diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
index a4f6d4deeb..95903d60f8 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
@@ -1199,6 +1199,18 @@ pq_getstring(StringInfo s)
 	}
 }
 
+/* --------------------------------
+ *		pq_buffer_has_data		- is any buffered data available to read?
+ *
+ * This will *not* attempt to read more data.
+ * --------------------------------
+ */
+bool
+pq_buffer_has_data(void)
+{
+	return (PqRecvPointer < PqRecvLength);
+}
+
 
 /* --------------------------------
  *		pq_startmsgread - begin reading a message from the client.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
index 11c61ca746..b909893074 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
@@ -2012,6 +2012,19 @@ retry1:
 		if (SSLok == 'S' && secure_open_server(port) == -1)
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 #endif
+
+		/*
+		 * At this point we should have no data already buffered.  If we do,
+		 * it was received before we performed the SSL handshake, so it wasn't
+		 * encrypted and indeed may have been injected by a man-in-the-middle.
+		 * We report this case to the client.
+		 */
+		if (pq_buffer_has_data())
+			ereport(FATAL,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROTOCOL_VIOLATION),
+					 errmsg("received unencrypted data after SSL request"),
+					 errdetail("This could be either a client-software bug or evidence of an attempted man-in-the-middle attack.")));
+
 		/* regular startup packet, cancel, etc packet should follow... */
 		/* but not another SSL negotiation request */
 		return ProcessStartupPacket(port, true);
diff --git a/src/include/libpq/libpq.h b/src/include/libpq/libpq.h
index 7bf06c65e9..23e9905b1e 100644
--- a/src/include/libpq/libpq.h
+++ b/src/include/libpq/libpq.h
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ extern int	pq_getmessage(StringInfo s, int maxlen);
 extern int	pq_getbyte(void);
 extern int	pq_peekbyte(void);
 extern int	pq_getbyte_if_available(unsigned char *c);
+extern bool pq_buffer_has_data(void);
 extern int	pq_putbytes(const char *s, size_t len);
 
 /*