diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/heapam.c b/src/backend/access/heap/heapam.c
index ad4cdedcff..5016181fd7 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/heapam.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/heapam.c
@@ -6676,9 +6676,10 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 						  xl_heap_freeze_tuple *frz, bool *totally_frozen_p)
 {
 	bool		changed = false;
-	bool		freeze_xmax = false;
+	bool		xmax_already_frozen = false;
+	bool		xmin_frozen;
+	bool		freeze_xmax;
 	TransactionId xid;
-	bool		totally_frozen = true;
 
 	frz->frzflags = 0;
 	frz->t_infomask2 = tuple->t_infomask2;
@@ -6687,6 +6688,8 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 
 	/* Process xmin */
 	xid = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(tuple);
+	xmin_frozen = ((xid == FrozenTransactionId) ||
+				   HeapTupleHeaderXminFrozen(tuple));
 	if (TransactionIdIsNormal(xid))
 	{
 		if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, relfrozenxid))
@@ -6705,9 +6708,8 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 
 			frz->t_infomask |= HEAP_XMIN_FROZEN;
 			changed = true;
+			xmin_frozen = true;
 		}
-		else
-			totally_frozen = false;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -6730,9 +6732,9 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 									relfrozenxid, relminmxid,
 									cutoff_xid, cutoff_multi, &flags);
 
-		if (flags & FRM_INVALIDATE_XMAX)
-			freeze_xmax = true;
-		else if (flags & FRM_RETURN_IS_XID)
+		freeze_xmax = (flags & FRM_INVALIDATE_XMAX);
+
+		if (flags & FRM_RETURN_IS_XID)
 		{
 			/*
 			 * NB -- some of these transformations are only valid because we
@@ -6746,7 +6748,6 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 			if (flags & FRM_MARK_COMMITTED)
 				frz->t_infomask |= HEAP_XMAX_COMMITTED;
 			changed = true;
-			totally_frozen = false;
 		}
 		else if (flags & FRM_RETURN_IS_MULTI)
 		{
@@ -6768,11 +6769,6 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 			frz->xmax = newxmax;
 
 			changed = true;
-			totally_frozen = false;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			Assert(flags & FRM_NOOP);
 		}
 	}
 	else if (TransactionIdIsNormal(xid))
@@ -6800,11 +6796,24 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 			freeze_xmax = true;
 		}
 		else
-			totally_frozen = false;
+			freeze_xmax = false;
 	}
+	else if ((tuple->t_infomask & HEAP_XMAX_INVALID) ||
+			 !TransactionIdIsValid(HeapTupleHeaderGetRawXmax(tuple)))
+	{
+		freeze_xmax = false;
+		xmax_already_frozen = true;
+	}
+	else
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
+				 errmsg_internal("found xmax %u (infomask 0x%04x) not frozen, not multi, not normal",
+								 xid, tuple->t_infomask)));
 
 	if (freeze_xmax)
 	{
+		Assert(!xmax_already_frozen);
+
 		frz->xmax = InvalidTransactionId;
 
 		/*
@@ -6857,7 +6866,8 @@ heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 		}
 	}
 
-	*totally_frozen_p = totally_frozen;
+	*totally_frozen_p = (xmin_frozen &&
+						 (freeze_xmax || xmax_already_frozen));
 	return changed;
 }