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Prevent indirect security attacks via changing session-local state within 

an allegedly immutable index function.  It was previously recognized that
we had to prevent such a function from executing SET/RESET ROLE/SESSION
AUTHORIZATION, or it could trivially obtain the privileges of the session
user.  However, since there is in general no privilege checking for changes
of session-local state, it is also possible for such a function to change
settings in a way that might subvert later operations in the same session.
Examples include changing search_path to cause an unexpected function to
be called, or replacing an existing prepared statement with another one
that will execute a function of the attacker's choosing.

The present patch secures VACUUM, ANALYZE, and CREATE INDEX/REINDEX against
these threats, which are the same places previously deemed to need protection
against the SET ROLE issue.  GUC changes are still allowed, since there are
many useful cases for that, but we prevent security problems by forcing a
rollback of any GUC change after completing the operation.  Other cases are
handled by throwing an error if any change is attempted; these include temp
table creation, closing a cursor, and creating or deleting a prepared
statement.  (In 7.4, the infrastructure to roll back GUC changes doesn't
exist, so we settle for rejecting changes of "search_path" in these contexts.)

Original report and patch by Gurjeet Singh, additional analysis by
Tom Lane.

Security: CVE-2009-4136
This commit is contained in:
Tom Lane 2009-12-09 21:57:51 +00:00
parent 7aeaa97de2
commit 62aba76568
14 changed files with 278 additions and 109 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

20
src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
View File

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c,v 1.276 2009/11/23 09:58:36 heikki Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c,v 1.277 2009/12/09 21:57:50 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ typedef struct TransactionStateData
int nChildXids; /* # of subcommitted child XIDs */ int nChildXids; /* # of subcommitted child XIDs */
int maxChildXids; /* allocated size of childXids[] */ int maxChildXids; /* allocated size of childXids[] */
Oid prevUser; /* previous CurrentUserId setting */ Oid prevUser; /* previous CurrentUserId setting */
bool prevSecDefCxt; /* previous SecurityDefinerContext setting */ int prevSecContext; /* previous SecurityRestrictionContext */
bool prevXactReadOnly; /* entry-time xact r/o state */ bool prevXactReadOnly; /* entry-time xact r/o state */
struct TransactionStateData *parent; /* back link to parent */ struct TransactionStateData *parent; /* back link to parent */
} TransactionStateData; } TransactionStateData;
@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ static TransactionStateData TopTransactionStateData = {
0, /* # of subcommitted child Xids */ 0, /* # of subcommitted child Xids */
0, /* allocated size of childXids[] */ 0, /* allocated size of childXids[] */
InvalidOid, /* previous CurrentUserId setting */ InvalidOid, /* previous CurrentUserId setting */
false, /* previous SecurityDefinerContext setting */ 0, /* previous SecurityRestrictionContext */
false, /* entry-time xact r/o state */ false, /* entry-time xact r/o state */
NULL /* link to parent state block */ NULL /* link to parent state block */
}; };
@ -1522,9 +1522,9 @@ StartTransaction(void)
s->childXids = NULL; s->childXids = NULL;
s->nChildXids = 0; s->nChildXids = 0;
s->maxChildXids = 0; s->maxChildXids = 0;
GetUserIdAndContext(&s->prevUser, &s->prevSecDefCxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&s->prevUser, &s->prevSecContext);
/* SecurityDefinerContext should never be set outside a transaction */ /* SecurityRestrictionContext should never be set outside a transaction */
Assert(!s->prevSecDefCxt); Assert(s->prevSecContext == 0);
/* /*
* initialize other subsystems for new transaction * initialize other subsystems for new transaction
@ -2014,13 +2014,13 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
* Reset user ID which might have been changed transiently. We need this * Reset user ID which might have been changed transiently. We need this
* to clean up in case control escaped out of a SECURITY DEFINER function * to clean up in case control escaped out of a SECURITY DEFINER function
* or other local change of CurrentUserId; therefore, the prior value of * or other local change of CurrentUserId; therefore, the prior value of
* SecurityDefinerContext also needs to be restored. * SecurityRestrictionContext also needs to be restored.
* *
* (Note: it is not necessary to restore session authorization or role * (Note: it is not necessary to restore session authorization or role
* settings here because those can only be changed via GUC, and GUC will * settings here because those can only be changed via GUC, and GUC will
* take care of rolling them back if need be.) * take care of rolling them back if need be.)
*/ */
SetUserIdAndContext(s->prevUser, s->prevSecDefCxt); SetUserIdAndSecContext(s->prevUser, s->prevSecContext);
/* /*
* do abort processing * do abort processing
@ -3860,7 +3860,7 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
* Reset user ID which might have been changed transiently. (See notes in * Reset user ID which might have been changed transiently. (See notes in
* AbortTransaction.) * AbortTransaction.)
*/ */
SetUserIdAndContext(s->prevUser, s->prevSecDefCxt); SetUserIdAndSecContext(s->prevUser, s->prevSecContext);
/* /*
* We can skip all this stuff if the subxact failed before creating a * We can skip all this stuff if the subxact failed before creating a
@ -4000,7 +4000,7 @@ PushTransaction(void)
s->savepointLevel = p->savepointLevel; s->savepointLevel = p->savepointLevel;
s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT; s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT;
s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN; s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN;
GetUserIdAndContext(&s->prevUser, &s->prevSecDefCxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&s->prevUser, &s->prevSecContext);
s->prevXactReadOnly = XactReadOnly; s->prevXactReadOnly = XactReadOnly;
CurrentTransactionState = s; CurrentTransactionState = s;

41
src/backend/catalog/index.c
View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/catalog/index.c,v 1.325 2009/12/07 05:22:21 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/catalog/index.c,v 1.326 2009/12/09 21:57:50 tgl Exp $
* *
* *
* INTERFACE ROUTINES * INTERFACE ROUTINES
@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
#include "storage/smgr.h" #include "storage/smgr.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h" #include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h" #include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/inval.h" #include "utils/inval.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h" #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h" #include "utils/memutils.h"
@ -1481,7 +1482,8 @@ index_build(Relation heapRelation,
RegProcedure procedure; RegProcedure procedure;
IndexBuildResult *stats; IndexBuildResult *stats;
Oid save_userid; Oid save_userid;
bool save_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
int save_nestlevel;
/* /*
* sanity checks * sanity checks
@ -1494,10 +1496,13 @@ index_build(Relation heapRelation,
/* /*
* Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run * Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run
* as that user. * as that user. Also lock down security-restricted operations and
* arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
*/ */
GetUserIdAndContext(&save_userid, &save_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
SetUserIdAndContext(heapRelation->rd_rel->relowner, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(heapRelation->rd_rel->relowner,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
/* /*
* Call the access method's build procedure * Call the access method's build procedure
@ -1516,8 +1521,11 @@ index_build(Relation heapRelation,
if (indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL) if (indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL)
IndexCheckExclusion(heapRelation, indexRelation, indexInfo); IndexCheckExclusion(heapRelation, indexRelation, indexInfo);
/* Restore userid */ /* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
SetUserIdAndContext(save_userid, save_secdefcxt); AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
/* Restore userid and security context */
SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
/* /*
* If we found any potentially broken HOT chains, mark the index as not * If we found any potentially broken HOT chains, mark the index as not
@ -2126,7 +2134,8 @@ validate_index(Oid heapId, Oid indexId, Snapshot snapshot)
IndexVacuumInfo ivinfo; IndexVacuumInfo ivinfo;
v_i_state state; v_i_state state;
Oid save_userid; Oid save_userid;
bool save_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
int save_nestlevel;
/* Open and lock the parent heap relation */ /* Open and lock the parent heap relation */
heapRelation = heap_open(heapId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock); heapRelation = heap_open(heapId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
@ -2145,10 +2154,13 @@ validate_index(Oid heapId, Oid indexId, Snapshot snapshot)
/* /*
* Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run * Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run
* as that user. * as that user. Also lock down security-restricted operations and
* arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
*/ */
GetUserIdAndContext(&save_userid, &save_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
SetUserIdAndContext(heapRelation->rd_rel->relowner, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(heapRelation->rd_rel->relowner,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
/* /*
* Scan the index and gather up all the TIDs into a tuplesort object. * Scan the index and gather up all the TIDs into a tuplesort object.
@ -2189,8 +2201,11 @@ validate_index(Oid heapId, Oid indexId, Snapshot snapshot)
"validate_index found %.0f heap tuples, %.0f index tuples; inserted %.0f missing tuples", "validate_index found %.0f heap tuples, %.0f index tuples; inserted %.0f missing tuples",
state.htups, state.itups, state.tups_inserted); state.htups, state.itups, state.tups_inserted);
/* Restore userid */ /* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
SetUserIdAndContext(save_userid, save_secdefcxt); AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
/* Restore userid and security context */
SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
/* Close rels, but keep locks */ /* Close rels, but keep locks */
index_close(indexRelation, NoLock); index_close(indexRelation, NoLock);

22
src/backend/commands/analyze.c
View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/analyze.c,v 1.142 2009/11/16 21:32:06 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/analyze.c,v 1.143 2009/12/09 21:57:50 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
#include "storage/procarray.h" #include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "utils/acl.h" #include "utils/acl.h"
#include "utils/datum.h" #include "utils/datum.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h" #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h" #include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/pg_rusage.h" #include "utils/pg_rusage.h"
@ -133,7 +134,8 @@ analyze_rel(Oid relid, VacuumStmt *vacstmt,
PGRUsage ru0; PGRUsage ru0;
TimestampTz starttime = 0; TimestampTz starttime = 0;
Oid save_userid; Oid save_userid;
bool save_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
int save_nestlevel;
if (vacstmt->options & VACOPT_VERBOSE) if (vacstmt->options & VACOPT_VERBOSE)
elevel = INFO; elevel = INFO;
@ -235,10 +237,13 @@ analyze_rel(Oid relid, VacuumStmt *vacstmt,
/* /*
* Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run * Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run
* as that user. * as that user. Also lock down security-restricted operations and
* arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
*/ */
GetUserIdAndContext(&save_userid, &save_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
SetUserIdAndContext(onerel->rd_rel->relowner, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(onerel->rd_rel->relowner,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
/* let others know what I'm doing */ /* let others know what I'm doing */
LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE); LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
@ -548,8 +553,11 @@ cleanup:
MyProc->vacuumFlags &= ~PROC_IN_ANALYZE; MyProc->vacuumFlags &= ~PROC_IN_ANALYZE;
LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock); LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
/* Restore userid */ /* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
SetUserIdAndContext(save_userid, save_secdefcxt); AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
/* Restore userid and security context */
SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
} }
/* /*

13
src/backend/commands/schemacmds.c
View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/schemacmds.c,v 1.53 2009/06/11 14:48:56 momjian Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/schemacmds.c,v 1.54 2009/12/09 21:57:50 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ CreateSchemaCommand(CreateSchemaStmt *stmt, const char *queryString)
ListCell *parsetree_item; ListCell *parsetree_item;
Oid owner_uid; Oid owner_uid;
Oid saved_uid; Oid saved_uid;
bool saved_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
AclResult aclresult; AclResult aclresult;
GetUserIdAndContext(&saved_uid, &saved_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&saved_uid, &save_sec_context);
/* /*
* Who is supposed to own the new schema? * Who is supposed to own the new schema?
@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ CreateSchemaCommand(CreateSchemaStmt *stmt, const char *queryString)
* error, transaction abort will clean things up.) * error, transaction abort will clean things up.)
*/ */
if (saved_uid != owner_uid) if (saved_uid != owner_uid)
SetUserIdAndContext(owner_uid, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(owner_uid,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE);
/* Create the schema's namespace */ /* Create the schema's namespace */
namespaceId = NamespaceCreate(schemaName, owner_uid); namespaceId = NamespaceCreate(schemaName, owner_uid);
@ -142,8 +143,8 @@ CreateSchemaCommand(CreateSchemaStmt *stmt, const char *queryString)
/* Reset search path to normal state */ /* Reset search path to normal state */
PopOverrideSearchPath(); PopOverrideSearchPath();
/* Reset current user */ /* Reset current user and security context */
SetUserIdAndContext(saved_uid, saved_secdefcxt); SetUserIdAndSecContext(saved_uid, save_sec_context);
} }

12
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c,v 1.307 2009/12/07 05:22:21 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c,v 1.308 2009/12/09 21:57:50 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -378,6 +378,16 @@ DefineRelation(CreateStmt *stmt, char relkind)
(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION), (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),
errmsg("ON COMMIT can only be used on temporary tables"))); errmsg("ON COMMIT can only be used on temporary tables")));
/*
* Security check: disallow creating temp tables from security-restricted
* code. This is needed because calling code might not expect untrusted
* tables to appear in pg_temp at the front of its search path.
*/
if (stmt->relation->istemp && InSecurityRestrictedOperation())
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
errmsg("cannot create temporary table within security-restricted operation")));
/* /*
* Look up the namespace in which we are supposed to create the relation. * Look up the namespace in which we are supposed to create the relation.
* Check we have permission to create there. Skip check if bootstrapping, * Check we have permission to create there. Skip check if bootstrapping,

23
src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
View File

@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c,v 1.397 2009/12/07 05:22:21 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c,v 1.398 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
#include "utils/acl.h" #include "utils/acl.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h" #include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h" #include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/inval.h" #include "utils/inval.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h" #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h" #include "utils/memutils.h"
@ -1033,7 +1034,8 @@ vacuum_rel(Oid relid, VacuumStmt *vacstmt, bool do_toast, bool for_wraparound,
LockRelId onerelid; LockRelId onerelid;
Oid toast_relid; Oid toast_relid;
Oid save_userid; Oid save_userid;
bool save_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
int save_nestlevel;
bool heldoff; bool heldoff;
if (scanned_all) if (scanned_all)
@ -1192,10 +1194,14 @@ vacuum_rel(Oid relid, VacuumStmt *vacstmt, bool do_toast, bool for_wraparound,
/* /*
* Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run * Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run
* as that user. (This is unnecessary, but harmless, for lazy VACUUM.) * as that user. Also lock down security-restricted operations and
* arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
* (This is unnecessary, but harmless, for lazy VACUUM.)
*/ */
GetUserIdAndContext(&save_userid, &save_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
SetUserIdAndContext(onerel->rd_rel->relowner, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(onerel->rd_rel->relowner,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
/* /*
* Do the actual work --- either FULL or "lazy" vacuum * Do the actual work --- either FULL or "lazy" vacuum
@ -1205,8 +1211,11 @@ vacuum_rel(Oid relid, VacuumStmt *vacstmt, bool do_toast, bool for_wraparound,
else else
heldoff = lazy_vacuum_rel(onerel, vacstmt, vac_strategy, scanned_all); heldoff = lazy_vacuum_rel(onerel, vacstmt, vac_strategy, scanned_all);
/* Restore userid */ /* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
SetUserIdAndContext(save_userid, save_secdefcxt); AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
/* Restore userid and security context */
SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
/* all done with this class, but hold lock until commit */ /* all done with this class, but hold lock until commit */
relation_close(onerel, NoLock); relation_close(onerel, NoLock);

17
src/backend/executor/execMain.c
View File

@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/executor/execMain.c,v 1.335 2009/11/20 20:38:10 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/executor/execMain.c,v 1.336 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -2067,6 +2067,11 @@ OpenIntoRel(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
Assert(into); Assert(into);
/*
* XXX This code needs to be kept in sync with DefineRelation().
* Maybe we should try to use that function instead.
*/
/* /*
* Check consistency of arguments * Check consistency of arguments
*/ */
@ -2075,6 +2080,16 @@ OpenIntoRel(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION), (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),
errmsg("ON COMMIT can only be used on temporary tables"))); errmsg("ON COMMIT can only be used on temporary tables")));
/*
* Security check: disallow creating temp tables from security-restricted
* code. This is needed because calling code might not expect untrusted
* tables to appear in pg_temp at the front of its search path.
*/
if (into->rel->istemp && InSecurityRestrictedOperation())
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
errmsg("cannot create temporary table within security-restricted operation")));
/* /*
* Find namespace to create in, check its permissions * Find namespace to create in, check its permissions
*/ */

28
src/backend/tcop/utility.c
View File

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/tcop/utility.c,v 1.321 2009/12/07 05:22:22 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/tcop/utility.c,v 1.322 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -225,6 +225,25 @@ check_xact_readonly(Node *parsetree)
} }
/*
* CheckRestrictedOperation: throw error for hazardous command if we're
* inside a security restriction context.
*
* This is needed to protect session-local state for which there is not any
* better-defined protection mechanism, such as ownership.
*/
static void
CheckRestrictedOperation(const char *cmdname)
{
if (InSecurityRestrictedOperation())
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
/* translator: %s is name of a SQL command, eg PREPARE */
errmsg("cannot execute %s within security-restricted operation",
cmdname)));
}
/* /*
* ProcessUtility * ProcessUtility
* general utility function invoker * general utility function invoker
@ -390,6 +409,7 @@ ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
{ {
ClosePortalStmt *stmt = (ClosePortalStmt *) parsetree; ClosePortalStmt *stmt = (ClosePortalStmt *) parsetree;
CheckRestrictedOperation("CLOSE");
PerformPortalClose(stmt->portalname); PerformPortalClose(stmt->portalname);
} }
break; break;
@ -586,6 +606,7 @@ ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
break; break;
case T_PrepareStmt: case T_PrepareStmt:
CheckRestrictedOperation("PREPARE");
PrepareQuery((PrepareStmt *) parsetree, queryString); PrepareQuery((PrepareStmt *) parsetree, queryString);
break; break;
@ -595,6 +616,7 @@ ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
break; break;
case T_DeallocateStmt: case T_DeallocateStmt:
CheckRestrictedOperation("DEALLOCATE");
DeallocateQuery((DeallocateStmt *) parsetree); DeallocateQuery((DeallocateStmt *) parsetree);
break; break;
@ -885,6 +907,7 @@ ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
{ {
ListenStmt *stmt = (ListenStmt *) parsetree; ListenStmt *stmt = (ListenStmt *) parsetree;
CheckRestrictedOperation("LISTEN");
Async_Listen(stmt->conditionname); Async_Listen(stmt->conditionname);
} }
break; break;
@ -893,6 +916,7 @@ ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
{ {
UnlistenStmt *stmt = (UnlistenStmt *) parsetree; UnlistenStmt *stmt = (UnlistenStmt *) parsetree;
CheckRestrictedOperation("UNLISTEN");
if (stmt->conditionname) if (stmt->conditionname)
Async_Unlisten(stmt->conditionname); Async_Unlisten(stmt->conditionname);
else else
@ -936,6 +960,8 @@ ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
break; break;
case T_DiscardStmt: case T_DiscardStmt:
/* should we allow DISCARD PLANS? */
CheckRestrictedOperation("DISCARD");
DiscardCommand((DiscardStmt *) parsetree, isTopLevel); DiscardCommand((DiscardStmt *) parsetree, isTopLevel);
break; break;

24
src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c
View File

@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
* *
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2009, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2009, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* *
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c,v 1.115 2009/11/05 04:38:29 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c,v 1.116 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
* ---------- * ----------
*/ */
@ -3209,7 +3209,7 @@ ri_PlanCheck(const char *querystr, int nargs, Oid *argtypes,
SPIPlanPtr qplan; SPIPlanPtr qplan;
Relation query_rel; Relation query_rel;
Oid save_userid; Oid save_userid;
bool save_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
/* /*
* The query is always run against the FK table except when this is an * The query is always run against the FK table except when this is an
@ -3223,8 +3223,9 @@ ri_PlanCheck(const char *querystr, int nargs, Oid *argtypes,
query_rel = fk_rel; query_rel = fk_rel;
/* Switch to proper UID to perform check as */ /* Switch to proper UID to perform check as */
GetUserIdAndContext(&save_userid, &save_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
SetUserIdAndContext(RelationGetForm(query_rel)->relowner, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(RelationGetForm(query_rel)->relowner,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE);
/* Create the plan */ /* Create the plan */
qplan = SPI_prepare(querystr, nargs, argtypes); qplan = SPI_prepare(querystr, nargs, argtypes);
@ -3232,8 +3233,8 @@ ri_PlanCheck(const char *querystr, int nargs, Oid *argtypes,
if (qplan == NULL) if (qplan == NULL)
elog(ERROR, "SPI_prepare returned %d for %s", SPI_result, querystr); elog(ERROR, "SPI_prepare returned %d for %s", SPI_result, querystr);
/* Restore UID */ /* Restore UID and security context */
SetUserIdAndContext(save_userid, save_secdefcxt); SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
/* Save the plan if requested */ /* Save the plan if requested */
if (cache_plan) if (cache_plan)
@ -3263,7 +3264,7 @@ ri_PerformCheck(RI_QueryKey *qkey, SPIPlanPtr qplan,
int limit; int limit;
int spi_result; int spi_result;
Oid save_userid; Oid save_userid;
bool save_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
Datum vals[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS * 2]; Datum vals[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS * 2];
char nulls[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS * 2]; char nulls[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS * 2];
@ -3343,8 +3344,9 @@ ri_PerformCheck(RI_QueryKey *qkey, SPIPlanPtr qplan,
limit = (expect_OK == SPI_OK_SELECT) ? 1 : 0; limit = (expect_OK == SPI_OK_SELECT) ? 1 : 0;
/* Switch to proper UID to perform check as */ /* Switch to proper UID to perform check as */
GetUserIdAndContext(&save_userid, &save_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
SetUserIdAndContext(RelationGetForm(query_rel)->relowner, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(RelationGetForm(query_rel)->relowner,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE);
/* Finally we can run the query. */ /* Finally we can run the query. */
spi_result = SPI_execute_snapshot(qplan, spi_result = SPI_execute_snapshot(qplan,
@ -3352,8 +3354,8 @@ ri_PerformCheck(RI_QueryKey *qkey, SPIPlanPtr qplan,
test_snapshot, crosscheck_snapshot, test_snapshot, crosscheck_snapshot,
false, false, limit); false, false, limit);
/* Restore UID */ /* Restore UID and security context */
SetUserIdAndContext(save_userid, save_secdefcxt); SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
/* Check result */ /* Check result */
if (spi_result < 0) if (spi_result < 0)

13
src/backend/utils/fmgr/fmgr.c
View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/fmgr/fmgr.c,v 1.126 2009/06/11 14:49:05 momjian Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/fmgr/fmgr.c,v 1.127 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ fmgr_security_definer(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
struct fmgr_security_definer_cache *volatile fcache; struct fmgr_security_definer_cache *volatile fcache;
FmgrInfo *save_flinfo; FmgrInfo *save_flinfo;
Oid save_userid; Oid save_userid;
bool save_secdefcxt; int save_sec_context;
volatile int save_nestlevel; volatile int save_nestlevel;
PgStat_FunctionCallUsage fcusage; PgStat_FunctionCallUsage fcusage;
@ -926,15 +926,16 @@ fmgr_security_definer(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
else else
fcache = fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra; fcache = fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra;
/* GetUserIdAndContext is cheap enough that no harm in a wasted call */ /* GetUserIdAndSecContext is cheap enough that no harm in a wasted call */
GetUserIdAndContext(&save_userid, &save_secdefcxt); GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
if (fcache->proconfig) /* Need a new GUC nesting level */ if (fcache->proconfig) /* Need a new GUC nesting level */
save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel(); save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
else else
save_nestlevel = 0; /* keep compiler quiet */ save_nestlevel = 0; /* keep compiler quiet */
if (OidIsValid(fcache->userid)) if (OidIsValid(fcache->userid))
SetUserIdAndContext(fcache->userid, true); SetUserIdAndSecContext(fcache->userid,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE);
if (fcache->proconfig) if (fcache->proconfig)
{ {
@ -981,7 +982,7 @@ fmgr_security_definer(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
if (fcache->proconfig) if (fcache->proconfig)
AtEOXact_GUC(true, save_nestlevel); AtEOXact_GUC(true, save_nestlevel);
if (OidIsValid(fcache->userid)) if (OidIsValid(fcache->userid))
SetUserIdAndContext(save_userid, save_secdefcxt); SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
return result; return result;
} }

105
src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c
View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
* *
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c,v 1.178 2009/10/07 22:14:22 alvherre Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c,v 1.179 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------------- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -265,8 +265,10 @@ make_absolute_path(const char *path)
* be the same as OuterUserId, but it changes during calls to SECURITY * be the same as OuterUserId, but it changes during calls to SECURITY
* DEFINER functions, as well as locally in some specialized commands. * DEFINER functions, as well as locally in some specialized commands.
* *
* SecurityDefinerContext is TRUE if we are within a SECURITY DEFINER function * SecurityRestrictionContext holds flags indicating reason(s) for changing
* or another context that temporarily changes CurrentUserId. * CurrentUserId. In some cases we need to lock down operations that are
* not directly controlled by privilege settings, and this provides a
* convenient way to do it.
* ---------------------------------------------------------------- * ----------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
static Oid AuthenticatedUserId = InvalidOid; static Oid AuthenticatedUserId = InvalidOid;
@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ static Oid CurrentUserId = InvalidOid;
static bool AuthenticatedUserIsSuperuser = false; static bool AuthenticatedUserIsSuperuser = false;
static bool SessionUserIsSuperuser = false; static bool SessionUserIsSuperuser = false;
static bool SecurityDefinerContext = false; static int SecurityRestrictionContext = 0;
/* We also remember if a SET ROLE is currently active */ /* We also remember if a SET ROLE is currently active */
static bool SetRoleIsActive = false; static bool SetRoleIsActive = false;
@ -287,7 +289,7 @@ static bool SetRoleIsActive = false;
/* /*
* GetUserId - get the current effective user ID. * GetUserId - get the current effective user ID.
* *
* Note: there's no SetUserId() anymore; use SetUserIdAndContext(). * Note: there's no SetUserId() anymore; use SetUserIdAndSecContext().
*/ */
Oid Oid
GetUserId(void) GetUserId(void)
@ -311,7 +313,7 @@ GetOuterUserId(void)
static void static void
SetOuterUserId(Oid userid) SetOuterUserId(Oid userid)
{ {
AssertState(!SecurityDefinerContext); AssertState(SecurityRestrictionContext == 0);
AssertArg(OidIsValid(userid)); AssertArg(OidIsValid(userid));
OuterUserId = userid; OuterUserId = userid;
@ -334,7 +336,7 @@ GetSessionUserId(void)
static void static void
SetSessionUserId(Oid userid, bool is_superuser) SetSessionUserId(Oid userid, bool is_superuser)
{ {
AssertState(!SecurityDefinerContext); AssertState(SecurityRestrictionContext == 0);
AssertArg(OidIsValid(userid)); AssertArg(OidIsValid(userid));
SessionUserId = userid; SessionUserId = userid;
SessionUserIsSuperuser = is_superuser; SessionUserIsSuperuser = is_superuser;
@ -347,11 +349,29 @@ SetSessionUserId(Oid userid, bool is_superuser)
/* /*
* GetUserIdAndContext/SetUserIdAndContext - get/set the current user ID * GetUserIdAndSecContext/SetUserIdAndSecContext - get/set the current user ID
* and the SecurityDefinerContext flag. * and the SecurityRestrictionContext flags.
* *
* Unlike GetUserId, GetUserIdAndContext does *not* Assert that the current * Currently there are two valid bits in SecurityRestrictionContext:
* value of CurrentUserId is valid; nor does SetUserIdAndContext require *
* SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE indicates that we are inside an operation
* that is temporarily changing CurrentUserId via these functions. This is
* needed to indicate that the actual value of CurrentUserId is not in sync
* with guc.c's internal state, so SET ROLE has to be disallowed.
*
* SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION indicates that we are inside an operation
* that does not wish to trust called user-defined functions at all. This
* bit prevents not only SET ROLE, but various other changes of session state
* that normally is unprotected but might possibly be used to subvert the
* calling session later. An example is replacing an existing prepared
* statement with new code, which will then be executed with the outer
* session's permissions when the prepared statement is next used. Since
* these restrictions are fairly draconian, we apply them only in contexts
* where the called functions are really supposed to be side-effect-free
* anyway, such as VACUUM/ANALYZE/REINDEX.
*
* Unlike GetUserId, GetUserIdAndSecContext does *not* Assert that the current
* value of CurrentUserId is valid; nor does SetUserIdAndSecContext require
* the new value to be valid. In fact, these routines had better not * the new value to be valid. In fact, these routines had better not
* ever throw any kind of error. This is because they are used by * ever throw any kind of error. This is because they are used by
* StartTransaction and AbortTransaction to save/restore the settings, * StartTransaction and AbortTransaction to save/restore the settings,
@ -360,27 +380,66 @@ SetSessionUserId(Oid userid, bool is_superuser)
* through AbortTransaction without asserting in case InitPostgres fails. * through AbortTransaction without asserting in case InitPostgres fails.
*/ */
void void
GetUserIdAndSecContext(Oid *userid, int *sec_context)
{
*userid = CurrentUserId;
*sec_context = SecurityRestrictionContext;
}
void
SetUserIdAndSecContext(Oid userid, int sec_context)
{
CurrentUserId = userid;
SecurityRestrictionContext = sec_context;
}
/*
* InLocalUserIdChange - are we inside a local change of CurrentUserId?
*/
bool
InLocalUserIdChange(void)
{
return (SecurityRestrictionContext & SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE) != 0;
}
/*
* InSecurityRestrictedOperation - are we inside a security-restricted command?
*/
bool
InSecurityRestrictedOperation(void)
{
return (SecurityRestrictionContext & SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION) != 0;
}
/*
* These are obsolete versions of Get/SetUserIdAndSecContext that are
* only provided for bug-compatibility with some rather dubious code in
* pljava. We allow the userid to be set, but only when not inside a
* security restriction context.
*/
void
GetUserIdAndContext(Oid *userid, bool *sec_def_context) GetUserIdAndContext(Oid *userid, bool *sec_def_context)
{ {
*userid = CurrentUserId; *userid = CurrentUserId;
*sec_def_context = SecurityDefinerContext; *sec_def_context = InLocalUserIdChange();
} }
void void
SetUserIdAndContext(Oid userid, bool sec_def_context) SetUserIdAndContext(Oid userid, bool sec_def_context)
{ {
/* We throw the same error SET ROLE would. */
if (InSecurityRestrictedOperation())
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
errmsg("cannot set parameter \"%s\" within security-restricted operation",
"role")));
CurrentUserId = userid; CurrentUserId = userid;
SecurityDefinerContext = sec_def_context; if (sec_def_context)
} SecurityRestrictionContext |= SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE;
else
SecurityRestrictionContext &= ~SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE;
/*
* InSecurityDefinerContext - are we inside a SECURITY DEFINER context?
*/
bool
InSecurityDefinerContext(void)
{
return SecurityDefinerContext;
} }

54
src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
View File

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
* Written by Peter Eisentraut <peter_e@gmx.net>. * Written by Peter Eisentraut <peter_e@gmx.net>.
* *
* IDENTIFICATION * IDENTIFICATION
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c,v 1.525 2009/12/02 04:54:10 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c,v 1.526 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
*-------------------------------------------------------------------- *--------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
@ -2319,7 +2319,7 @@ static struct config_string ConfigureNamesString[] =
{"role", PGC_USERSET, UNGROUPED, {"role", PGC_USERSET, UNGROUPED,
gettext_noop("Sets the current role."), gettext_noop("Sets the current role."),
NULL, NULL,
GUC_IS_NAME | GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NO_RESET_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE | GUC_DISALLOW_IN_FILE | GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_DEF GUC_IS_NAME | GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NO_RESET_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE | GUC_DISALLOW_IN_FILE | GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_REST
}, },
&role_string, &role_string,
"none", assign_role, show_role "none", assign_role, show_role
@ -2330,7 +2330,7 @@ static struct config_string ConfigureNamesString[] =
{"session_authorization", PGC_USERSET, UNGROUPED, {"session_authorization", PGC_USERSET, UNGROUPED,
gettext_noop("Sets the session user name."), gettext_noop("Sets the session user name."),
NULL, NULL,
GUC_IS_NAME | GUC_REPORT | GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NO_RESET_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE | GUC_DISALLOW_IN_FILE | GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_DEF GUC_IS_NAME | GUC_REPORT | GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NO_RESET_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE | GUC_DISALLOW_IN_FILE | GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_REST
}, },
&session_authorization_string, &session_authorization_string,
NULL, assign_session_authorization, show_session_authorization NULL, assign_session_authorization, show_session_authorization
@ -4669,29 +4669,45 @@ set_config_option(const char *name, const char *value,
} }
/* /*
* Disallow changing GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_DEF values if we are inside a * Disallow changing GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_REST values if we are inside a
* security-definer function. We can reject this regardless of * security restriction context. We can reject this regardless of
* the context or source, mainly because sources that it might be * the GUC context or source, mainly because sources that it might be
* reasonable to override for won't be seen while inside a function. * reasonable to override for won't be seen while inside a function.
* *
* Note: variables marked GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_DEF should probably be marked * Note: variables marked GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_REST should usually be marked
* GUC_NO_RESET_ALL as well, because ResetAllOptions() doesn't check this. * GUC_NO_RESET_ALL as well, because ResetAllOptions() doesn't check this.
* An exception might be made if the reset value is assumed to be "safe".
* *
* Note: this flag is currently used for "session_authorization" and * Note: this flag is currently used for "session_authorization" and
* "role". We need to prohibit this because when we exit the sec-def * "role". We need to prohibit changing these inside a local userid
* context, GUC won't be notified, leaving things out of sync. * context because when we exit it, GUC won't be notified, leaving things
* * out of sync. (This could be fixed by forcing a new GUC nesting level,
* XXX it would be nice to allow these cases in future, with the behavior * but that would change behavior in possibly-undesirable ways.) Also,
* being that the SET's effects end when the security definer context is * we prohibit changing these in a security-restricted operation because
* exited. * otherwise RESET could be used to regain the session user's privileges.
*/ */
if ((record->flags & GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_DEF) && InSecurityDefinerContext()) if (record->flags & GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_REST)
{ {
ereport(elevel, if (InLocalUserIdChange())
(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE), {
errmsg("cannot set parameter \"%s\" within security-definer function", /*
name))); * Phrasing of this error message is historical, but it's the
return false; * most common case.
*/
ereport(elevel,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
errmsg("cannot set parameter \"%s\" within security-definer function",
name)));
return false;
}
if (InSecurityRestrictedOperation())
{
ereport(elevel,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
errmsg("cannot set parameter \"%s\" within security-restricted operation",
name)));
return false;
}
} }
/* /*

11
src/include/miscadmin.h
View File

@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2009, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2009, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
* *
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/miscadmin.h,v 1.214 2009/09/01 00:09:42 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/miscadmin.h,v 1.215 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
* *
* NOTES * NOTES
* some of the information in this file should be moved to other files. * some of the information in this file should be moved to other files.
@ -242,6 +242,10 @@ extern void check_stack_depth(void);
* POSTGRES directory path definitions. * * POSTGRES directory path definitions. *
*****************************************************************************/ *****************************************************************************/
/* flags to be OR'd to form sec_context */
#define SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE 0x0001
#define SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION 0x0002
extern char *DatabasePath; extern char *DatabasePath;
/* now in utils/init/miscinit.c */ /* now in utils/init/miscinit.c */
@ -251,9 +255,12 @@ extern char *GetUserNameFromId(Oid roleid);
extern Oid GetUserId(void); extern Oid GetUserId(void);
extern Oid GetOuterUserId(void); extern Oid GetOuterUserId(void);
extern Oid GetSessionUserId(void); extern Oid GetSessionUserId(void);
extern void GetUserIdAndSecContext(Oid *userid, int *sec_context);
extern void SetUserIdAndSecContext(Oid userid, int sec_context);
extern bool InLocalUserIdChange(void);
extern bool InSecurityRestrictedOperation(void);
extern void GetUserIdAndContext(Oid *userid, bool *sec_def_context); extern void GetUserIdAndContext(Oid *userid, bool *sec_def_context);
extern void SetUserIdAndContext(Oid userid, bool sec_def_context); extern void SetUserIdAndContext(Oid userid, bool sec_def_context);
extern bool InSecurityDefinerContext(void);
extern void InitializeSessionUserId(const char *rolename); extern void InitializeSessionUserId(const char *rolename);
extern void InitializeSessionUserIdStandalone(void); extern void InitializeSessionUserIdStandalone(void);
extern void SetSessionAuthorization(Oid userid, bool is_superuser); extern void SetSessionAuthorization(Oid userid, bool is_superuser);

4
src/include/utils/guc.h
View File

@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
* Copyright (c) 2000-2009, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Copyright (c) 2000-2009, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Written by Peter Eisentraut <peter_e@gmx.net>. * Written by Peter Eisentraut <peter_e@gmx.net>.
* *
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/utils/guc.h,v 1.109 2009/11/28 23:38:08 tgl Exp $ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/utils/guc.h,v 1.110 2009/12/09 21:57:51 tgl Exp $
*-------------------------------------------------------------------- *--------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
#ifndef GUC_H #ifndef GUC_H
@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ typedef enum
#define GUC_UNIT_MIN 0x4000 /* value is in minutes */ #define GUC_UNIT_MIN 0x4000 /* value is in minutes */
#define GUC_UNIT_TIME 0x7000 /* mask for MS, S, MIN */ #define GUC_UNIT_TIME 0x7000 /* mask for MS, S, MIN */
#define GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_DEF 0x8000 /* can't change inside sec-def func */ #define GUC_NOT_WHILE_SEC_REST 0x8000 /* can't set if security restricted */
/* GUC vars that are actually declared in guc.c, rather than elsewhere */ /* GUC vars that are actually declared in guc.c, rather than elsewhere */
extern bool log_duration; extern bool log_duration;