-- -- JOIN -- Test JOIN clauses -- CREATE TABLE J1_TBL ( i integer, j integer, t text ); CREATE TABLE J2_TBL ( i integer, k integer ); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (1, 4, 'one'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (2, 3, 'two'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (3, 2, 'three'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (4, 1, 'four'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (5, 0, 'five'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (6, 6, 'six'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (7, 7, 'seven'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (8, 8, 'eight'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (0, NULL, 'zero'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL, 'null'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0, 'zero'); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (1, -1); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 2); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (3, -3); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 4); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (0, NULL); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0); -- -- CORRELATION NAMES -- Make sure that table/column aliases are supported -- before diving into more complex join syntax. -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL AS tx; xxx | i | j | t -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL tx; xxx | i | j | t -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL AS t1 (a, b, c); xxx | a | b | c -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c); xxx | a | b | c -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e); xxx | a | b | c | d | e -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 | | | null | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | | | null | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | | null | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | 2 | three | | | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | 0 | five | | | 6 | 6 | six | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | | zero | | | | | null | | | | 0 | zero | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", t1.a, t2.e FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e) WHERE t1.a = t2.d; xxx | a | e -----+---+---- | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | -3 | 5 | -5 | 5 | -5 (7 rows) -- -- CROSS JOIN -- Qualifications are not allowed on cross joins, -- which degenerate into a standard unqualified inner join. -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 | | | null | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | | | null | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | | null | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | 2 | three | | | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | 0 | five | | | 6 | 6 | six | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | | zero | | | | | null | | | | 0 | zero | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | 0 (99 rows) -- ambiguous column SELECT '' AS "xxx", i, k, t FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; ERROR: column reference "i" is ambiguous LINE 1: SELECT '' AS "xxx", i, k, t ^ -- resolve previous ambiguity by specifying the table name SELECT '' AS "xxx", t1.i, k, t FROM J1_TBL t1 CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2; xxx | i | k | t -----+---+----+------- | 1 | -1 | one | 2 | -1 | two | 3 | -1 | three | 4 | -1 | four | 5 | -1 | five | 6 | -1 | six | 7 | -1 | seven | 8 | -1 | eight | 0 | -1 | zero | | -1 | null | | -1 | zero | 1 | 2 | one | 2 | 2 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 2 | four | 5 | 2 | five | 6 | 2 | six | 7 | 2 | seven | 8 | 2 | eight | 0 | 2 | zero | | 2 | null | | 2 | zero | 1 | -3 | one | 2 | -3 | two | 3 | -3 | three | 4 | -3 | four | 5 | -3 | five | 6 | -3 | six | 7 | -3 | seven | 8 | -3 | eight | 0 | -3 | zero | | -3 | null | | -3 | zero | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | two | 3 | 4 | three | 4 | 4 | four | 5 | 4 | five | 6 | 4 | six | 7 | 4 | seven | 8 | 4 | eight | 0 | 4 | zero | | 4 | null | | 4 | zero | 1 | -5 | one | 2 | -5 | two | 3 | -5 | three | 4 | -5 | four | 5 | -5 | five | 6 | -5 | six | 7 | -5 | seven | 8 | -5 | eight | 0 | -5 | zero | | -5 | null | | -5 | zero | 1 | -5 | one | 2 | -5 | two | 3 | -5 | three | 4 | -5 | four | 5 | -5 | five | 6 | -5 | six | 7 | -5 | seven | 8 | -5 | eight | 0 | -5 | zero | | -5 | null | | -5 | zero | 1 | | one | 2 | | two | 3 | | three | 4 | | four | 5 | | five | 6 | | six | 7 | | seven | 8 | | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | | zero | 1 | | one | 2 | | two | 3 | | three | 4 | | four | 5 | | five | 6 | | six | 7 | | seven | 8 | | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | | zero | 1 | 0 | one | 2 | 0 | two | 3 | 0 | three | 4 | 0 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 0 | six | 7 | 0 | seven | 8 | 0 | eight | 0 | 0 | zero | | 0 | null | | 0 | zero (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", ii, tt, kk FROM (J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL) AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); xxx | ii | tt | kk -----+----+-------+---- | 1 | one | -1 | 2 | two | -1 | 3 | three | -1 | 4 | four | -1 | 5 | five | -1 | 6 | six | -1 | 7 | seven | -1 | 8 | eight | -1 | 0 | zero | -1 | | null | -1 | | zero | -1 | 1 | one | 2 | 2 | two | 2 | 3 | three | 2 | 4 | four | 2 | 5 | five | 2 | 6 | six | 2 | 7 | seven | 2 | 8 | eight | 2 | 0 | zero | 2 | | null | 2 | | zero | 2 | 1 | one | -3 | 2 | two | -3 | 3 | three | -3 | 4 | four | -3 | 5 | five | -3 | 6 | six | -3 | 7 | seven | -3 | 8 | eight | -3 | 0 | zero | -3 | | null | -3 | | zero | -3 | 1 | one | 4 | 2 | two | 4 | 3 | three | 4 | 4 | four | 4 | 5 | five | 4 | 6 | six | 4 | 7 | seven | 4 | 8 | eight | 4 | 0 | zero | 4 | | null | 4 | | zero | 4 | 1 | one | -5 | 2 | two | -5 | 3 | three | -5 | 4 | four | -5 | 5 | five | -5 | 6 | six | -5 | 7 | seven | -5 | 8 | eight | -5 | 0 | zero | -5 | | null | -5 | | zero | -5 | 1 | one | -5 | 2 | two | -5 | 3 | three | -5 | 4 | four | -5 | 5 | five | -5 | 6 | six | -5 | 7 | seven | -5 | 8 | eight | -5 | 0 | zero | -5 | | null | -5 | | zero | -5 | 1 | one | | 2 | two | | 3 | three | | 4 | four | | 5 | five | | 6 | six | | 7 | seven | | 8 | eight | | 0 | zero | | | null | | | zero | | 1 | one | | 2 | two | | 3 | three | | 4 | four | | 5 | five | | 6 | six | | 7 | seven | | 8 | eight | | 0 | zero | | | null | | | zero | | 1 | one | 0 | 2 | two | 0 | 3 | three | 0 | 4 | four | 0 | 5 | five | 0 | 6 | six | 0 | 7 | seven | 0 | 8 | eight | 0 | 0 | zero | 0 | | null | 0 | | zero | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", tx.ii, tx.jj, tx.kk FROM (J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, e)) AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); xxx | ii | jj | kk -----+----+----+---- | 1 | 4 | -1 | 2 | 3 | -1 | 3 | 2 | -1 | 4 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | -1 | 6 | 6 | -1 | 7 | 7 | -1 | 8 | 8 | -1 | 0 | | -1 | | | -1 | | 0 | -1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 0 | | 2 | | | 2 | | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | -3 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | -3 | 4 | 1 | -3 | 5 | 0 | -3 | 6 | 6 | -3 | 7 | 7 | -3 | 8 | 8 | -3 | 0 | | -3 | | | -3 | | 0 | -3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 0 | | 4 | | | 4 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | -5 | 2 | 3 | -5 | 3 | 2 | -5 | 4 | 1 | -5 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 6 | 6 | -5 | 7 | 7 | -5 | 8 | 8 | -5 | 0 | | -5 | | | -5 | | 0 | -5 | 1 | 4 | -5 | 2 | 3 | -5 | 3 | 2 | -5 | 4 | 1 | -5 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 6 | 6 | -5 | 7 | 7 | -5 | 8 | 8 | -5 | 0 | | -5 | | | -5 | | 0 | -5 | 1 | 4 | | 2 | 3 | | 3 | 2 | | 4 | 1 | | 5 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | | 7 | 7 | | 8 | 8 | | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | | 2 | 3 | | 3 | 2 | | 4 | 1 | | 5 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | | 7 | 7 | | 8 | 8 | | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | | 0 | | 0 | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL a CROSS JOIN J2_TBL b; xxx | i | j | t | i | k | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+----+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 0 | | | | null | 1 | -1 | | | | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 0 | | | | null | 2 | 2 | | | | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 0 | | 1 | 4 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five | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | 0 | | | null | 0 | | 1 | -1 | | | null | 0 | | 2 | 2 | | | null | 0 | | 3 | -3 | | | null | 0 | | 2 | 4 | | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | 0 | | | | null | 0 | | | | | | null | 0 | | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | | | 1 | 4 | one | | | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | | | | 2 | 3 | two | | | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | | | | 3 | 2 | three | | | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | | | | 4 | 1 | four | | | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | | | | 5 | 0 | five | | | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | | | | 6 | 6 | six | | | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | | | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | | | | 0 | | zero | | | | 0 | | | null | | | 1 | -1 | | | null | | | 2 | 2 | | | null | | | 3 | -3 | | | null | | | 2 | 4 | | | null | | | 5 | -5 | | | null | | | 5 | -5 | | | null | | | 0 | | | | null | | | | | | | null | | | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | | | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | | | | | 0 | zero | | | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | 0 | | | null | | 0 | 1 | -1 | | | null | | 0 | 2 | 2 | | | null | | 0 | 3 | -3 | | | null | | 0 | 2 | 4 | | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | | null | | 0 | 0 | | | | null | | 0 | | | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | 0 | | | | 0 | zero | | 0 | | 0 (891 rows) -- -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) -- -- -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) with USING clause -- The USING syntax changes the shape of the resulting table -- by including a column in the USING clause only once in the result. -- -- Inner equi-join on specified column SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL INNER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) -- Same as above, slightly different syntax SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d) USING (a) ORDER BY a, d; xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, b) USING (b) ORDER BY b, t1.a; xxx | b | a | c | a -----+---+---+-------+--- | 0 | 5 | five | | 0 | | zero | | 2 | 3 | three | 2 | 4 | 1 | one | 2 (4 rows) -- -- NATURAL JOIN -- Inner equi-join on all columns with the same name -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d); xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, a); xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+------+--- | 0 | | zero | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 (3 rows) -- mismatch number of columns -- currently, Postgres will fill in with underlying names SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a); xxx | a | b | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.i); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.k); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+------+---+--- | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 (3 rows) -- -- Non-equi-joins -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i <= J2_TBL.k); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+--- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | 0 (9 rows) -- -- Outer joins -- Note that OUTER is a noise word -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | null | | | 0 | zero | (13 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | null | | | 0 | zero | (13 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL RIGHT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | | | | | | | | 0 (9 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL RIGHT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | | | | | | | | 0 (9 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL FULL OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | | 0 | | | null | | | 0 | zero | | | | | (15 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL FULL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | | 0 | | | null | | | 0 | zero | | | | | (15 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (k = 1); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+---+--- (0 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (i = 1); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-----+---- | 1 | 4 | one | -1 (1 row) -- -- More complicated constructs -- -- -- Multiway full join -- CREATE TABLE t1 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); CREATE TABLE t2 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); CREATE TABLE t3 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ( 'bb', 11 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'bb', 12 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'cc', 22 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'ee', 42 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'bb', 13 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'cc', 23 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'dd', 33 ); SELECT * FROM t1 FULL JOIN t2 USING (name) FULL JOIN t3 USING (name); name | n | n | n ------+----+----+---- bb | 11 | 12 | 13 cc | | 22 | 23 dd | | | 33 ee | | 42 | (4 rows) -- -- Test interactions of join syntax and subqueries -- -- Basic cases (we expect planner to pull up the subquery here) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 INNER JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- bb | 12 | 13 cc | 22 | 23 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- bb | 12 | 13 cc | 22 | 23 ee | 42 | (3 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- bb | 12 | 13 cc | 22 | 23 dd | | 33 ee | 42 | (4 rows) -- Cases with non-nullable expressions in subquery results; -- make sure these go to null as expected SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL LEFT JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 ee | 42 | 2 | | (3 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 dd | | | 33 | 3 ee | 42 | 2 | | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | | | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 dd | | | | | 33 | 3 ee | | | 42 | 2 | | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 ) ss2; name | s1_n | s2_n | s3_n ------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 12 | 13 cc | | 22 | 23 dd | | | 33 ee | | 42 | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 ) ss2; name | s1_n | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 12 | 2 | 13 cc | | 22 | 2 | 23 dd | | | | 33 ee | | 42 | 2 | (4 rows) -- Test for propagation of nullability constraints into sub-joins create temp table x (x1 int, x2 int); insert into x values (1,11); insert into x values (2,22); insert into x values (3,null); insert into x values (4,44); insert into x values (5,null); create temp table y (y1 int, y2 int); insert into y values (1,111); insert into y values (2,222); insert into y values (3,333); insert into y values (4,null); select * from x; x1 | x2 ----+---- 1 | 11 2 | 22 3 | 4 | 44 5 | (5 rows) select * from y; y1 | y2 ----+----- 1 | 111 2 | 222 3 | 333 4 | (4 rows) select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 ----+----+----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 3 | | | 4 | 44 | 4 | 5 | | | (5 rows) select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 ----+----+----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 3 | | 3 | 333 4 | 44 | | 5 | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | 5 | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | 4 | 44 | 4 | | | 5 | | | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and xx2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | | (5 rows) -- these should NOT give the same answers as above select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 (3 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | (3 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (xx2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 (3 rows) -- -- regression test: check for bug with propagation of implied equality -- to outside an IN -- analyze tenk1; -- ensure we get consistent plans here select count(*) from tenk1 a where unique1 in (select unique1 from tenk1 b join tenk1 c using (unique1) where b.unique2 = 42); count ------- 1 (1 row) -- -- regression test: check for failure to generate a plan with multiple -- degenerate IN clauses -- select count(*) from tenk1 x where x.unique1 in (select a.f1 from int4_tbl a,float8_tbl b where a.f1=b.f1) and x.unique1 = 0 and x.unique1 in (select aa.f1 from int4_tbl aa,float8_tbl bb where aa.f1=bb.f1); count ------- 1 (1 row) -- try that with GEQO too begin; set geqo = on; set geqo_threshold = 2; select count(*) from tenk1 x where x.unique1 in (select a.f1 from int4_tbl a,float8_tbl b where a.f1=b.f1) and x.unique1 = 0 and x.unique1 in (select aa.f1 from int4_tbl aa,float8_tbl bb where aa.f1=bb.f1); count ------- 1 (1 row) rollback; -- -- Clean up -- DROP TABLE t1; DROP TABLE t2; DROP TABLE t3; DROP TABLE J1_TBL; DROP TABLE J2_TBL; -- Both DELETE and UPDATE allow the specification of additional tables -- to "join" against to determine which rows should be modified. CREATE TEMP TABLE t1 (a int, b int); CREATE TEMP TABLE t2 (a int, b int); CREATE TEMP TABLE t3 (x int, y int); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (5, 10); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (15, 20); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (100, 100); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (200, 1000); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (200, 2000); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (5, 20); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (6, 7); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (7, 8); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (500, 100); DELETE FROM t3 USING t1 table1 WHERE t3.x = table1.a; SELECT * FROM t3; x | y -----+----- 6 | 7 7 | 8 500 | 100 (3 rows) DELETE FROM t3 USING t1 JOIN t2 USING (a) WHERE t3.x > t1.a; SELECT * FROM t3; x | y ---+--- 6 | 7 7 | 8 (2 rows) DELETE FROM t3 USING t3 t3_other WHERE t3.x = t3_other.x AND t3.y = t3_other.y; SELECT * FROM t3; x | y ---+--- (0 rows) -- Test join against inheritance tree create temp table t2a () inherits (t2); insert into t2a values (200, 2001); select * from t1 left join t2 on (t1.a = t2.a); a | b | a | b -----+------+-----+------ 5 | 10 | | 15 | 20 | | 100 | 100 | | 200 | 1000 | 200 | 2000 200 | 1000 | 200 | 2001 (5 rows) -- -- regression test for 8.1 merge right join bug -- CREATE TEMP TABLE tt1 ( tt1_id int4, joincol int4 ); INSERT INTO tt1 VALUES (1, 11); INSERT INTO tt1 VALUES (2, NULL); CREATE TEMP TABLE tt2 ( tt2_id int4, joincol int4 ); INSERT INTO tt2 VALUES (21, 11); INSERT INTO tt2 VALUES (22, 11); set enable_hashjoin to off; set enable_nestloop to off; -- these should give the same results select tt1.*, tt2.* from tt1 left join tt2 on tt1.joincol = tt2.joincol; tt1_id | joincol | tt2_id | joincol --------+---------+--------+--------- 1 | 11 | 21 | 11 1 | 11 | 22 | 11 2 | | | (3 rows) select tt1.*, tt2.* from tt2 right join tt1 on tt1.joincol = tt2.joincol; tt1_id | joincol | tt2_id | joincol --------+---------+--------+--------- 1 | 11 | 21 | 11 1 | 11 | 22 | 11 2 | | | (3 rows) reset enable_hashjoin; reset enable_nestloop; -- -- regression test for 8.2 bug with improper re-ordering of left joins -- create temp table tt3(f1 int, f2 text); insert into tt3 select x, repeat('xyzzy', 100) from generate_series(1,10000) x; create index tt3i on tt3(f1); analyze tt3; create temp table tt4(f1 int); insert into tt4 values (0),(1),(9999); analyze tt4; SELECT a.f1 FROM tt4 a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT b.f1 FROM tt3 b LEFT JOIN tt3 c ON (b.f1 = c.f1) WHERE c.f1 IS NULL ) AS d ON (a.f1 = d.f1) WHERE d.f1 IS NULL; f1 ------ 0 1 9999 (3 rows) -- -- regression test for problems of the sort depicted in bug #3494 -- create temp table tt5(f1 int, f2 int); create temp table tt6(f1 int, f2 int); insert into tt5 values(1, 10); insert into tt5 values(1, 11); insert into tt6 values(1, 9); insert into tt6 values(1, 2); insert into tt6 values(2, 9); select * from tt5,tt6 where tt5.f1 = tt6.f1 and tt5.f1 = tt5.f2 - tt6.f2; f1 | f2 | f1 | f2 ----+----+----+---- 1 | 10 | 1 | 9 (1 row) -- -- regression test for problems of the sort depicted in bug #3588 -- create temp table xx (pkxx int); create temp table yy (pkyy int, pkxx int); insert into xx values (1); insert into xx values (2); insert into xx values (3); insert into yy values (101, 1); insert into yy values (201, 2); insert into yy values (301, NULL); select yy.pkyy as yy_pkyy, yy.pkxx as yy_pkxx, yya.pkyy as yya_pkyy, xxa.pkxx as xxa_pkxx, xxb.pkxx as xxb_pkxx from yy left join (SELECT * FROM yy where pkyy = 101) as yya ON yy.pkyy = yya.pkyy left join xx xxa on yya.pkxx = xxa.pkxx left join xx xxb on coalesce (xxa.pkxx, 1) = xxb.pkxx; yy_pkyy | yy_pkxx | yya_pkyy | xxa_pkxx | xxb_pkxx ---------+---------+----------+----------+---------- 101 | 1 | 101 | 1 | 1 201 | 2 | | | 1 301 | | | | 1 (3 rows) -- -- regression test for improper pushing of constants across outer-join clauses -- (as seen in early 8.2.x releases) -- create temp table zt1 (f1 int primary key); create temp table zt2 (f2 int primary key); create temp table zt3 (f3 int primary key); insert into zt1 values(53); insert into zt2 values(53); select * from zt2 left join zt3 on (f2 = f3) left join zt1 on (f3 = f1) where f2 = 53; f2 | f3 | f1 ----+----+---- 53 | | (1 row) create temp view zv1 as select *,'dummy'::text AS junk from zt1; select * from zt2 left join zt3 on (f2 = f3) left join zv1 on (f3 = f1) where f2 = 53; f2 | f3 | f1 | junk ----+----+----+------ 53 | | | (1 row) -- -- regression test for improper extraction of OR indexqual conditions -- (as seen in early 8.3.x releases) -- select a.unique2, a.ten, b.tenthous, b.unique2, b.hundred from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b on a.unique2 = b.tenthous where a.unique1 = 42 and ((b.unique2 is null and a.ten = 2) or b.hundred = 3); unique2 | ten | tenthous | unique2 | hundred ---------+-----+----------+---------+--------- (0 rows) -- -- test proper positioning of one-time quals in EXISTS (8.4devel bug) -- prepare foo(bool) as select count(*) from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b on (a.unique2 = b.unique1 and exists (select 1 from tenk1 c where c.thousand = b.unique2 and $1)); execute foo(true); count ------- 10000 (1 row) execute foo(false); count ------- 10000 (1 row) -- -- test for sane behavior with noncanonical merge clauses, per bug #4926 -- begin; set enable_mergejoin = 1; set enable_hashjoin = 0; set enable_nestloop = 0; create temp table a (i integer); create temp table b (x integer, y integer); select * from a left join b on i = x and i = y and x = i; i | x | y ---+---+--- (0 rows) rollback; -- -- test NULL behavior of whole-row Vars, per bug #5025 -- select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join int8_tbl t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join (select * from int8_tbl) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join (select * from int8_tbl offset 0) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join (select q1, case when q2=1 then 1 else q2 end as q2 from int8_tbl) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) -- -- test incorrect failure to NULL pulled-up subexpressions -- begin; create temp table a ( code char not null, constraint a_pk primary key (code) ); create temp table b ( a char not null, num integer not null, constraint b_pk primary key (a, num) ); create temp table c ( name char not null, a char, constraint c_pk primary key (name) ); insert into a (code) values ('p'); insert into a (code) values ('q'); insert into b (a, num) values ('p', 1); insert into b (a, num) values ('p', 2); insert into c (name, a) values ('A', 'p'); insert into c (name, a) values ('B', 'q'); insert into c (name, a) values ('C', null); select c.name, ss.code, ss.b_cnt, ss.const from c left join (select a.code, coalesce(b_grp.cnt, 0) as b_cnt, -1 as const from a left join (select count(1) as cnt, b.a from b group by b.a) as b_grp on a.code = b_grp.a ) as ss on (c.a = ss.code) order by c.name; name | code | b_cnt | const ------+------+-------+------- A | p | 2 | -1 B | q | 0 | -1 C | | | (3 rows) rollback; -- -- test incorrect handling of placeholders that only appear in targetlists, -- per bug #6154 -- SELECT * FROM ( SELECT 1 as key1 ) sub1 LEFT JOIN ( SELECT sub3.key3, sub4.value2, COALESCE(sub4.value2, 66) as value3 FROM ( SELECT 1 as key3 ) sub3 LEFT JOIN ( SELECT sub5.key5, COALESCE(sub6.value1, 1) as value2 FROM ( SELECT 1 as key5 ) sub5 LEFT JOIN ( SELECT 2 as key6, 42 as value1 ) sub6 ON sub5.key5 = sub6.key6 ) sub4 ON sub4.key5 = sub3.key3 ) sub2 ON sub1.key1 = sub2.key3; key1 | key3 | value2 | value3 ------+------+--------+-------- 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 (1 row) -- test the path using join aliases, too SELECT * FROM ( SELECT 1 as key1 ) sub1 LEFT JOIN ( SELECT sub3.key3, value2, COALESCE(value2, 66) as value3 FROM ( SELECT 1 as key3 ) sub3 LEFT JOIN ( SELECT sub5.key5, COALESCE(sub6.value1, 1) as value2 FROM ( SELECT 1 as key5 ) sub5 LEFT JOIN ( SELECT 2 as key6, 42 as value1 ) sub6 ON sub5.key5 = sub6.key6 ) sub4 ON sub4.key5 = sub3.key3 ) sub2 ON sub1.key1 = sub2.key3; key1 | key3 | value2 | value3 ------+------+--------+-------- 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 (1 row) -- -- test case where a PlaceHolderVar is used as a nestloop parameter -- EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT qq, unique1 FROM ( SELECT COALESCE(q1, 0) AS qq FROM int8_tbl a ) AS ss1 FULL OUTER JOIN ( SELECT COALESCE(q2, -1) AS qq FROM int8_tbl b ) AS ss2 USING (qq) INNER JOIN tenk1 c ON qq = unique2; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop -> Hash Full Join Hash Cond: (COALESCE(a.q1, 0::bigint) = COALESCE(b.q2, (-1)::bigint)) -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a -> Hash -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl b -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 c Index Cond: (unique2 = COALESCE((COALESCE(a.q1, 0::bigint)), (COALESCE(b.q2, (-1)::bigint)))) (8 rows) SELECT qq, unique1 FROM ( SELECT COALESCE(q1, 0) AS qq FROM int8_tbl a ) AS ss1 FULL OUTER JOIN ( SELECT COALESCE(q2, -1) AS qq FROM int8_tbl b ) AS ss2 USING (qq) INNER JOIN tenk1 c ON qq = unique2; qq | unique1 -----+--------- 123 | 4596 123 | 4596 456 | 7318 (3 rows) -- -- test case where a PlaceHolderVar is propagated into a subquery -- explain (costs off) select * from int8_tbl t1 left join (select q1 as x, 42 as y from int8_tbl t2) ss on t1.q2 = ss.x where 1 = (select 1 from int8_tbl t3 where ss.y is not null limit 1) order by 1,2; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------------- Sort Sort Key: t1.q1, t1.q2 -> Hash Left Join Hash Cond: (t1.q2 = t2.q1) Filter: (1 = (SubPlan 1)) -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl t1 -> Hash -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl t2 SubPlan 1 -> Limit -> Result One-Time Filter: ((42) IS NOT NULL) -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl t3 (13 rows) select * from int8_tbl t1 left join (select q1 as x, 42 as y from int8_tbl t2) ss on t1.q2 = ss.x where 1 = (select 1 from int8_tbl t3 where ss.y is not null limit 1) order by 1,2; q1 | q2 | x | y ------------------+------------------+------------------+---- 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 42 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 42 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 (8 rows) -- -- test the corner cases FULL JOIN ON TRUE and FULL JOIN ON FALSE -- select * from int4_tbl a full join int4_tbl b on true; f1 | f1 -------------+------------- 0 | 0 0 | 123456 0 | -123456 0 | 2147483647 0 | -2147483647 123456 | 0 123456 | 123456 123456 | -123456 123456 | 2147483647 123456 | -2147483647 -123456 | 0 -123456 | 123456 -123456 | -123456 -123456 | 2147483647 -123456 | -2147483647 2147483647 | 0 2147483647 | 123456 2147483647 | -123456 2147483647 | 2147483647 2147483647 | -2147483647 -2147483647 | 0 -2147483647 | 123456 -2147483647 | -123456 -2147483647 | 2147483647 -2147483647 | -2147483647 (25 rows) select * from int4_tbl a full join int4_tbl b on false; f1 | f1 -------------+------------- | 0 | 123456 | -123456 | 2147483647 | -2147483647 0 | 123456 | -123456 | 2147483647 | -2147483647 | (10 rows) -- -- test for ability to use a cartesian join when necessary -- explain (costs off) select * from tenk1 join int4_tbl on f1 = twothousand, int4(sin(1)) q1, int4(sin(0)) q2 where q1 = thousand or q2 = thousand; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hash Join Hash Cond: (tenk1.twothousand = int4_tbl.f1) -> Nested Loop -> Nested Loop -> Function Scan on q1 -> Function Scan on q2 -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 Recheck Cond: ((q1.q1 = thousand) OR (q2.q2 = thousand)) -> BitmapOr -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous Index Cond: (q1.q1 = thousand) -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous Index Cond: (q2.q2 = thousand) -> Hash -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl (15 rows) explain (costs off) select * from tenk1 join int4_tbl on f1 = twothousand, int4(sin(1)) q1, int4(sin(0)) q2 where thousand = (q1 + q2); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Hash Join Hash Cond: (tenk1.twothousand = int4_tbl.f1) -> Nested Loop -> Nested Loop -> Function Scan on q1 -> Function Scan on q2 -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 Recheck Cond: (thousand = (q1.q1 + q2.q2)) -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous Index Cond: (thousand = (q1.q1 + q2.q2)) -> Hash -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl (12 rows) -- -- test placement of movable quals in a parameterized join tree -- explain (costs off) select * from tenk1 t1 left join (tenk1 t2 join tenk1 t3 on t2.thousand = t3.unique2) on t1.hundred = t2.hundred and t1.ten = t3.ten where t1.unique1 = 1; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop Left Join -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 t1 Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) -> Nested Loop Join Filter: (t1.ten = t3.ten) -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t2 Recheck Cond: (t1.hundred = hundred) -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_hundred Index Cond: (t1.hundred = hundred) -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t3 Index Cond: (unique2 = t2.thousand) (11 rows) explain (costs off) select * from tenk1 t1 left join (tenk1 t2 join tenk1 t3 on t2.thousand = t3.unique2) on t1.hundred = t2.hundred and t1.ten + t2.ten = t3.ten where t1.unique1 = 1; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop Left Join -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 t1 Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) -> Nested Loop Join Filter: ((t1.ten + t2.ten) = t3.ten) -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t2 Recheck Cond: (t1.hundred = hundred) -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_hundred Index Cond: (t1.hundred = hundred) -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t3 Index Cond: (unique2 = t2.thousand) (11 rows) explain (costs off) select count(*) from tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 left join tenk1 c on a.unique2 = b.unique1 and c.thousand = a.thousand join int4_tbl on b.thousand = f1; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aggregate -> Nested Loop Left Join Join Filter: (a.unique2 = b.unique1) -> Nested Loop -> Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 b Recheck Cond: (thousand = int4_tbl.f1) -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous Index Cond: (thousand = int4_tbl.f1) -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a Index Cond: (unique1 = b.unique2) -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 c Index Cond: (thousand = a.thousand) (14 rows) select count(*) from tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 left join tenk1 c on a.unique2 = b.unique1 and c.thousand = a.thousand join int4_tbl on b.thousand = f1; count ------- 10 (1 row) explain (costs off) select b.unique1 from tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 left join tenk1 c on b.unique1 = 42 and c.thousand = a.thousand join int4_tbl i1 on b.thousand = f1 right join int4_tbl i2 on i2.f1 = b.tenthous order by 1; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sort Sort Key: b.unique1 -> Nested Loop Left Join -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i2 -> Nested Loop Left Join Join Filter: (b.unique1 = 42) -> Nested Loop -> Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i1 -> Index Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 b Index Cond: ((thousand = i1.f1) AND (i2.f1 = tenthous)) -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a Index Cond: (unique1 = b.unique2) -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 c Index Cond: (thousand = a.thousand) (15 rows) select b.unique1 from tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 left join tenk1 c on b.unique1 = 42 and c.thousand = a.thousand join int4_tbl i1 on b.thousand = f1 right join int4_tbl i2 on i2.f1 = b.tenthous order by 1; unique1 --------- 0 (5 rows) explain (costs off) select * from ( select unique1, q1, coalesce(unique1, -1) + q1 as fault from int8_tbl left join tenk1 on (q2 = unique2) ) ss where fault = 122 order by fault; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop Left Join Filter: ((COALESCE(tenk1.unique1, (-1)) + int8_tbl.q1) = 122) -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 Index Cond: (int8_tbl.q2 = unique2) (5 rows) select * from ( select unique1, q1, coalesce(unique1, -1) + q1 as fault from int8_tbl left join tenk1 on (q2 = unique2) ) ss where fault = 122 order by fault; unique1 | q1 | fault ---------+-----+------- | 123 | 122 (1 row) -- -- test handling of potential equivalence clauses above outer joins -- explain (costs off) select q1, unique2, thousand, hundred from int8_tbl a left join tenk1 b on q1 = unique2 where coalesce(thousand,123) = q1 and q1 = coalesce(hundred,123); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop Left Join Filter: ((COALESCE(b.thousand, 123) = a.q1) AND (a.q1 = COALESCE(b.hundred, 123))) -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b Index Cond: (a.q1 = unique2) (5 rows) select q1, unique2, thousand, hundred from int8_tbl a left join tenk1 b on q1 = unique2 where coalesce(thousand,123) = q1 and q1 = coalesce(hundred,123); q1 | unique2 | thousand | hundred ----+---------+----------+--------- (0 rows) explain (costs off) select f1, unique2, case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end from int4_tbl a left join tenk1 b on f1 = unique2 where (case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end) = 0; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop Left Join Filter: (CASE WHEN (b.unique2 IS NULL) THEN a.f1 ELSE 0 END = 0) -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl a -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b Index Cond: (unique2 = a.f1) (5 rows) select f1, unique2, case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end from int4_tbl a left join tenk1 b on f1 = unique2 where (case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end) = 0; f1 | unique2 | case ----+---------+------ 0 | 0 | 0 (1 row) -- -- test ability to push constants through outer join clauses -- explain (costs off) select * from int4_tbl a left join tenk1 b on f1 = unique2 where f1 = 0; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop Left Join Join Filter: (a.f1 = b.unique2) -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl a Filter: (f1 = 0) -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b Index Cond: (unique2 = 0) (6 rows) explain (costs off) select * from tenk1 a full join tenk1 b using(unique2) where unique2 = 42; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------- Merge Full Join Merge Cond: (a.unique2 = b.unique2) -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 a Index Cond: (unique2 = 42) -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b Index Cond: (unique2 = 42) (6 rows) -- -- test join removal -- begin; CREATE TEMP TABLE a (id int PRIMARY KEY, b_id int); CREATE TEMP TABLE b (id int PRIMARY KEY, c_id int); CREATE TEMP TABLE c (id int PRIMARY KEY); INSERT INTO a VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); INSERT INTO b VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); INSERT INTO c VALUES (0), (1); -- all three cases should be optimizable into a simple seqscan explain (costs off) SELECT a.* FROM a LEFT JOIN b ON a.b_id = b.id; QUERY PLAN --------------- Seq Scan on a (1 row) explain (costs off) SELECT b.* FROM b LEFT JOIN c ON b.c_id = c.id; QUERY PLAN --------------- Seq Scan on b (1 row) explain (costs off) SELECT a.* FROM a LEFT JOIN (b left join c on b.c_id = c.id) ON (a.b_id = b.id); QUERY PLAN --------------- Seq Scan on a (1 row) -- check optimization of outer join within another special join explain (costs off) select id from a where id in ( select b.id from b left join c on b.id = c.id ); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------- Hash Semi Join Hash Cond: (a.id = b.id) -> Seq Scan on a -> Hash -> Seq Scan on b (5 rows) rollback; create temp table parent (k int primary key, pd int); create temp table child (k int unique, cd int); insert into parent values (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30); insert into child values (1, 100), (4, 400); -- this case is optimizable select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k); k | pd ---+---- 1 | 10 2 | 20 3 | 30 (3 rows) explain (costs off) select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k); QUERY PLAN ---------------------- Seq Scan on parent p (1 row) -- this case is not select p.*, linked from parent p left join (select c.*, true as linked from child c) as ss on (p.k = ss.k); k | pd | linked ---+----+-------- 1 | 10 | t 2 | 20 | 3 | 30 | (3 rows) explain (costs off) select p.*, linked from parent p left join (select c.*, true as linked from child c) as ss on (p.k = ss.k); QUERY PLAN --------------------------------- Hash Left Join Hash Cond: (p.k = c.k) -> Seq Scan on parent p -> Hash -> Seq Scan on child c (5 rows) -- check for a 9.0rc1 bug: join removal breaks pseudoconstant qual handling select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k) where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; k | pd ---+---- (0 rows) explain (costs off) select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k) where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------ Result One-Time Filter: false -> Index Scan using parent_pkey on parent p Index Cond: (k = 1) (4 rows) select p.* from (parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k)) join parent x on p.k = x.k where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; k | pd ---+---- (0 rows) explain (costs off) select p.* from (parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k)) join parent x on p.k = x.k where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; QUERY PLAN -------------------------- Result One-Time Filter: false (2 rows) -- bug 5255: this is not optimizable by join removal begin; CREATE TEMP TABLE a (id int PRIMARY KEY); CREATE TEMP TABLE b (id int PRIMARY KEY, a_id int); INSERT INTO a VALUES (0), (1); INSERT INTO b VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); SELECT * FROM b LEFT JOIN a ON (b.a_id = a.id) WHERE (a.id IS NULL OR a.id > 0); id | a_id | id ----+------+---- 1 | | (1 row) SELECT b.* FROM b LEFT JOIN a ON (b.a_id = a.id) WHERE (a.id IS NULL OR a.id > 0); id | a_id ----+------ 1 | (1 row) rollback; -- another join removal bug: this is not optimizable, either begin; create temp table innertab (id int8 primary key, dat1 int8); insert into innertab values(123, 42); SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 AS x) ss1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT q1, q2, COALESCE(dat1, q1) AS y FROM int8_tbl LEFT JOIN innertab ON q2 = id) ss2 ON true; x | q1 | q2 | y ---+------------------+-------------------+------------------ 1 | 123 | 456 | 123 1 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 1 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 42 1 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 1 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 (5 rows) rollback; -- -- Test LATERAL -- select unique2, x.* from tenk1 a, lateral (select * from int4_tbl b where f1 = a.unique1) x; unique2 | f1 ---------+---- 9998 | 0 (1 row) explain (costs off) select unique2, x.* from tenk1 a, lateral (select * from int4_tbl b where f1 = a.unique1) x; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl b -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a Index Cond: (unique1 = b.f1) (4 rows) select unique2, x.* from int4_tbl x, lateral (select unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss; unique2 | f1 ---------+---- 9998 | 0 (1 row) explain (costs off) select unique2, x.* from int4_tbl x, lateral (select unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------- Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl x -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 Index Cond: (unique1 = x.f1) (4 rows) explain (costs off) select unique2, x.* from int4_tbl x cross join lateral (select unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------- Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl x -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 Index Cond: (unique1 = x.f1) (4 rows) select unique2, x.* from int4_tbl x left join lateral (select unique1, unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss on true; unique2 | f1 ---------+------------- 9998 | 0 | 123456 | -123456 | 2147483647 | -2147483647 (5 rows) explain (costs off) select unique2, x.* from int4_tbl x left join lateral (select unique1, unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss on true; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------- Nested Loop Left Join -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl x -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 Index Cond: (unique1 = x.f1) (4 rows) -- check scoping of lateral versus parent references -- the first of these should return int8_tbl.q2, the second int8_tbl.q1 select *, (select r from (select q1 as q2) x, (select q2 as r) y) from int8_tbl; q1 | q2 | r ------------------+-------------------+------------------- 123 | 456 | 456 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 (5 rows) select *, (select r from (select q1 as q2) x, lateral (select q2 as r) y) from int8_tbl; q1 | q2 | r ------------------+-------------------+------------------ 123 | 456 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 (5 rows) -- lateral with function in FROM select count(*) from tenk1 a, lateral generate_series(1,two) g; count ------- 5000 (1 row) explain (costs off) select count(*) from tenk1 a, lateral generate_series(1,two) g; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------ Aggregate -> Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a -> Function Scan on generate_series g (4 rows) explain (costs off) select count(*) from tenk1 a cross join lateral generate_series(1,two) g; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------ Aggregate -> Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a -> Function Scan on generate_series g (4 rows) -- don't need the explicit LATERAL keyword for functions explain (costs off) select count(*) from tenk1 a, generate_series(1,two) g; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------ Aggregate -> Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a -> Function Scan on generate_series g (4 rows) -- lateral with UNION ALL subselect explain (costs off) select * from generate_series(100,200) g, lateral (select * from int8_tbl a where g = q1 union all select * from int8_tbl b where g = q2) ss; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------ Nested Loop -> Function Scan on generate_series g -> Append -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a Filter: (g.g = q1) -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl b Filter: (g.g = q2) (7 rows) select * from generate_series(100,200) g, lateral (select * from int8_tbl a where g = q1 union all select * from int8_tbl b where g = q2) ss; g | q1 | q2 -----+------------------+------------------ 123 | 123 | 456 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 (3 rows) -- lateral with VALUES explain (costs off) select count(*) from tenk1 a, tenk1 b join lateral (values(a.unique1)) ss(x) on b.unique2 = ss.x; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------ Aggregate -> Hash Join Hash Cond: ("*VALUES*".column1 = b.unique2) -> Nested Loop -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a -> Values Scan on "*VALUES*" -> Hash -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b (8 rows) select count(*) from tenk1 a, tenk1 b join lateral (values(a.unique1)) ss(x) on b.unique2 = ss.x; count ------- 10000 (1 row) -- lateral injecting a strange outer join condition explain (costs off) select * from int8_tbl a, int8_tbl x left join lateral (select a.q1 from int4_tbl y) ss(z) on x.q2 = ss.z; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------ Nested Loop -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a -> Hash Left Join Hash Cond: (x.q2 = (a.q1)) -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl x -> Hash -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl y (7 rows) select * from int8_tbl a, int8_tbl x left join lateral (select a.q1 from int4_tbl y) ss(z) on x.q2 = ss.z; q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | z ------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------ 123 | 456 | 123 | 456 | 123 | 456 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | (57 rows) -- lateral reference to a join alias variable select * from (select f1/2 as x from int4_tbl) ss1 join int4_tbl i4 on x = f1, lateral (select x) ss2(y); x | f1 | y ---+----+--- 0 | 0 | 0 (1 row) select * from (select f1 as x from int4_tbl) ss1 join int4_tbl i4 on x = f1, lateral (values(x)) ss2(y); x | f1 | y -------------+-------------+------------- 0 | 0 | 0 123456 | 123456 | 123456 -123456 | -123456 | -123456 2147483647 | 2147483647 | 2147483647 -2147483647 | -2147483647 | -2147483647 (5 rows) select * from ((select f1/2 as x from int4_tbl) ss1 join int4_tbl i4 on x = f1) j, lateral (select x) ss2(y); x | f1 | y ---+----+--- 0 | 0 | 0 (1 row) -- lateral references requiring pullup select * from (values(1)) x(lb), lateral generate_series(lb,4) x4; lb | x4 ----+---- 1 | 1 1 | 2 1 | 3 1 | 4 (4 rows) select * from (select f1/1000000000 from int4_tbl) x(lb), lateral generate_series(lb,4) x4; lb | x4 ----+---- 0 | 0 0 | 1 0 | 2 0 | 3 0 | 4 0 | 0 0 | 1 0 | 2 0 | 3 0 | 4 0 | 0 0 | 1 0 | 2 0 | 3 0 | 4 2 | 2 2 | 3 2 | 4 -2 | -2 -2 | -1 -2 | 0 -2 | 1 -2 | 2 -2 | 3 -2 | 4 (25 rows) select * from (values(1)) x(lb), lateral (values(lb)) y(lbcopy); lb | lbcopy ----+-------- 1 | 1 (1 row) select * from (values(1)) x(lb), lateral (select lb from int4_tbl) y(lbcopy); lb | lbcopy ----+-------- 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 (5 rows) select * from int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1, lateral (values(x.q1,y.q1,y.q2)) v(xq1,yq1,yq2); q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | xq1 | yq1 | yq2 ------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- 123 | 456 | | | 123 | | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | 4567890123456789 | | (10 rows) select * from int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1, lateral (select x.q1,y.q1,y.q2) v(xq1,yq1,yq2); q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | xq1 | yq1 | yq2 ------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- 123 | 456 | | | 123 | | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | 4567890123456789 | | (10 rows) select x.* from int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1, lateral (select x.q1,y.q1,y.q2) v(xq1,yq1,yq2); q1 | q2 ------------------+------------------- 123 | 456 123 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 (10 rows) select v.* from (int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1) left join int4_tbl z on z.f1 = x.q2, lateral (select x.q1,y.q1 union all select x.q2,y.q2) v(vx,vy); vx | vy -------------------+------------------- 123 | 456 | 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 123 | 456 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | (20 rows) select v.* from (int8_tbl x left join (select q1,(select coalesce(q2,0)) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1) left join int4_tbl z on z.f1 = x.q2, lateral (select x.q1,y.q1 union all select x.q2,y.q2) v(vx,vy); vx | vy -------------------+------------------- 123 | 456 | 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 123 | 456 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | (20 rows) create temp table dual(); insert into dual default values; analyze dual; select v.* from (int8_tbl x left join (select q1,(select coalesce(q2,0)) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1) left join int4_tbl z on z.f1 = x.q2, lateral (select x.q1,y.q1 from dual union all select x.q2,y.q2 from dual) v(vx,vy); vx | vy -------------------+------------------- 123 | 456 | 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | 123 123 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 123 | 456 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 4567890123456789 | 123 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | (20 rows) -- case requiring nested PlaceHolderVars explain (verbose, costs off) select * from int8_tbl c left join ( int8_tbl a left join (select q1, coalesce(q2,42) as x from int8_tbl b) ss1 on a.q2 = ss1.q1 cross join lateral (select q1, coalesce(ss1.x,q2) as y from int8_tbl d) ss2 ) on c.q2 = ss2.q1, lateral (select ss2.y) ss3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Nested Loop Output: c.q1, c.q2, a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), d.q1, (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), d.q2)), ((COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), d.q2))) -> Hash Right Join Output: c.q1, c.q2, a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), d.q2)) Hash Cond: (d.q1 = c.q2) -> Nested Loop Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), d.q2) -> Hash Left Join Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)) Hash Cond: (a.q2 = b.q1) -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a Output: a.q1, a.q2 -> Hash Output: b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)) -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b Output: b.q1, COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint) -> Materialize Output: d.q1, d.q2 -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl d Output: d.q1, d.q2 -> Hash Output: c.q1, c.q2 -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl c Output: c.q1, c.q2 -> Result Output: (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, 42::bigint)), d.q2)) (26 rows) -- case that breaks the old ph_may_need optimization explain (verbose, costs off) select c.*,a.*,ss1.q1,ss2.q1,ss3.* from int8_tbl c left join ( int8_tbl a left join (select q1, coalesce(q2,f1) as x from int8_tbl b, int4_tbl b2 where q1 < f1) ss1 on a.q2 = ss1.q1 cross join lateral (select q1, coalesce(ss1.x,q2) as y from int8_tbl d) ss2 ) on c.q2 = ss2.q1, lateral (select * from int4_tbl i where ss2.y > f1) ss3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hash Right Join Output: c.q1, c.q2, a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, i.f1 Hash Cond: (d.q1 = c.q2) Filter: ((COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)), d.q2)) > i.f1) -> Nested Loop Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)), d.q2) -> Hash Right Join Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)) Hash Cond: (b.q1 = a.q2) -> Nested Loop Output: b.q1, COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint) Join Filter: (b.q1 < b2.f1) -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b Output: b.q1, b.q2 -> Materialize Output: b2.f1 -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl b2 Output: b2.f1 -> Hash Output: a.q1, a.q2 -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a Output: a.q1, a.q2 -> Materialize Output: d.q1, d.q2 -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl d Output: d.q1, d.q2 -> Hash Output: c.q1, c.q2, i.f1 -> Nested Loop Output: c.q1, c.q2, i.f1 -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl c Output: c.q1, c.q2 -> Materialize Output: i.f1 -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i Output: i.f1 (36 rows) -- test some error cases where LATERAL should have been used but wasn't select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select f1 as g) ss; ERROR: column "f1" does not exist LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select f1 as g) ss; ^ HINT: There is a column named "f1" in table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select a.f1 as g) ss; ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select a.f1 as g) ss; ^ HINT: There is an entry for table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select f1 as g) ss; ERROR: column "f1" does not exist LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select f1 as g) ss; ^ HINT: There is a column named "f1" in table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select a.f1 as g) ss; ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select a.f1 as g) ss... ^ HINT: There is an entry for table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. -- SQL:2008 says the left table is in scope but illegal to access here select f1,g from int4_tbl a right join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on true; ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" LINE 1: ... int4_tbl a right join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on... ^ DETAIL: The combining JOIN type must be INNER or LEFT for a LATERAL reference. select f1,g from int4_tbl a full join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on true; ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" LINE 1: ...m int4_tbl a full join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on... ^ DETAIL: The combining JOIN type must be INNER or LEFT for a LATERAL reference. -- LATERAL can be used to put an aggregate into the FROM clause of its query select 1 from tenk1 a, lateral (select max(a.unique1) from int4_tbl b) ss; ERROR: aggregate functions are not allowed in FROM clause of their own query level LINE 1: select 1 from tenk1 a, lateral (select max(a.unique1) from i... ^