Fix handling of errors in libpq pipelines

The logic to keep the libpq command queue in sync with queries that have
been processed had a bug when errors were returned for reasons other
than problems in queries -- for example, when a connection is lost.  We
incorrectly consumed an element from the command queue every time, but
this is wrong and can lead to the queue becoming empty ahead of time,
leading to later malfunction: PQgetResult would return nothing,
potentially causing the calling application to enter a busy loop.

Fix by making the SYNC queue element a barrier that can only be consumed
when a SYNC message is received.

Backpatch to 14.

Reported by: Иван Трофимов (Ivan Trofimov) <i.trofimow@yandex.ru>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17948-fcace7557e449957@postgresql.org

src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c

@@ -2112,19 +2112,12 @@ PQgetResult(PGconn *conn)
 			break;
 
 		case PGASYNC_READY:
-
-			/*
-			 * For any query type other than simple query protocol, we advance
-			 * the command queue here.  This is because for simple query
-			 * protocol we can get the READY state multiple times before the
-			 * command is actually complete, since the command string can
-			 * contain many queries.  In simple query protocol, the queue
-			 * advance is done by fe-protocol3 when it receives ReadyForQuery.
-			 */
-			if (conn->cmd_queue_head &&
-				conn->cmd_queue_head->queryclass != PGQUERY_SIMPLE)
-				pqCommandQueueAdvance(conn);
 			res = pqPrepareAsyncResult(conn);
+
+			/* Advance the queue as appropriate */
+			pqCommandQueueAdvance(conn, false,
+								  res->resultStatus == PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC);
+
 			if (conn->pipelineStatus != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
 			{
 				/*
@@ -3088,18 +3081,44 @@ PQexitPipelineMode(PGconn *conn)
 
 /*
  * pqCommandQueueAdvance
- *		Remove one query from the command queue, when we receive
- *		all results from the server that pertain to it.
+ *		Remove one query from the command queue, if appropriate.
+ *
+ * If we have received all results corresponding to the head element
+ * in the command queue, remove it.
+ *
+ * In simple query protocol we must not advance the command queue until the
+ * ReadyForQuery message has been received.  This is because in simple mode a
+ * command can have multiple queries, and we must process result for all of
+ * them before moving on to the next command.
+ *
+ * Another consideration is synchronization during error processing in
+ * extended query protocol: we refuse to advance the queue past a SYNC queue
+ * element, unless the result we've received is also a SYNC.  In particular
+ * this protects us from advancing when an error is received at an
+ * inappropriate moment.
  */
 void
-pqCommandQueueAdvance(PGconn *conn)
+pqCommandQueueAdvance(PGconn *conn, bool isReadyForQuery, bool gotSync)
 {
 	PGcmdQueueEntry *prevquery;
 
 	if (conn->cmd_queue_head == NULL)
 		return;
 
-	/* delink from queue */
+	/*
+	 * If processing a query of simple query protocol, we only advance the
+	 * queue when we receive the ReadyForQuery message for it.
+	 */
+	if (conn->cmd_queue_head->queryclass == PGQUERY_SIMPLE && !isReadyForQuery)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If we're waiting for a SYNC, don't advance the queue until we get one.
+	 */
+	if (conn->cmd_queue_head->queryclass == PGQUERY_SYNC && !gotSync)
+		return;
+
+	/* delink element from queue */
 	prevquery = conn->cmd_queue_head;
 	conn->cmd_queue_head = conn->cmd_queue_head->next;
 
@@ -3107,7 +3126,7 @@ pqCommandQueueAdvance(PGconn *conn)
 	if (conn->cmd_queue_head == NULL)
 		conn->cmd_queue_tail = NULL;
 
-	/* and make it recyclable */
+	/* and make the queue element recyclable */
 	prevquery->next = NULL;
 	pqRecycleCmdQueueEntry(conn, prevquery);
 }

src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c

@@ -240,13 +240,8 @@ pqParseInput3(PGconn *conn)
 					}
 					else
 					{
-						/*
-						 * In simple query protocol, advance the command queue
-						 * (see PQgetResult).
-						 */
-						if (conn->cmd_queue_head &&
-							conn->cmd_queue_head->queryclass == PGQUERY_SIMPLE)
-							pqCommandQueueAdvance(conn);
+						/* Advance the command queue and set us idle */
+						pqCommandQueueAdvance(conn, true, false);
 						conn->asyncStatus = PGASYNC_IDLE;
 					}
 					break;

src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h

@@ -698,7 +698,8 @@ extern void pqSaveMessageField(PGresult *res, char code,
 extern void pqSaveParameterStatus(PGconn *conn, const char *name,
 								  const char *value);
 extern int	pqRowProcessor(PGconn *conn, const char **errmsgp);
-extern void pqCommandQueueAdvance(PGconn *conn);
+extern void pqCommandQueueAdvance(PGconn *conn, bool isReadyForQuery,
+								  bool gotSync);
 extern int	PQsendQueryContinue(PGconn *conn, const char *query);
 
 /* === in fe-protocol3.c === */