psql: Add command to use extended query protocol

This adds a new psql command \bind that sets query parameters and
causes the next query to be sent using the extended query protocol.
Example:

    SELECT $1, $2 \bind 'foo' 'bar' \g

This may be useful for psql scripting, but one of the main purposes is
also to be able to test various aspects of the extended query protocol
from psql and to write tests more easily.

Reviewed-by: Corey Huinker <corey.huinker@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/e8dd1cd5-0e04-3598-0518-a605159fe314@enterprisedb.com

doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml

@@ -879,6 +879,42 @@ testdb=>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
+      <varlistentry>
+       <term><literal>\bind</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">parameter</replaceable> ] ... </term>
+
+       <listitem>
+        <para>
+         Sets query parameters for the next query execution, with the
+         specified parameters passed for any parameter placeholders
+         (<literal>$1</literal> etc.).
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+         Example:
+<programlisting>
+INSERT INTO tbl1 VALUES ($1, $2) \bind 'first value' 'second value' \g
+</programlisting>
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+         This also works for query-execution commands besides
+         <literal>\g</literal>, such as <literal>\gx</literal> and
+         <literal>\gset</literal>.
+        </para>
+
+        <para>
+         This command causes the extended query protocol (see <xref
+         linkend="protocol-query-concepts"/>) to be used, unlike normal
+         <application>psql</application> operation, which uses the simple
+         query protocol.  So this command can be useful to test the extended
+         query protocol from psql.  (The extended query protocol is used even
+         if the query has no parameters and this command specifies zero
+         parameters.)  This command affects only the next query executed; all
+         subsequent queries will use the simple query protocol by default.
+        </para>
+       </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
       <varlistentry>
         <term><literal>\c</literal> or <literal>\connect [ -reuse-previous=<replaceable class="parameter">on|off</replaceable> ] [ <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> [ <replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable> ] [ <replaceable class="parameter">host</replaceable> ] [ <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable> ] | <replaceable class="parameter">conninfo</replaceable> ]</literal></term>
         <listitem>

src/bin/psql/command.c

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ static backslashResult exec_command(const char *cmd,
 									PQExpBuffer query_buf,
 									PQExpBuffer previous_buf);
 static backslashResult exec_command_a(PsqlScanState scan_state, bool active_branch);
+static backslashResult exec_command_bind(PsqlScanState scan_state, bool active_branch);
 static backslashResult exec_command_C(PsqlScanState scan_state, bool active_branch);
 static backslashResult exec_command_connect(PsqlScanState scan_state, bool active_branch);
 static backslashResult exec_command_cd(PsqlScanState scan_state, bool active_branch,
@@ -308,6 +309,8 @@ exec_command(const char *cmd,
 
 	if (strcmp(cmd, "a") == 0)
 		status = exec_command_a(scan_state, active_branch);
+	else if (strcmp(cmd, "bind") == 0)
+		status = exec_command_bind(scan_state, active_branch);
 	else if (strcmp(cmd, "C") == 0)
 		status = exec_command_C(scan_state, active_branch);
 	else if (strcmp(cmd, "c") == 0 || strcmp(cmd, "connect") == 0)
@@ -453,6 +456,40 @@ exec_command_a(PsqlScanState scan_state, bool active_branch)
 	return success ? PSQL_CMD_SKIP_LINE : PSQL_CMD_ERROR;
 }
 
+/*
+ * \bind -- set query parameters
+ */
+static backslashResult
+exec_command_bind(PsqlScanState scan_state, bool active_branch)
+{
+	backslashResult status = PSQL_CMD_SKIP_LINE;
+
+	if (active_branch)
+	{
+		char	   *opt;
+		int			nparams = 0;
+		int			nalloc = 0;
+
+		pset.bind_params = NULL;
+
+		while ((opt = psql_scan_slash_option(scan_state, OT_NORMAL, NULL, false)))
+		{
+			nparams++;
+			if (nparams > nalloc)
+			{
+				nalloc = nalloc ? nalloc * 2 : 1;
+				pset.bind_params = pg_realloc_array(pset.bind_params, char *, nalloc);
+			}
+			pset.bind_params[nparams - 1] = pg_strdup(opt);
+		}
+
+		pset.bind_nparams = nparams;
+		pset.bind_flag = true;
+	}
+
+	return status;
+}
+
 /*
  * \C -- override table title (formerly change HTML caption)
  */

src/bin/psql/common.c

@@ -1220,6 +1220,16 @@ sendquery_cleanup:
 		pset.gsavepopt = NULL;
 	}
 
+	/* clean up after \bind */
+	if (pset.bind_flag)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < pset.bind_nparams; i++)
+			free(pset.bind_params[i]);
+		free(pset.bind_params);
+		pset.bind_params = NULL;
+		pset.bind_flag = false;
+	}
+
 	/* reset \gset trigger */
 	if (pset.gset_prefix)
 	{
@@ -1397,7 +1407,10 @@ ExecQueryAndProcessResults(const char *query,
 	if (timing)
 		INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(before);
 
-	success = PQsendQuery(pset.db, query);
+	if (pset.bind_flag)
+		success = PQsendQueryParams(pset.db, query, pset.bind_nparams, NULL, (const char * const *) pset.bind_params, NULL, NULL, 0);
+	else
+		success = PQsendQuery(pset.db, query);
 
 	if (!success)
 	{

src/bin/psql/help.c

@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ slashUsage(unsigned short int pager)
 	initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
 
 	HELP0("General\n");
+	HELP0("  \\bind [PARAM]...       set query parameters\n");
 	HELP0("  \\copyright             show PostgreSQL usage and distribution terms\n");
 	HELP0("  \\crosstabview [COLUMNS] execute query and display result in crosstab\n");
 	HELP0("  \\errverbose            show most recent error message at maximum verbosity\n");

src/bin/psql/settings.h

@@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ typedef struct _psqlSettings
 	char	   *gset_prefix;	/* one-shot prefix argument for \gset */
 	bool		gdesc_flag;		/* one-shot request to describe query result */
 	bool		gexec_flag;		/* one-shot request to execute query result */
+	bool		bind_flag;		/* one-shot request to use extended query protocol */
+	int			bind_nparams;	/* number of parameters */
+	char	  **bind_params;	/* parameters for extended query protocol call */
 	bool		crosstab_flag;	/* one-shot request to crosstab result */
 	char	   *ctv_args[4];	/* \crosstabview arguments */
 

src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c

@@ -1680,6 +1680,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 	/* psql's backslash commands. */
 	static const char *const backslash_commands[] = {
 		"\\a",
+		"\\bind",
 		"\\connect", "\\conninfo", "\\C", "\\cd", "\\copy",
 		"\\copyright", "\\crosstabview",
 		"\\d", "\\da", "\\dA", "\\dAc", "\\dAf", "\\dAo", "\\dAp",

src/test/regress/expected/psql.out

@@ -98,6 +98,37 @@ two | 2
    1 |   2
 (1 row)
 
+-- \bind (extended query protocol)
+SELECT 1 \bind \g
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT $1 \bind 'foo' \g
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT $1, $2 \bind 'foo' 'bar' \g
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ foo      | bar
+(1 row)
+
+-- errors
+-- parse error
+SELECT foo \bind \g
+ERROR:  column "foo" does not exist
+LINE 1: SELECT foo 
+               ^
+-- tcop error
+SELECT 1 \; SELECT 2 \bind \g
+ERROR:  cannot insert multiple commands into a prepared statement
+-- bind error
+SELECT $1, $2 \bind 'foo' \g
+ERROR:  bind message supplies 1 parameters, but prepared statement "" requires 2
 -- \gset
 select 10 as test01, 20 as test02, 'Hello' as test03 \gset pref01_
 \echo :pref01_test01 :pref01_test02 :pref01_test03

src/test/regress/sql/psql.sql

@@ -45,6 +45,20 @@ SELECT 1 as one, 2 as two \g (format=csv csv_fieldsep='\t')
 SELECT 1 as one, 2 as two \gx (title='foo bar')
 \g
 
+-- \bind (extended query protocol)
+
+SELECT 1 \bind \g
+SELECT $1 \bind 'foo' \g
+SELECT $1, $2 \bind 'foo' 'bar' \g
+
+-- errors
+-- parse error
+SELECT foo \bind \g
+-- tcop error
+SELECT 1 \; SELECT 2 \bind \g
+-- bind error
+SELECT $1, $2 \bind 'foo' \g
+
 -- \gset
 
 select 10 as test01, 20 as test02, 'Hello' as test03 \gset pref01_