable functions, validating B-Tree consistency to a varying degree. Check the, extensive, docs for details. The goal is to later extend the coverage of the module to further access methods, possibly including the heap. Once checks for additional access methods exist, we'll likely add some "dispatch" functions that cover multiple access methods. Author: Peter Geoghegan, editorialized by Andres Freund Reviewed-By: Andres Freund, Tomas Vondra, Thomas Munro, Anastasia Lubennikova, Robert Haas, Amit Langote Discussion: CAM3SWZQzLMhMwmBqjzK+pRKXrNUZ4w90wYMUWfkeV8mZ3Debvw@mail.gmail.com
This commit is contained in:
Andres Freund
parent
fe797b4a6a
commit
3717dc149e
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@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
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SUBDIRS = \
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adminpack \
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amcheck \
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auth_delay \
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auto_explain \
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bloom \
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
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# contrib/amcheck/Makefile
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MODULE_big = amcheck
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OBJS = verify_nbtree.o $(WIN32RES)
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EXTENSION = amcheck
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DATA = amcheck--1.0.sql
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PGFILEDESC = "amcheck - function for verifying relation integrity"
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REGRESS = check check_btree
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ifdef USE_PGXS
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PG_CONFIG = pg_config
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PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
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include $(PGXS)
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else
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subdir = contrib/amcheck
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top_builddir = ../..
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include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
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include $(top_srcdir)/contrib/contrib-global.mk
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endif
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@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
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/* contrib/amcheck/amcheck--1.0.sql */
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-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
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\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION amcheck" to load this file. \quit
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--
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-- bt_index_check()
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--
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CREATE FUNCTION bt_index_check(index regclass)
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RETURNS VOID
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AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'bt_index_check'
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LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
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--
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-- bt_index_parent_check()
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--
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CREATE FUNCTION bt_index_parent_check(index regclass)
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RETURNS VOID
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AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'bt_index_parent_check'
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LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
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-- Don't want these to be available to public
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REVOKE ALL ON FUNCTION bt_index_check(regclass) FROM PUBLIC;
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REVOKE ALL ON FUNCTION bt_index_parent_check(regclass) FROM PUBLIC;
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@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
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# amcheck extension
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comment = 'functions for verifying relation integrity'
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default_version = '1.0'
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module_pathname = '$libdir/amcheck'
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relocatable = true
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@ -0,0 +1 @@
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CREATE EXTENSION amcheck;
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@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
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-- minimal test, basically just verifying that amcheck
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CREATE TABLE bttest_a(id int8);
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CREATE TABLE bttest_b(id int8);
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INSERT INTO bttest_a SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 100000);
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INSERT INTO bttest_b SELECT * FROM generate_series(100000, 1, -1);
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CREATE INDEX bttest_a_idx ON bttest_a USING btree (id);
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CREATE INDEX bttest_b_idx ON bttest_b USING btree (id);
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CREATE ROLE bttest_role;
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-- verify permissions are checked (error due to function not callable)
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SET ROLE bttest_role;
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx'::regclass);
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ERROR: permission denied for function bt_index_check
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a_idx'::regclass);
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ERROR: permission denied for function bt_index_parent_check
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RESET ROLE;
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-- we, intentionally, don't check relation permissions - it's useful
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-- to run this cluster-wide with a restricted account, and as tested
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-- above explicit permission has to be granted for that.
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GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION bt_index_check(regclass) TO bttest_role;
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GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION bt_index_parent_check(regclass) TO bttest_role;
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SET ROLE bttest_role;
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx');
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bt_index_check
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----------------
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(1 row)
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a_idx');
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bt_index_parent_check
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-----------------------
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(1 row)
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RESET ROLE;
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-- verify plain tables are rejected (error)
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a');
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ERROR: "bttest_a" is not an index
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a');
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ERROR: "bttest_a" is not an index
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-- verify non-existing indexes are rejected (error)
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SELECT bt_index_check(17);
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ERROR: could not open relation with OID 17
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check(17);
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ERROR: could not open relation with OID 17
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-- verify wrong index types are rejected (error)
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BEGIN;
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CREATE INDEX bttest_a_brin_idx ON bttest_a USING brin(id);
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a_brin_idx');
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ERROR: only B-Tree indexes are supported as targets for verification
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DETAIL: Relation "bttest_a_brin_idx" is not a B-Tree index.
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ROLLBACK;
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-- normal check outside of xact
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx');
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bt_index_check
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----------------
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(1 row)
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-- more expansive test
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_b_idx');
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bt_index_parent_check
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-----------------------
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(1 row)
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BEGIN;
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx');
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bt_index_check
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----------------
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(1 row)
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_b_idx');
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bt_index_parent_check
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-----------------------
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(1 row)
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-- make sure we don't have any leftover locks
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SELECT * FROM pg_locks WHERE relation IN ('bttest_a_idx'::regclass, 'bttest_b_idx'::regclass);
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locktype | database | relation | page | tuple | virtualxid | transactionid | classid | objid | objsubid | virtualtransaction | pid | mode | granted | fastpath
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----------+----------+----------+------+-------+------------+---------------+---------+-------+----------+--------------------+-----+------+---------+----------
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(0 rows)
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COMMIT;
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-- cleanup
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DROP TABLE bttest_a;
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DROP TABLE bttest_b;
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DROP OWNED BY bttest_role; -- permissions
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DROP ROLE bttest_role;
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@ -0,0 +1 @@
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CREATE EXTENSION amcheck;
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@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
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-- minimal test, basically just verifying that amcheck
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CREATE TABLE bttest_a(id int8);
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CREATE TABLE bttest_b(id int8);
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INSERT INTO bttest_a SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 100000);
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INSERT INTO bttest_b SELECT * FROM generate_series(100000, 1, -1);
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CREATE INDEX bttest_a_idx ON bttest_a USING btree (id);
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CREATE INDEX bttest_b_idx ON bttest_b USING btree (id);
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CREATE ROLE bttest_role;
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-- verify permissions are checked (error due to function not callable)
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SET ROLE bttest_role;
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx'::regclass);
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a_idx'::regclass);
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RESET ROLE;
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-- we, intentionally, don't check relation permissions - it's useful
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-- to run this cluster-wide with a restricted account, and as tested
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-- above explicit permission has to be granted for that.
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GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION bt_index_check(regclass) TO bttest_role;
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GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION bt_index_parent_check(regclass) TO bttest_role;
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SET ROLE bttest_role;
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx');
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a_idx');
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RESET ROLE;
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-- verify plain tables are rejected (error)
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a');
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a');
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-- verify non-existing indexes are rejected (error)
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SELECT bt_index_check(17);
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check(17);
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-- verify wrong index types are rejected (error)
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BEGIN;
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CREATE INDEX bttest_a_brin_idx ON bttest_a USING brin(id);
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_a_brin_idx');
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ROLLBACK;
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-- normal check outside of xact
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx');
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-- more expansive test
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_b_idx');
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BEGIN;
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SELECT bt_index_check('bttest_a_idx');
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SELECT bt_index_parent_check('bttest_b_idx');
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-- make sure we don't have any leftover locks
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SELECT * FROM pg_locks WHERE relation IN ('bttest_a_idx'::regclass, 'bttest_b_idx'::regclass);
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COMMIT;
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-- cleanup
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DROP TABLE bttest_a;
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DROP TABLE bttest_b;
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DROP OWNED BY bttest_role; -- permissions
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DROP ROLE bttest_role;
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File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
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@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
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<!-- doc/src/sgml/amcheck.sgml -->
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<sect1 id="amcheck" xreflabel="amcheck">
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<title>amcheck</title>
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<indexterm zone="amcheck">
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<primary>amcheck</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>
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The <filename>amcheck</> module provides functions that allow you to
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verify the logical consistency of the structure of indexes. If the
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structure appears to be valid, no error is raised.
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</para>
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<para>
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The functions verify various <emphasis>invariants</> in the
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structure of the representation of particular indexes. The
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correctness of the access method functions behind index scans and
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other important operations relies on these invariants always
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holding. For example, certain functions verify, among other things,
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that all B-Tree pages have items in <quote>logical</> order (e.g.,
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for B-Tree indexes on <type>text</>, index tuples should be in
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collated lexical order). If that particular invariant somehow fails
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to hold, we can expect binary searches on the affected page to
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incorrectly guide index scans, resulting in wrong answers to SQL
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queries.
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</para>
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<para>
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Verification is performed using the same procedures as those used by
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index scans themselves, which may be user-defined operator class
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code. For example, B-Tree index verification relies on comparisons
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made with one or more B-Tree support function 1 routines. See <xref
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linkend="xindex-support"> for details of operator class support
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functions.
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</para>
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<para>
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<filename>amcheck</> functions may be used only by superusers.
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</para>
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<sect2>
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<title>Functions</title>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>
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<function>bt_index_check(index regclass) returns void</function>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>bt_index_check</primary>
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</indexterm>
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</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<function>bt_index_check</function> tests that its target, a
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B-Tree index, respects a variety of invariants. Example usage:
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<screen>
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test=# SELECT bt_index_check(c.oid), c.relname, c.relpages
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FROM pg_index i
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JOIN pg_opclass op ON i.indclass[0] = op.oid
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JOIN pg_am am ON op.opcmethod = am.oid
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JOIN pg_class c ON i.indexrelid = c.oid
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JOIN pg_namespace n ON c.relnamespace = n.oid
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WHERE am.amname = 'btree' AND n.nspname = 'pg_catalog'
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-- Don't check temp tables, which may be from another session:
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AND c.relpersistence != 't'
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-- Function may throw an error when this is omitted:
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AND i.indisready AND i.indisvalid
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ORDER BY c.relpages DESC LIMIT 10;
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bt_index_check | relname | relpages
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----------------+---------------------------------+----------
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| pg_depend_reference_index | 43
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| pg_depend_depender_index | 40
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| pg_proc_proname_args_nsp_index | 31
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| pg_description_o_c_o_index | 21
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| pg_attribute_relid_attnam_index | 14
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| pg_proc_oid_index | 10
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| pg_attribute_relid_attnum_index | 9
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| pg_amproc_fam_proc_index | 5
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| pg_amop_opr_fam_index | 5
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| pg_amop_fam_strat_index | 5
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(10 rows)
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</screen>
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This example shows a session that performs verification of every
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catalog index in the database <quote>test</>. Details of just
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the 10 largest indexes verified are displayed. Since no error
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is raised, all indexes tested appear to be logically consistent.
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Naturally, this query could easily be changed to call
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<function>bt_index_check</function> for every index in the
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database where verification is supported.
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</para>
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<para>
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<function>bt_index_check</function> acquires an <literal>AccessShareLock</>
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on the target index and the heap relation it belongs to. This lock mode
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is the same lock mode acquired on relations by simple
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<literal>SELECT</> statements.
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<function>bt_index_check</function> does not verify invariants
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that span child/parent relationships, nor does it verify that
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the target index is consistent with its heap relation. When a
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routine, lightweight test for corruption is required in a live
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production environment, using
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<function>bt_index_check</function> often provides the best
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trade-off between thoroughness of verification and limiting the
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impact on application performance and availability.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>
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<function>bt_index_parent_check(index regclass) returns void</function>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>bt_index_parent_check</primary>
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</indexterm>
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</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<function>bt_index_parent_check</function> tests that its
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target, a B-Tree index, respects a variety of invariants. The
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checks performed by <function>bt_index_parent_check</function>
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are a superset of the checks performed by
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<function>bt_index_check</function>.
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<function>bt_index_parent_check</function> can be thought of as
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a more thorough variant of <function>bt_index_check</function>:
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unlike <function>bt_index_check</function>,
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<function>bt_index_parent_check</function> also checks
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invariants that span parent/child relationships. However, it
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does not verify that the target index is consistent with its
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heap relation. <function>bt_index_parent_check</function>
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follows the general convention of raising an error if it finds a
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logical inconsistency or other problem.
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</para>
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<para>
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A <literal>ShareLock</> is required on the target index by
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<function>bt_index_parent_check</function> (a
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<literal>ShareLock</> is also acquired on the heap relation).
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These locks prevent concurrent data modification from
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<command>INSERT</>, <command>UPDATE</>, and <command>DELETE</>
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commands. The locks also prevent the underlying relation from
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being concurrently processed by <command>VACUUM</>, as well as
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all other utility commands. Note that the function holds locks
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only while running, not for the entire transaction.
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</para>
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<para>
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<function>bt_index_parent_check</function>'s additional
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verification is more likely to detect various pathological
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cases. These cases may involve an incorrectly implemented
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B-Tree operator class used by the index that is checked, or,
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hypothetically, undiscovered bugs in the underlying B-Tree index
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access method code. Note that
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<function>bt_index_parent_check</function> cannot be used when
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Hot Standby mode is enabled (i.e., on read-only physical
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replicas), unlike <function>bt_index_check</function>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Using <filename>amcheck</> effectively</title>
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<para>
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<filename>amcheck</> can be effective at detecting various types of
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failure modes that <link
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linkend="app-initdb-data-checksums"><application>data page
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checksums</></link> will always fail to catch. These include:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Structural inconsistencies caused by incorrect operator class
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implementations.
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</para>
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<para>
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This includes issues caused by the comparison rules of operating
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system collations changing. Comparisons of datums of a collatable
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type like <type>text</> must be immutable (just as all
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comparisons used for B-Tree index scans must be immutable), which
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implies that operating system collation rules must never change.
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Though rare, updates to operating system collation rules can
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cause these issues. More commonly, an inconsistency in the
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collation order between a master server and a standby server is
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implicated, possibly because the <emphasis>major</> operating
|
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system version in use is inconsistent. Such inconsistencies will
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generally only arise on standby servers, and so can generally
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only be detected on standby servers.
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</para>
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<para>
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If a problem like this arises, it may not affect each individual
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index that is ordered using an affected collation, simply because
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<emphasis>indexed</> values might happen to have the same
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absolute ordering regardless of the behavioral inconsistency. See
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<xref linkend="locale"> and <xref linkend="collation"> for
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||||
further details about how <productname>PostgreSQL</> uses
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operating system locales and collations.
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</para>
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||||
</listitem>
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||||
<listitem>
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<para>
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Corruption caused by hypothetical undiscovered bugs in the
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underlying <productname>PostgreSQL</> access method code or sort
|
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code.
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</para>
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<para>
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Automatic verification of the structural integrity of indexes
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plays a role in the general testing of new or proposed
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<productname>PostgreSQL</> features that could plausibly allow a
|
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logical inconsistency to be introduced. One obvious testing
|
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strategy is to call <filename>amcheck</> functions continuously
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when running the standard regression tests. See <xref
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linkend="regress-run"> for details on running the tests.
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</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
Filesystem or storage subsystem faults where checksums happen to
|
||||
simply not be enabled.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
Note that <filename>amcheck</> examines a page as represented in some
|
||||
shared memory buffer at the time of verification if there is only a
|
||||
shared buffer hit when accessing the block. Consequently,
|
||||
<filename>amcheck</> does not necessarily examine data read from the
|
||||
filesystem at the time of verification. Note that when checksums are
|
||||
enabled, <filename>amcheck</> may raise an error due to a checksum
|
||||
failure when a corrupt block is read into a buffer.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
Corruption caused by faulty RAM, and the broader memory subsystem
|
||||
and operating system.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<productname>PostgreSQL</> does not protect against correctable
|
||||
memory errors and it is assumed you will operate using RAM that
|
||||
uses industry standard Error Correcting Codes (ECC) or better
|
||||
protection. However, ECC memory is typically only immune to
|
||||
single-bit errors, and should not be assumed to provide
|
||||
<emphasis>absolute</emphasis> protection against failures that
|
||||
result in memory corruption.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
In general, <filename>amcheck</> can only prove the presence of
|
||||
corruption; it cannot prove its absence.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Repairing corruption</title>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
No error concerning corruption raised by <filename>amcheck</> should
|
||||
ever be a false positive. In practice, <filename>amcheck</> is more
|
||||
likely to find software bugs than problems with hardware.
|
||||
<filename>amcheck</> raises errors in the event of conditions that,
|
||||
by definition, should never happen, and so careful analysis of
|
||||
<filename>amcheck</> errors is often required.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
There is no general method of repairing problems that
|
||||
<filename>amcheck</> detects. An explanation for the root cause of
|
||||
an invariant violation should be sought. <xref
|
||||
linkend="pageinspect"> may play a useful role in diagnosing
|
||||
corruption that <filename>amcheck</> detects. A <command>REINDEX</>
|
||||
may not be effective in repairing corruption.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
|
@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ CREATE EXTENSION <replaceable>module_name</> FROM unpackaged;
|
|||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
&adminpack;
|
||||
&amcheck;
|
||||
&auth-delay;
|
||||
&auto-explain;
|
||||
&bloom;
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -107,6 +107,7 @@
|
|||
<!-- contrib information -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY contrib SYSTEM "contrib.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY adminpack SYSTEM "adminpack.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY amcheck SYSTEM "amcheck.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY auth-delay SYSTEM "auth-delay.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY auto-explain SYSTEM "auto-explain.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY bloom SYSTEM "bloom.sgml">
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -244,6 +244,8 @@ BrinRevmap
|
|||
BrinSpecialSpace
|
||||
BrinTuple
|
||||
BrinValues
|
||||
BtreeCheckState
|
||||
BtreeLevel
|
||||
Bucket
|
||||
BufFile
|
||||
Buffer
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue