-- -- CONSTRAINTS -- Constraints can be specified with: -- - DEFAULT clause -- - CHECK clauses -- - PRIMARY KEY clauses -- - UNIQUE clauses -- -- -- DEFAULT syntax -- CREATE TABLE DEFAULT_TBL (i int DEFAULT 100, x text DEFAULT 'vadim', f float8 DEFAULT 123.456); INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL VALUES (1, 'thomas', 57.0613); INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL VALUES (1, 'bruce'); INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL (i, f) VALUES (2, 987.654); INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL (x) VALUES ('marc'); INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL VALUES (3, null, 1.0); SELECT '' AS five, * FROM DEFAULT_TBL; CREATE SEQUENCE DEFAULT_SEQ; CREATE TABLE DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i1 int DEFAULT 100 + (200-199) * 2, i2 int DEFAULT nextval('default_seq')); INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL VALUES (-1, -2); INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i1) VALUES (-3); INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i2) VALUES (-4); INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i2) VALUES (NULL); SELECT '' AS four, * FROM DEFAULTEXPR_TBL; -- syntax errors -- test for extraneous comma CREATE TABLE error_tbl (i int DEFAULT (100, )); -- this will fail because gram.y uses b_expr not a_expr for defaults, -- to avoid a shift/reduce conflict that arises from NOT NULL being -- part of the column definition syntax: CREATE TABLE error_tbl (b1 bool DEFAULT 1 IN (1, 2)); -- this should work, however: CREATE TABLE error_tbl (b1 bool DEFAULT (1 IN (1, 2))); DROP TABLE error_tbl; -- -- CHECK syntax -- CREATE TABLE CHECK_TBL (x int, CONSTRAINT CHECK_CON CHECK (x > 3)); INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (5); INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (4); INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (3); INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (2); INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (6); INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (1); SELECT '' AS three, * FROM CHECK_TBL; CREATE SEQUENCE CHECK_SEQ; CREATE TABLE CHECK2_TBL (x int, y text, z int, CONSTRAINT SEQUENCE_CON CHECK (x > 3 and y <> 'check failed' and z < 8)); INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (4, 'check ok', -2); INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (1, 'x check failed', -2); INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (5, 'z check failed', 10); INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (0, 'check failed', -2); INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (6, 'check failed', 11); INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (7, 'check ok', 7); SELECT '' AS two, * from CHECK2_TBL; -- -- Check constraints on INSERT -- CREATE SEQUENCE INSERT_SEQ; CREATE TABLE INSERT_TBL (x INT DEFAULT nextval('insert_seq'), y TEXT DEFAULT '-NULL-', z INT DEFAULT -1 * currval('insert_seq'), CONSTRAINT INSERT_CON CHECK (x >= 3 AND y <> 'check failed' AND x < 8), CHECK (x + z = 0)); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,z) VALUES (2, -2); SELECT '' AS zero, * FROM INSERT_TBL; SELECT 'one' AS one, nextval('insert_seq'); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('Y'); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('Y'); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,z) VALUES (1, -2); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(z,x) VALUES (-7, 7); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL VALUES (5, 'check failed', -5); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL VALUES (7, '!check failed', -7); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('-!NULL-'); SELECT '' AS four, * FROM INSERT_TBL; INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y,z) VALUES ('check failed', 4); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,y) VALUES (5, 'check failed'); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,y) VALUES (5, '!check failed'); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('-!NULL-'); SELECT '' AS six, * FROM INSERT_TBL; SELECT 'seven' AS one, nextval('insert_seq'); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('Y'); SELECT 'eight' AS one, currval('insert_seq'); -- According to SQL92, it is OK to insert a record that gives rise to NULL -- constraint-condition results. Postgres used to reject this, but it -- was wrong: INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL VALUES (null, null, null); SELECT '' AS nine, * FROM INSERT_TBL; -- -- Check inheritance of defaults and constraints -- CREATE TABLE INSERT_CHILD (cx INT default 42, cy INT CHECK (cy > x)) INHERITS (INSERT_TBL); INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,z,cy) VALUES (7,-7,11); INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,z,cy) VALUES (7,-7,6); INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,z,cy) VALUES (6,-7,7); INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,y,z,cy) VALUES (6,'check failed',-6,7); SELECT * FROM INSERT_CHILD; DROP TABLE INSERT_CHILD; -- -- Check constraints on INSERT INTO -- DELETE FROM INSERT_TBL; DROP SEQUENCE INSERT_SEQ; CREATE SEQUENCE INSERT_SEQ START 4; CREATE TABLE tmp (xd INT, yd TEXT, zd INT); INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (null, 'Y', null); INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (5, '!check failed', null); INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (null, 'try again', null); INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) select yd from tmp; SELECT '' AS three, * FROM INSERT_TBL; INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL SELECT * FROM tmp WHERE yd = 'try again'; INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y,z) SELECT yd, -7 FROM tmp WHERE yd = 'try again'; INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y,z) SELECT yd, -8 FROM tmp WHERE yd = 'try again'; SELECT '' AS four, * FROM INSERT_TBL; DROP TABLE tmp; -- -- Check constraints on UPDATE -- UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = NULL WHERE x = 5; UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = 6 WHERE x = 6; UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = -z, z = -x; UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = z, z = x; SELECT * FROM INSERT_TBL; -- DROP TABLE INSERT_TBL; -- -- Check constraints on COPY FROM -- CREATE TABLE COPY_TBL (x INT, y TEXT, z INT, CONSTRAINT COPY_CON CHECK (x > 3 AND y <> 'check failed' AND x < 7 )); COPY COPY_TBL FROM '_OBJWD_/data/constro.data'; SELECT '' AS two, * FROM COPY_TBL; COPY COPY_TBL FROM '_OBJWD_/data/constrf.data'; SELECT * FROM COPY_TBL; -- -- Primary keys -- CREATE TABLE PRIMARY_TBL (i int PRIMARY KEY, t text); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'one'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (2, 'two'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'three'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (4, 'three'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (5, 'one'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL (t) VALUES ('six'); SELECT '' AS four, * FROM PRIMARY_TBL; DROP TABLE PRIMARY_TBL; CREATE TABLE PRIMARY_TBL (i int, t text, PRIMARY KEY(i,t)); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'one'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (2, 'two'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'three'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (4, 'three'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (5, 'one'); INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL (t) VALUES ('six'); SELECT '' AS three, * FROM PRIMARY_TBL; DROP TABLE PRIMARY_TBL; -- -- Unique keys -- CREATE TABLE UNIQUE_TBL (i int UNIQUE, t text); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'one'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (2, 'two'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'three'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (4, 'four'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (5, 'one'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL (t) VALUES ('six'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL (t) VALUES ('seven'); SELECT '' AS five, * FROM UNIQUE_TBL; DROP TABLE UNIQUE_TBL; CREATE TABLE UNIQUE_TBL (i int, t text, UNIQUE(i,t)); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'one'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (2, 'two'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'three'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'one'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (5, 'one'); INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL (t) VALUES ('six'); SELECT '' AS five, * FROM UNIQUE_TBL; DROP TABLE UNIQUE_TBL;