Parsed test spec with 2 sessions starting permutation: r1 r2 w1 w2 c1 c2 step r1: SELECT COALESCE(MAX(invoice_number) + 1, 1) FROM invoice WHERE year = 2016; coalesce -------- 3 (1 row) step r2: SELECT COALESCE(MAX(invoice_number) + 1, 1) FROM invoice WHERE year = 2016; coalesce -------- 3 (1 row) step w1: INSERT INTO invoice VALUES (2016, 3); step w2: INSERT INTO invoice VALUES (2016, 3); step c1: COMMIT; step w2: <... completed> ERROR: could not serialize access due to read/write dependencies among transactions step c2: COMMIT; starting permutation: r1 w1 w2 c1 c2 step r1: SELECT COALESCE(MAX(invoice_number) + 1, 1) FROM invoice WHERE year = 2016; coalesce -------- 3 (1 row) step w1: INSERT INTO invoice VALUES (2016, 3); step w2: INSERT INTO invoice VALUES (2016, 3); step c1: COMMIT; step w2: <... completed> ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "invoice_pkey" step c2: COMMIT; starting permutation: r2 w1 w2 c1 c2 step r2: SELECT COALESCE(MAX(invoice_number) + 1, 1) FROM invoice WHERE year = 2016; coalesce -------- 3 (1 row) step w1: INSERT INTO invoice VALUES (2016, 3); step w2: INSERT INTO invoice VALUES (2016, 3); step c1: COMMIT; step w2: <... completed> ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "invoice_pkey" step c2: COMMIT;