Fix a number of issues around modifying a previously updated row.

This commit fixes three, unfortunately related, issues:

1) Since 5db6df0c01, the introduction of DML via tableam, it was
   possible to trigger "ERROR: unexpected table_lock_tuple status: 1"
   when updating a row that was previously updated in the same
   transaction - but only when the previously updated row was before
   updated in a concurrent transaction (and READ COMMITTED was
   used). The reason for that was that that case simply wasn't
   expected. Fixing that lead to:

2) Even before the above commit, there were error checks (introduced
   in 6868ed7491) preventing a row being updated by different
   commands within the same statement (say in a function called by an
   UPDATE) - but that check wasn't performed when the row was first
   updated in a concurrent transaction - instead the second update was
   silently skipped in that case. After this change we throw the same
   error as we'd without the concurrent transaction.

3) The error messages (introduced in 6868ed7491) preventing such
   updates emitted the same error message for both DELETE and
   UPDATE ("tuple to be updated was already modified by an operation
   triggered by the current command"). While that could be changed
   separately, it made it hard to write tests that verify the correct
   correct behavior of the code.

This commit changes heap's implementation of table_lock_tuple() to
return TM_SelfModified instead of TM_Invisible (previously loosely
modeled after EvalPlanQualFetch), and teaches nodeModifyTable.c to
handle that in response to table_lock_tuple() and not just in response
to table_(delete|update).

Additionally it fixes the wrong error message (see 3 above). The
comment for table_lock_tuple() is also adjusted to state that
TM_Deleted won't return information in TM_FailureData - it'll not
always be available.

This also adds tests to ensure that DELETE/UPDATE correctly error out
when affecting a row that concurrently was modified by another
transaction.

Author: Andres Freund
Reported-By: Tom Lane, when investigating a bug bug fix to another bug
    by Amit Langote
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/19321.1554567786@sss.pgh.pa.us

src/backend/access/heap/heapam_handler.c

@@ -463,8 +463,14 @@ tuple_lock_retry:
 					if (TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(priorXmax) &&
 						HeapTupleHeaderGetCmin(tuple->t_data) >= cid)
 					{
+						tmfd->xmax = priorXmax;
+						/*
+						 * Cmin is the problematic value, so store that. See
+						 * above.
+						 */
+						tmfd->cmax = HeapTupleHeaderGetCmin(tuple->t_data);
 						ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
-						return TM_Invisible;
+						return TM_SelfModified;
 					}
 
 					/*

src/backend/executor/nodeModifyTable.c

@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ ldelete:;
 				if (tmfd.cmax != estate->es_output_cid)
 					ereport(ERROR,
 							(errcode(ERRCODE_TRIGGERED_DATA_CHANGE_VIOLATION),
-							 errmsg("tuple to be updated was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command"),
+							 errmsg("tuple to be deleted was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command"),
 							 errhint("Consider using an AFTER trigger instead of a BEFORE trigger to propagate changes to other rows.")));
 
 				/* Else, already deleted by self; nothing to do */
@@ -858,6 +858,25 @@ ldelete:;
 							else
 								goto ldelete;
 
+						case TM_SelfModified:
+							/*
+							 * This can be reached when following an update
+							 * chain from a tuple updated by another session,
+							 * reaching a tuple that was already updated in
+							 * this transaction. If previously updated by this
+							 * command, ignore the delete, otherwise error
+							 * out.
+							 *
+							 * See also TM_SelfModified response to
+							 * table_delete() above.
+							 */
+							if (tmfd.cmax != estate->es_output_cid)
+								ereport(ERROR,
+										(errcode(ERRCODE_TRIGGERED_DATA_CHANGE_VIOLATION),
+										 errmsg("tuple to be deleted was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command"),
+										 errhint("Consider using an AFTER trigger instead of a BEFORE trigger to propagate changes to other rows.")));
+							return NULL;
+
 						case TM_Deleted:
 							/* tuple already deleted; nothing to do */
 							return NULL;
@@ -870,10 +889,6 @@ ldelete:;
 							 * already have errored out if the first version
 							 * is invisible.
 							 *
-							 * TM_SelfModified should be impossible, as we'd
-							 * otherwise should have hit the TM_SelfModified
-							 * case in response to table_delete above.
-							 *
 							 * TM_Updated should be impossible, because we're
 							 * locking the latest version via
 							 * TUPLE_LOCK_FLAG_FIND_LAST_VERSION.
@@ -1379,6 +1394,25 @@ lreplace:;
 							/* tuple already deleted; nothing to do */
 							return NULL;
 
+						case TM_SelfModified:
+							/*
+							 * This can be reached when following an update
+							 * chain from a tuple updated by another session,
+							 * reaching a tuple that was already updated in
+							 * this transaction. If previously modified by
+							 * this command, ignore the redundant update,
+							 * otherwise error out.
+							 *
+							 * See also TM_SelfModified response to
+							 * table_update() above.
+							 */
+							if (tmfd.cmax != estate->es_output_cid)
+								ereport(ERROR,
+										(errcode(ERRCODE_TRIGGERED_DATA_CHANGE_VIOLATION),
+										 errmsg("tuple to be updated was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command"),
+										 errhint("Consider using an AFTER trigger instead of a BEFORE trigger to propagate changes to other rows.")));
+							return NULL;
+
 						default:
 							/* see table_lock_tuple call in ExecDelete() */
 							elog(ERROR, "unexpected table_lock_tuple status: %u",

src/include/access/tableam.h

@@ -1216,9 +1216,9 @@ table_update(Relation rel, ItemPointer otid, TupleTableSlot *slot,
  *	TM_Deleted: lock failed because tuple deleted by other xact
  *	TM_WouldBlock: lock couldn't be acquired and wait_policy is skip
  *
- * In the failure cases other than TM_Invisible, the routine fills *tmfd with
- * the tuple's t_ctid, t_xmax, and, if possible, t_cmax.  See comments for
- * struct TM_FailureData for additional info.
+ * In the failure cases other than TM_Invisible and TM_Deleted, the routine
+ * fills *tmfd with the tuple's t_ctid, t_xmax, and, if possible, t_cmax.  See
+ * comments for struct TM_FailureData for additional info.
  */
 static inline TM_Result
 table_lock_tuple(Relation rel, ItemPointer tid, Snapshot snapshot,

src/test/isolation/expected/eval-plan-qual.out

@@ -258,6 +258,73 @@ accountid      balance
 checking       1050           
 savings        600            
 
+starting permutation: wx1 updwcte c1 c2 read
+step wx1: UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 200 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING balance;
+balance        
+
+400            
+step updwcte: WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *) UPDATE accounts a SET balance = doup.balance + 100 FROM doup RETURNING *; <waiting ...>
+step c1: COMMIT;
+step updwcte: <... completed>
+accountid      balance        accountid      balance        
+
+savings        1600           checking       1500           
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step read: SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY accountid;
+accountid      balance        
+
+checking       1500           
+savings        1600           
+
+starting permutation: wx1 updwctefail c1 c2 read
+step wx1: UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 200 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING balance;
+balance        
+
+400            
+step updwctefail: WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *, update_checking(999)) UPDATE accounts a SET balance = doup.balance + 100 FROM doup RETURNING *; <waiting ...>
+step c1: COMMIT;
+step updwctefail: <... completed>
+error in steps c1 updwctefail: ERROR:  tuple to be updated was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step read: SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY accountid;
+accountid      balance        
+
+checking       400            
+savings        600            
+
+starting permutation: wx1 delwcte c1 c2 read
+step wx1: UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 200 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING balance;
+balance        
+
+400            
+step delwcte: WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *) DELETE FROM accounts a USING doup RETURNING *; <waiting ...>
+step c1: COMMIT;
+step delwcte: <... completed>
+accountid      balance        accountid      balance        
+
+savings        600            checking       1500           
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step read: SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY accountid;
+accountid      balance        
+
+checking       1500           
+
+starting permutation: wx1 delwctefail c1 c2 read
+step wx1: UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 200 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING balance;
+balance        
+
+400            
+step delwctefail: WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *, update_checking(999)) DELETE FROM accounts a USING doup RETURNING *; <waiting ...>
+step c1: COMMIT;
+step delwctefail: <... completed>
+error in steps c1 delwctefail: ERROR:  tuple to be deleted was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step read: SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY accountid;
+accountid      balance        
+
+checking       400            
+savings        600            
+
 starting permutation: upsert1 upsert2 c1 c2 read
 step upsert1: 
 	WITH upsert AS

src/test/isolation/specs/eval-plan-qual.spec

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ setup
  CREATE TABLE accounts (accountid text PRIMARY KEY, balance numeric not null);
  INSERT INTO accounts VALUES ('checking', 600), ('savings', 600);
 
+ CREATE FUNCTION update_checking(int) RETURNS bool LANGUAGE sql AS $$
+     UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1 WHERE accountid = 'checking'; SELECT true;$$;
+
  CREATE TABLE accounts_ext (accountid text PRIMARY KEY, balance numeric not null, other text);
  INSERT INTO accounts_ext VALUES ('checking', 600, 'other'), ('savings', 700, null);
  ALTER TABLE accounts_ext ADD COLUMN newcol int DEFAULT 42;
@@ -34,6 +37,7 @@ setup
 teardown
 {
  DROP TABLE accounts;
+ DROP FUNCTION update_checking(int);
  DROP TABLE accounts_ext;
  DROP TABLE p CASCADE;
  DROP TABLE table_a, table_b, jointest;
@@ -170,6 +174,16 @@ step "updateforcip3"	{
 }
 step "wrtwcte"	{ UPDATE table_a SET value = 'tableAValue2' WHERE id = 1; }
 step "wrjt"	{ UPDATE jointest SET data = 42 WHERE id = 7; }
+
+# Use writable CTEs to create self-updated rows, that then are
+# (updated|deleted). The *fail versions of the tests additionally
+# perform an update, via a function, in a different command, to test
+# behaviour relating to that.
+step "updwcte"  { WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *) UPDATE accounts a SET balance = doup.balance + 100 FROM doup RETURNING *; }
+step "updwctefail"  { WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *, update_checking(999)) UPDATE accounts a SET balance = doup.balance + 100 FROM doup RETURNING *; }
+step "delwcte"  { WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *) DELETE FROM accounts a USING doup RETURNING *; }
+step "delwctefail"  { WITH doup AS (UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1100 WHERE accountid = 'checking' RETURNING *, update_checking(999)) DELETE FROM accounts a USING doup RETURNING *; }
+
 step "c2"	{ COMMIT; }
 step "r2"	{ ROLLBACK; }
 
@@ -221,6 +235,19 @@ permutation "wx2" "d2" "d1" "r2" "c1" "read"
 permutation "d1" "wx2" "c1" "c2" "read"
 permutation "d1" "wx2" "r1" "c2" "read"
 
+# test that an update to a self-modified row is ignored when
+# previously updated by the same cid
+permutation "wx1" "updwcte" "c1" "c2" "read"
+# test that an update to a self-modified row throws error when
+# previously updated by a different cid
+permutation "wx1" "updwctefail" "c1" "c2" "read"
+# test that a delete to a self-modified row is ignored when
+# previously updated by the same cid
+permutation "wx1" "delwcte" "c1" "c2" "read"
+# test that a delete to a self-modified row throws error when
+# previously updated by a different cid
+permutation "wx1" "delwctefail" "c1" "c2" "read"
+
 permutation "upsert1" "upsert2" "c1" "c2" "read"
 permutation "readp1" "writep1" "readp2" "c1" "c2"
 permutation "writep2" "returningp1" "c1" "c2"

src/test/regress/expected/triggers.out

@@ -1607,7 +1607,7 @@ select * from parent; select * from child;
 (1 row)
 
 delete from parent where aid = 1; -- should fail
-ERROR:  tuple to be updated was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command
+ERROR:  tuple to be deleted was already modified by an operation triggered by the current command
 HINT:  Consider using an AFTER trigger instead of a BEFORE trigger to propagate changes to other rows.
 select * from parent; select * from child;
  aid | val1 | val2 | val3 | val4 | bcnt