-- -- TRIGGERS -- create table pkeys (pkey1 int4 not null, pkey2 text not null); create table fkeys (fkey1 int4, fkey2 text, fkey3 int); create table fkeys2 (fkey21 int4, fkey22 text, pkey23 int not null); create index fkeys_i on fkeys (fkey1, fkey2); create index fkeys2_i on fkeys2 (fkey21, fkey22); create index fkeys2p_i on fkeys2 (pkey23); insert into pkeys values (10, '1'); insert into pkeys values (20, '2'); insert into pkeys values (30, '3'); insert into pkeys values (40, '4'); insert into pkeys values (50, '5'); insert into pkeys values (60, '6'); create unique index pkeys_i on pkeys (pkey1, pkey2); -- -- For fkeys: -- (fkey1, fkey2) --> pkeys (pkey1, pkey2) -- (fkey3) --> fkeys2 (pkey23) -- create trigger check_fkeys_pkey_exist before insert or update on fkeys for each row execute procedure check_primary_key ('fkey1', 'fkey2', 'pkeys', 'pkey1', 'pkey2'); create trigger check_fkeys_pkey2_exist before insert or update on fkeys for each row execute procedure check_primary_key ('fkey3', 'fkeys2', 'pkey23'); -- -- For fkeys2: -- (fkey21, fkey22) --> pkeys (pkey1, pkey2) -- create trigger check_fkeys2_pkey_exist before insert or update on fkeys2 for each row execute procedure check_primary_key ('fkey21', 'fkey22', 'pkeys', 'pkey1', 'pkey2'); -- Test comments COMMENT ON TRIGGER check_fkeys2_pkey_bad ON fkeys2 IS 'wrong'; COMMENT ON TRIGGER check_fkeys2_pkey_exist ON fkeys2 IS 'right'; COMMENT ON TRIGGER check_fkeys2_pkey_exist ON fkeys2 IS NULL; -- -- For pkeys: -- ON DELETE/UPDATE (pkey1, pkey2) CASCADE: -- fkeys (fkey1, fkey2) and fkeys2 (fkey21, fkey22) -- create trigger check_pkeys_fkey_cascade before delete or update on pkeys for each row execute procedure check_foreign_key (2, 'cascade', 'pkey1', 'pkey2', 'fkeys', 'fkey1', 'fkey2', 'fkeys2', 'fkey21', 'fkey22'); -- -- For fkeys2: -- ON DELETE/UPDATE (pkey23) RESTRICT: -- fkeys (fkey3) -- create trigger check_fkeys2_fkey_restrict before delete or update on fkeys2 for each row execute procedure check_foreign_key (1, 'restrict', 'pkey23', 'fkeys', 'fkey3'); insert into fkeys2 values (10, '1', 1); insert into fkeys2 values (30, '3', 2); insert into fkeys2 values (40, '4', 5); insert into fkeys2 values (50, '5', 3); -- no key in pkeys insert into fkeys2 values (70, '5', 3); insert into fkeys values (10, '1', 2); insert into fkeys values (30, '3', 3); insert into fkeys values (40, '4', 2); insert into fkeys values (50, '5', 2); -- no key in pkeys insert into fkeys values (70, '5', 1); -- no key in fkeys2 insert into fkeys values (60, '6', 4); delete from pkeys where pkey1 = 30 and pkey2 = '3'; delete from pkeys where pkey1 = 40 and pkey2 = '4'; update pkeys set pkey1 = 7, pkey2 = '70' where pkey1 = 50 and pkey2 = '5'; update pkeys set pkey1 = 7, pkey2 = '70' where pkey1 = 10 and pkey2 = '1'; DROP TABLE pkeys; DROP TABLE fkeys; DROP TABLE fkeys2; -- -- I've disabled the funny_dup17 test because the new semantics -- -- of AFTER ROW triggers, which get now fired at the end of a -- -- query always, cause funny_dup17 to enter an endless loop. -- -- -- -- Jan -- -- create table dup17 (x int4); -- -- create trigger dup17_before -- before insert on dup17 -- for each row -- execute procedure -- funny_dup17 () -- ; -- -- insert into dup17 values (17); -- select count(*) from dup17; -- insert into dup17 values (17); -- select count(*) from dup17; -- -- drop trigger dup17_before on dup17; -- -- create trigger dup17_after -- after insert on dup17 -- for each row -- execute procedure -- funny_dup17 () -- ; -- insert into dup17 values (13); -- select count(*) from dup17 where x = 13; -- insert into dup17 values (13); -- select count(*) from dup17 where x = 13; -- -- DROP TABLE dup17; create sequence ttdummy_seq increment 10 start 0 minvalue 0; create table tttest ( price_id int4, price_val int4, price_on int4, price_off int4 default 999999 ); create trigger ttdummy before delete or update on tttest for each row execute procedure ttdummy (price_on, price_off); create trigger ttserial before insert or update on tttest for each row execute procedure autoinc (price_on, ttdummy_seq); insert into tttest values (1, 1, null); insert into tttest values (2, 2, null); insert into tttest values (3, 3, 0); select * from tttest; delete from tttest where price_id = 2; select * from tttest; -- what do we see ? -- get current prices select * from tttest where price_off = 999999; -- change price for price_id == 3 update tttest set price_val = 30 where price_id = 3; select * from tttest; -- now we want to change pric_id in ALL tuples -- this gets us not what we need update tttest set price_id = 5 where price_id = 3; select * from tttest; -- restore data as before last update: select set_ttdummy(0); delete from tttest where price_id = 5; update tttest set price_off = 999999 where price_val = 30; select * from tttest; -- and try change price_id now! update tttest set price_id = 5 where price_id = 3; select * from tttest; -- isn't it what we need ? select set_ttdummy(1); -- we want to correct some "date" update tttest set price_on = -1 where price_id = 1; -- but this doesn't work -- try in this way select set_ttdummy(0); update tttest set price_on = -1 where price_id = 1; select * from tttest; -- isn't it what we need ? -- get price for price_id == 5 as it was @ "date" 35 select * from tttest where price_on <= 35 and price_off > 35 and price_id = 5; drop table tttest; drop sequence ttdummy_seq; -- -- tests for per-statement triggers -- CREATE TABLE log_table (tstamp timestamp default timeofday()::timestamp); CREATE TABLE main_table (a int unique, b int); COPY main_table (a,b) FROM stdin; 5 10 20 20 30 10 50 35 80 15 \. CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS ' BEGIN RAISE NOTICE ''trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %'', TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL; RETURN NULL; END;'; CREATE TRIGGER before_ins_stmt_trig BEFORE INSERT ON main_table FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_ins_stmt'); CREATE TRIGGER after_ins_stmt_trig AFTER INSERT ON main_table FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_ins_stmt'); -- -- if neither 'FOR EACH ROW' nor 'FOR EACH STATEMENT' was specified, -- CREATE TRIGGER should default to 'FOR EACH STATEMENT' -- CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_stmt_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_table EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_stmt'); -- Both insert and update statement level triggers (before and after) should -- fire. Doesn't fire UPDATE before trigger, but only because one isn't -- defined. INSERT INTO main_table (a, b) VALUES (5, 10) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET b = EXCLUDED.b; CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_row_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_row'); INSERT INTO main_table DEFAULT VALUES; UPDATE main_table SET a = a + 1 WHERE b < 30; -- UPDATE that effects zero rows should still call per-statement trigger UPDATE main_table SET a = a + 2 WHERE b > 100; -- constraint now unneeded ALTER TABLE main_table DROP CONSTRAINT main_table_a_key; -- COPY should fire per-row and per-statement INSERT triggers COPY main_table (a, b) FROM stdin; 30 40 50 60 \. SELECT * FROM main_table ORDER BY a, b; -- -- test triggers with WHEN clause -- CREATE TRIGGER modified_a BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('modified_a'); CREATE TRIGGER modified_any BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.* IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.*) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('modified_any'); CREATE TRIGGER insert_a AFTER INSERT ON main_table FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.a = 123) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('insert_a'); CREATE TRIGGER delete_a AFTER DELETE ON main_table FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a = 123) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('delete_a'); CREATE TRIGGER insert_when BEFORE INSERT ON main_table FOR EACH STATEMENT WHEN (true) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('insert_when'); CREATE TRIGGER delete_when AFTER DELETE ON main_table FOR EACH STATEMENT WHEN (true) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('delete_when'); INSERT INTO main_table (a) VALUES (123), (456); COPY main_table FROM stdin; 123 999 456 999 \. DELETE FROM main_table WHERE a IN (123, 456); UPDATE main_table SET a = 50, b = 60; SELECT * FROM main_table ORDER BY a, b; SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid, true) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_a'; SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid, false) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_a'; SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid, true) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_any'; DROP TRIGGER modified_a ON main_table; DROP TRIGGER modified_any ON main_table; DROP TRIGGER insert_a ON main_table; DROP TRIGGER delete_a ON main_table; DROP TRIGGER insert_when ON main_table; DROP TRIGGER delete_when ON main_table; -- Test column-level triggers DROP TRIGGER after_upd_row_trig ON main_table; CREATE TRIGGER before_upd_a_row_trig BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_a_row'); CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_b_row_trig AFTER UPDATE OF b ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_b_row'); CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_a_b_row_trig AFTER UPDATE OF a, b ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_a_b_row'); CREATE TRIGGER before_upd_a_stmt_trig BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_a_stmt'); CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_b_stmt_trig AFTER UPDATE OF b ON main_table FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_b_stmt'); SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'after_upd_a_b_row_trig'; UPDATE main_table SET a = 50; UPDATE main_table SET b = 10; -- -- Test case for bug with BEFORE trigger followed by AFTER trigger with WHEN -- CREATE TABLE some_t (some_col boolean NOT NULL); CREATE FUNCTION dummy_update_func() RETURNS trigger AS $$ BEGIN RAISE NOTICE 'dummy_update_func(%) called: action = %, old = %, new = %', TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, OLD, NEW; RETURN NEW; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; CREATE TRIGGER some_trig_before BEFORE UPDATE ON some_t FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE dummy_update_func('before'); CREATE TRIGGER some_trig_aftera AFTER UPDATE ON some_t FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NOT OLD.some_col AND NEW.some_col) EXECUTE PROCEDURE dummy_update_func('aftera'); CREATE TRIGGER some_trig_afterb AFTER UPDATE ON some_t FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NOT NEW.some_col) EXECUTE PROCEDURE dummy_update_func('afterb'); INSERT INTO some_t VALUES (TRUE); UPDATE some_t SET some_col = TRUE; UPDATE some_t SET some_col = FALSE; UPDATE some_t SET some_col = TRUE; DROP TABLE some_t; -- bogus cases CREATE TRIGGER error_upd_and_col BEFORE UPDATE OR UPDATE OF a ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_upd_and_col'); CREATE TRIGGER error_upd_a_a BEFORE UPDATE OF a, a ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_upd_a_a'); CREATE TRIGGER error_ins_a BEFORE INSERT OF a ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_ins_a'); CREATE TRIGGER error_ins_when BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON main_table FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_ins_old'); CREATE TRIGGER error_del_when BEFORE DELETE OR UPDATE ON main_table FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_del_new'); CREATE TRIGGER error_del_when BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON main_table FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.tableoid <> 0) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_when_sys_column'); CREATE TRIGGER error_stmt_when BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table FOR EACH STATEMENT WHEN (OLD.* IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.*) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_stmt_when'); -- check dependency restrictions ALTER TABLE main_table DROP COLUMN b; -- this should succeed, but we'll roll it back to keep the triggers around begin; DROP TRIGGER after_upd_a_b_row_trig ON main_table; DROP TRIGGER after_upd_b_row_trig ON main_table; DROP TRIGGER after_upd_b_stmt_trig ON main_table; ALTER TABLE main_table DROP COLUMN b; rollback; -- Test enable/disable triggers create table trigtest (i serial primary key); -- test that disabling RI triggers works create table trigtest2 (i int references trigtest(i) on delete cascade); create function trigtest() returns trigger as $$ begin raise notice '% % % %', TG_RELNAME, TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL; return new; end;$$ language plpgsql; create trigger trigtest_b_row_tg before insert or update or delete on trigtest for each row execute procedure trigtest(); create trigger trigtest_a_row_tg after insert or update or delete on trigtest for each row execute procedure trigtest(); create trigger trigtest_b_stmt_tg before insert or update or delete on trigtest for each statement execute procedure trigtest(); create trigger trigtest_a_stmt_tg after insert or update or delete on trigtest for each statement execute procedure trigtest(); insert into trigtest default values; alter table trigtest disable trigger trigtest_b_row_tg; insert into trigtest default values; alter table trigtest disable trigger user; insert into trigtest default values; alter table trigtest enable trigger trigtest_a_stmt_tg; insert into trigtest default values; insert into trigtest2 values(1); insert into trigtest2 values(2); delete from trigtest where i=2; select * from trigtest2; alter table trigtest disable trigger all; delete from trigtest where i=1; select * from trigtest2; -- ensure we still insert, even when all triggers are disabled insert into trigtest default values; select * from trigtest; drop table trigtest2; drop table trigtest; -- dump trigger data CREATE TABLE trigger_test ( i int, v varchar ); CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ declare argstr text; relid text; begin relid := TG_relid::regclass; -- plpgsql can't discover its trigger data in a hash like perl and python -- can, or by a sort of reflection like tcl can, -- so we have to hard code the names. raise NOTICE 'TG_NAME: %', TG_name; raise NOTICE 'TG_WHEN: %', TG_when; raise NOTICE 'TG_LEVEL: %', TG_level; raise NOTICE 'TG_OP: %', TG_op; raise NOTICE 'TG_RELID::regclass: %', relid; raise NOTICE 'TG_RELNAME: %', TG_relname; raise NOTICE 'TG_TABLE_NAME: %', TG_table_name; raise NOTICE 'TG_TABLE_SCHEMA: %', TG_table_schema; raise NOTICE 'TG_NARGS: %', TG_nargs; argstr := '['; for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop if i > 0 then argstr := argstr || ', '; end if; argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i]; end loop; argstr := argstr || ']'; raise NOTICE 'TG_ARGV: %', argstr; if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then raise NOTICE 'OLD: %', OLD; end if; if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then raise NOTICE 'NEW: %', NEW; end if; if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then return OLD; else return NEW; end if; end; $$; CREATE TRIGGER show_trigger_data_trig BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON trigger_test FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo'); insert into trigger_test values(1,'insert'); update trigger_test set v = 'update' where i = 1; delete from trigger_test; DROP TRIGGER show_trigger_data_trig on trigger_test; DROP FUNCTION trigger_data(); DROP TABLE trigger_test; -- -- Test use of row comparisons on OLD/NEW -- CREATE TABLE trigger_test (f1 int, f2 text, f3 text); -- this is the obvious (and wrong...) way to compare rows CREATE FUNCTION mytrigger() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql as $$ begin if row(old.*) = row(new.*) then raise notice 'row % not changed', new.f1; else raise notice 'row % changed', new.f1; end if; return new; end$$; CREATE TRIGGER t BEFORE UPDATE ON trigger_test FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE mytrigger(); INSERT INTO trigger_test VALUES(1, 'foo', 'bar'); INSERT INTO trigger_test VALUES(2, 'baz', 'quux'); UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = 'bar'; UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL; -- this demonstrates that the above isn't really working as desired: UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL; -- the right way when considering nulls is CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION mytrigger() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql as $$ begin if row(old.*) is distinct from row(new.*) then raise notice 'row % changed', new.f1; else raise notice 'row % not changed', new.f1; end if; return new; end$$; UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = 'bar'; UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL; UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL; DROP TABLE trigger_test; DROP FUNCTION mytrigger(); -- Test snapshot management in serializable transactions involving triggers -- per bug report in 6bc73d4c0910042358k3d1adff3qa36f8df75198ecea@mail.gmail.com CREATE FUNCTION serializable_update_trig() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ declare rec record; begin new.description = 'updated in trigger'; return new; end; $$; CREATE TABLE serializable_update_tab ( id int, filler text, description text ); CREATE TRIGGER serializable_update_trig BEFORE UPDATE ON serializable_update_tab FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE serializable_update_trig(); INSERT INTO serializable_update_tab SELECT a, repeat('xyzxz', 100), 'new' FROM generate_series(1, 50) a; BEGIN; SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE; UPDATE serializable_update_tab SET description = 'no no', id = 1 WHERE id = 1; COMMIT; SELECT description FROM serializable_update_tab WHERE id = 1; DROP TABLE serializable_update_tab; -- minimal update trigger CREATE TABLE min_updates_test ( f1 text, f2 int, f3 int); CREATE TABLE min_updates_test_oids ( f1 text, f2 int, f3 int) WITH OIDS; INSERT INTO min_updates_test VALUES ('a',1,2),('b','2',null); INSERT INTO min_updates_test_oids VALUES ('a',1,2),('b','2',null); CREATE TRIGGER z_min_update BEFORE UPDATE ON min_updates_test FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE suppress_redundant_updates_trigger(); CREATE TRIGGER z_min_update BEFORE UPDATE ON min_updates_test_oids FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE suppress_redundant_updates_trigger(); \set QUIET false UPDATE min_updates_test SET f1 = f1; UPDATE min_updates_test SET f2 = f2 + 1; UPDATE min_updates_test SET f3 = 2 WHERE f3 is null; UPDATE min_updates_test_oids SET f1 = f1; UPDATE min_updates_test_oids SET f2 = f2 + 1; UPDATE min_updates_test_oids SET f3 = 2 WHERE f3 is null; \set QUIET true SELECT * FROM min_updates_test; SELECT * FROM min_updates_test_oids; DROP TABLE min_updates_test; DROP TABLE min_updates_test_oids; -- -- Test triggers on views -- CREATE VIEW main_view AS SELECT a, b FROM main_table; -- VIEW trigger function CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION view_trigger() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ declare argstr text := ''; begin for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop if i > 0 then argstr := argstr || ', '; end if; argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i]; end loop; raise notice '% % % % (%)', TG_RELNAME, TG_WHEN, TG_OP, TG_LEVEL, argstr; if TG_LEVEL = 'ROW' then if TG_OP = 'INSERT' then raise NOTICE 'NEW: %', NEW; INSERT INTO main_table VALUES (NEW.a, NEW.b); RETURN NEW; end if; if TG_OP = 'UPDATE' then raise NOTICE 'OLD: %, NEW: %', OLD, NEW; UPDATE main_table SET a = NEW.a, b = NEW.b WHERE a = OLD.a AND b = OLD.b; if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if; RETURN NEW; end if; if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then raise NOTICE 'OLD: %', OLD; DELETE FROM main_table WHERE a = OLD.a AND b = OLD.b; if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if; RETURN OLD; end if; end if; RETURN NULL; end; $$; -- Before row triggers aren't allowed on views CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE INSERT ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_ins_row'); CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE UPDATE ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_row'); CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE DELETE ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_del_row'); -- After row triggers aren't allowed on views CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER INSERT ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_ins_row'); CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_row'); CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER DELETE ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_del_row'); -- Truncate triggers aren't allowed on views CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE TRUNCATE ON main_view EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_tru_row'); CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER TRUNCATE ON main_view EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_tru_row'); -- INSTEAD OF triggers aren't allowed on tables CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_ins'); CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd'); CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF DELETE ON main_table FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_del'); -- Don't support WHEN clauses with INSTEAD OF triggers CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_view FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a) EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd'); -- Don't support column-level INSTEAD OF triggers CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF a ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd'); -- Don't support statement-level INSTEAD OF triggers CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_view EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd'); -- Valid INSTEAD OF triggers CREATE TRIGGER instead_of_insert_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_ins'); CREATE TRIGGER instead_of_update_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd'); CREATE TRIGGER instead_of_delete_trig INSTEAD OF DELETE ON main_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_del'); -- Valid BEFORE statement VIEW triggers CREATE TRIGGER before_ins_stmt_trig BEFORE INSERT ON main_view FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('before_view_ins_stmt'); CREATE TRIGGER before_upd_stmt_trig BEFORE UPDATE ON main_view FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('before_view_upd_stmt'); CREATE TRIGGER before_del_stmt_trig BEFORE DELETE ON main_view FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('before_view_del_stmt'); -- Valid AFTER statement VIEW triggers CREATE TRIGGER after_ins_stmt_trig AFTER INSERT ON main_view FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('after_view_ins_stmt'); CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_stmt_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_view FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('after_view_upd_stmt'); CREATE TRIGGER after_del_stmt_trig AFTER DELETE ON main_view FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('after_view_del_stmt'); \set QUIET false -- Insert into view using trigger INSERT INTO main_view VALUES (20, 30); INSERT INTO main_view VALUES (21, 31) RETURNING a, b; -- Table trigger will prevent updates UPDATE main_view SET b = 31 WHERE a = 20; UPDATE main_view SET b = 32 WHERE a = 21 AND b = 31 RETURNING a, b; -- Remove table trigger to allow updates DROP TRIGGER before_upd_a_row_trig ON main_table; UPDATE main_view SET b = 31 WHERE a = 20; UPDATE main_view SET b = 32 WHERE a = 21 AND b = 31 RETURNING a, b; -- Before and after stmt triggers should fire even when no rows are affected UPDATE main_view SET b = 0 WHERE false; -- Delete from view using trigger DELETE FROM main_view WHERE a IN (20,21); DELETE FROM main_view WHERE a = 31 RETURNING a, b; \set QUIET true -- Describe view should list triggers \d main_view -- Test dropping view triggers DROP TRIGGER instead_of_insert_trig ON main_view; DROP TRIGGER instead_of_delete_trig ON main_view; \d+ main_view DROP VIEW main_view; -- -- Test triggers on a join view -- CREATE TABLE country_table ( country_id serial primary key, country_name text unique not null, continent text not null ); INSERT INTO country_table (country_name, continent) VALUES ('Japan', 'Asia'), ('UK', 'Europe'), ('USA', 'North America') RETURNING *; CREATE TABLE city_table ( city_id serial primary key, city_name text not null, population bigint, country_id int references country_table ); CREATE VIEW city_view AS SELECT city_id, city_name, population, country_name, continent FROM city_table ci LEFT JOIN country_table co ON co.country_id = ci.country_id; CREATE FUNCTION city_insert() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ declare ctry_id int; begin if NEW.country_name IS NOT NULL then SELECT country_id, continent INTO ctry_id, NEW.continent FROM country_table WHERE country_name = NEW.country_name; if NOT FOUND then raise exception 'No such country: "%"', NEW.country_name; end if; else NEW.continent := NULL; end if; if NEW.city_id IS NOT NULL then INSERT INTO city_table VALUES(NEW.city_id, NEW.city_name, NEW.population, ctry_id); else INSERT INTO city_table(city_name, population, country_id) VALUES(NEW.city_name, NEW.population, ctry_id) RETURNING city_id INTO NEW.city_id; end if; RETURN NEW; end; $$; CREATE TRIGGER city_insert_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT ON city_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE city_insert(); CREATE FUNCTION city_delete() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ begin DELETE FROM city_table WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id; if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if; RETURN OLD; end; $$; CREATE TRIGGER city_delete_trig INSTEAD OF DELETE ON city_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE city_delete(); CREATE FUNCTION city_update() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ declare ctry_id int; begin if NEW.country_name IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.country_name then SELECT country_id, continent INTO ctry_id, NEW.continent FROM country_table WHERE country_name = NEW.country_name; if NOT FOUND then raise exception 'No such country: "%"', NEW.country_name; end if; UPDATE city_table SET city_name = NEW.city_name, population = NEW.population, country_id = ctry_id WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id; else UPDATE city_table SET city_name = NEW.city_name, population = NEW.population WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id; NEW.continent := OLD.continent; end if; if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if; RETURN NEW; end; $$; CREATE TRIGGER city_update_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON city_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE city_update(); \set QUIET false -- INSERT .. RETURNING INSERT INTO city_view(city_name) VALUES('Tokyo') RETURNING *; INSERT INTO city_view(city_name, population) VALUES('London', 7556900) RETURNING *; INSERT INTO city_view(city_name, country_name) VALUES('Washington DC', 'USA') RETURNING *; INSERT INTO city_view(city_id, city_name) VALUES(123456, 'New York') RETURNING *; INSERT INTO city_view VALUES(234567, 'Birmingham', 1016800, 'UK', 'EU') RETURNING *; -- UPDATE .. RETURNING UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'Japon' WHERE city_name = 'Tokyo'; -- error UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'Japan' WHERE city_name = 'Takyo'; -- no match UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'Japan' WHERE city_name = 'Tokyo' RETURNING *; -- OK UPDATE city_view SET population = 13010279 WHERE city_name = 'Tokyo' RETURNING *; UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'UK' WHERE city_name = 'New York' RETURNING *; UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'USA', population = 8391881 WHERE city_name = 'New York' RETURNING *; UPDATE city_view SET continent = 'EU' WHERE continent = 'Europe' RETURNING *; UPDATE city_view v1 SET country_name = v2.country_name FROM city_view v2 WHERE v2.city_name = 'Birmingham' AND v1.city_name = 'London' RETURNING *; -- DELETE .. RETURNING DELETE FROM city_view WHERE city_name = 'Birmingham' RETURNING *; \set QUIET true -- read-only view with WHERE clause CREATE VIEW european_city_view AS SELECT * FROM city_view WHERE continent = 'Europe'; SELECT count(*) FROM european_city_view; CREATE FUNCTION no_op_trig_fn() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS 'begin RETURN NULL; end'; CREATE TRIGGER no_op_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON european_city_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE no_op_trig_fn(); \set QUIET false INSERT INTO european_city_view VALUES (0, 'x', 10000, 'y', 'z'); UPDATE european_city_view SET population = 10000; DELETE FROM european_city_view; \set QUIET true -- rules bypassing no-op triggers CREATE RULE european_city_insert_rule AS ON INSERT TO european_city_view DO INSTEAD INSERT INTO city_view VALUES (NEW.city_id, NEW.city_name, NEW.population, NEW.country_name, NEW.continent) RETURNING *; CREATE RULE european_city_update_rule AS ON UPDATE TO european_city_view DO INSTEAD UPDATE city_view SET city_name = NEW.city_name, population = NEW.population, country_name = NEW.country_name WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id RETURNING NEW.*; CREATE RULE european_city_delete_rule AS ON DELETE TO european_city_view DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM city_view WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id RETURNING *; \set QUIET false -- INSERT not limited by view's WHERE clause, but UPDATE AND DELETE are INSERT INTO european_city_view(city_name, country_name) VALUES ('Cambridge', 'USA') RETURNING *; UPDATE european_city_view SET country_name = 'UK' WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge'; DELETE FROM european_city_view WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge'; -- UPDATE and DELETE via rule and trigger UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'UK' WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge' RETURNING *; UPDATE european_city_view SET population = 122800 WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge' RETURNING *; DELETE FROM european_city_view WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge' RETURNING *; -- join UPDATE test UPDATE city_view v SET population = 599657 FROM city_table ci, country_table co WHERE ci.city_name = 'Washington DC' and co.country_name = 'USA' AND v.city_id = ci.city_id AND v.country_name = co.country_name RETURNING co.country_id, v.country_name, v.city_id, v.city_name, v.population; \set QUIET true SELECT * FROM city_view; DROP TABLE city_table CASCADE; DROP TABLE country_table; -- Test pg_trigger_depth() create table depth_a (id int not null primary key); create table depth_b (id int not null primary key); create table depth_c (id int not null primary key); create function depth_a_tf() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth(); insert into depth_b values (new.id); raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth(); return new; end; $$; create trigger depth_a_tr before insert on depth_a for each row execute procedure depth_a_tf(); create function depth_b_tf() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth(); begin execute 'insert into depth_c values (' || new.id::text || ')'; exception when sqlstate 'U9999' then raise notice 'SQLSTATE = U9999: depth = %', pg_trigger_depth(); end; raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth(); if new.id = 1 then execute 'insert into depth_c values (' || new.id::text || ')'; end if; return new; end; $$; create trigger depth_b_tr before insert on depth_b for each row execute procedure depth_b_tf(); create function depth_c_tf() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth(); if new.id = 1 then raise exception sqlstate 'U9999'; end if; raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth(); return new; end; $$; create trigger depth_c_tr before insert on depth_c for each row execute procedure depth_c_tf(); select pg_trigger_depth(); insert into depth_a values (1); select pg_trigger_depth(); insert into depth_a values (2); select pg_trigger_depth(); drop table depth_a, depth_b, depth_c; drop function depth_a_tf(); drop function depth_b_tf(); drop function depth_c_tf(); -- -- Test updates to rows during firing of BEFORE ROW triggers. -- As of 9.2, such cases should be rejected (see bug #6123). -- create temp table parent ( aid int not null primary key, val1 text, val2 text, val3 text, val4 text, bcnt int not null default 0); create temp table child ( bid int not null primary key, aid int not null, val1 text); create function parent_upd_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin if old.val1 <> new.val1 then new.val2 = new.val1; delete from child where child.aid = new.aid and child.val1 = new.val1; end if; return new; end; $$; create trigger parent_upd_trig before update on parent for each row execute procedure parent_upd_func(); create function parent_del_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin delete from child where aid = old.aid; return old; end; $$; create trigger parent_del_trig before delete on parent for each row execute procedure parent_del_func(); create function child_ins_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin update parent set bcnt = bcnt + 1 where aid = new.aid; return new; end; $$; create trigger child_ins_trig after insert on child for each row execute procedure child_ins_func(); create function child_del_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin update parent set bcnt = bcnt - 1 where aid = old.aid; return old; end; $$; create trigger child_del_trig after delete on child for each row execute procedure child_del_func(); insert into parent values (1, 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 0); insert into child values (10, 1, 'b'); select * from parent; select * from child; update parent set val1 = 'b' where aid = 1; -- should fail select * from parent; select * from child; delete from parent where aid = 1; -- should fail select * from parent; select * from child; -- replace the trigger function with one that restarts the deletion after -- having modified a child create or replace function parent_del_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin delete from child where aid = old.aid; if found then delete from parent where aid = old.aid; return null; -- cancel outer deletion end if; return old; end; $$; delete from parent where aid = 1; select * from parent; select * from child; drop table parent, child; drop function parent_upd_func(); drop function parent_del_func(); drop function child_ins_func(); drop function child_del_func(); -- similar case, but with a self-referencing FK so that parent and child -- rows can be affected by a single operation create temp table self_ref_trigger ( id int primary key, parent int references self_ref_trigger, data text, nchildren int not null default 0 ); create function self_ref_trigger_ins_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin if new.parent is not null then update self_ref_trigger set nchildren = nchildren + 1 where id = new.parent; end if; return new; end; $$; create trigger self_ref_trigger_ins_trig before insert on self_ref_trigger for each row execute procedure self_ref_trigger_ins_func(); create function self_ref_trigger_del_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin if old.parent is not null then update self_ref_trigger set nchildren = nchildren - 1 where id = old.parent; end if; return old; end; $$; create trigger self_ref_trigger_del_trig before delete on self_ref_trigger for each row execute procedure self_ref_trigger_del_func(); insert into self_ref_trigger values (1, null, 'root'); insert into self_ref_trigger values (2, 1, 'root child A'); insert into self_ref_trigger values (3, 1, 'root child B'); insert into self_ref_trigger values (4, 2, 'grandchild 1'); insert into self_ref_trigger values (5, 3, 'grandchild 2'); update self_ref_trigger set data = 'root!' where id = 1; select * from self_ref_trigger; delete from self_ref_trigger; select * from self_ref_trigger; drop table self_ref_trigger; drop function self_ref_trigger_ins_func(); drop function self_ref_trigger_del_func(); -- -- Verify behavior of before and after triggers with INSERT...ON CONFLICT -- DO UPDATE -- create table upsert (key int4 primary key, color text); create function upsert_before_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin if (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') then raise warning 'before update (old): %', old.*::text; raise warning 'before update (new): %', new.*::text; elsif (TG_OP = 'INSERT') then raise warning 'before insert (new): %', new.*::text; if new.key % 2 = 0 then new.key := new.key + 1; new.color := new.color || ' trig modified'; raise warning 'before insert (new, modified): %', new.*::text; end if; end if; return new; end; $$; create trigger upsert_before_trig before insert or update on upsert for each row execute procedure upsert_before_func(); create function upsert_after_func() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$ begin if (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') then raise warning 'after update (old): %', old.*::text; raise warning 'after update (new): %', new.*::text; elsif (TG_OP = 'INSERT') then raise warning 'after insert (new): %', new.*::text; end if; return null; end; $$; create trigger upsert_after_trig after insert or update on upsert for each row execute procedure upsert_after_func(); insert into upsert values(1, 'black') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; insert into upsert values(2, 'red') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; insert into upsert values(3, 'orange') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; insert into upsert values(4, 'green') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; insert into upsert values(5, 'purple') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; insert into upsert values(6, 'white') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; insert into upsert values(7, 'pink') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; insert into upsert values(8, 'yellow') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color; select * from upsert; drop table upsert; drop function upsert_before_func(); drop function upsert_after_func(); -- -- Verify that triggers are prevented on partitioned tables if they would -- access row data (ROW and STATEMENT-with-transition-table) -- create table my_table (i int) partition by list (i); create table my_table_42 partition of my_table for values in (42); create function my_trigger_function() returns trigger as $$ begin end; $$ language plpgsql; create trigger my_trigger before update on my_table for each row execute procedure my_trigger_function(); create trigger my_trigger after update on my_table referencing old table as old_table for each statement execute procedure my_trigger_function(); -- -- Verify that triggers are allowed on partitions -- create trigger my_trigger before update on my_table_42 for each row execute procedure my_trigger_function(); drop trigger my_trigger on my_table_42; create trigger my_trigger after update on my_table_42 referencing old table as old_table for each statement execute procedure my_trigger_function(); drop trigger my_trigger on my_table_42; drop table my_table_42; drop table my_table; -- -- Verify that per-statement triggers are fired for partitioned tables -- create table parted_stmt_trig (a int) partition by list (a); create table parted_stmt_trig1 partition of parted_stmt_trig for values in (1); create table parted_stmt_trig2 partition of parted_stmt_trig for values in (2); create table parted2_stmt_trig (a int) partition by list (a); create table parted2_stmt_trig1 partition of parted2_stmt_trig for values in (1); create table parted2_stmt_trig2 partition of parted2_stmt_trig for values in (2); create or replace function trigger_notice() returns trigger as $$ begin raise notice 'trigger on % % % for %', TG_TABLE_NAME, TG_WHEN, TG_OP, TG_LEVEL; if TG_LEVEL = 'ROW' then return NEW; end if; return null; end; $$ language plpgsql; -- insert/update/delete statment-level triggers on the parent create trigger trig_ins_before before insert on parted_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_ins_after after insert on parted_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_upd_before before update on parted_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_upd_after after update on parted_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_del_before before delete on parted_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_del_after after delete on parted_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); -- insert/update/delete row-level triggers on the first partition create trigger trig_ins_before before insert on parted_stmt_trig1 for each row execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_ins_after after insert on parted_stmt_trig1 for each row execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_upd_before before update on parted_stmt_trig1 for each row execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_upd_after after update on parted_stmt_trig1 for each row execute procedure trigger_notice(); -- insert/update/delete statement-level triggers on the parent create trigger trig_ins_before before insert on parted2_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_ins_after after insert on parted2_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_upd_before before update on parted2_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_upd_after after update on parted2_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_del_before before delete on parted2_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); create trigger trig_del_after after delete on parted2_stmt_trig for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice(); with ins (a) as ( insert into parted2_stmt_trig values (1), (2) returning a ) insert into parted_stmt_trig select a from ins returning tableoid::regclass, a; with upd as ( update parted2_stmt_trig set a = a ) update parted_stmt_trig set a = a; delete from parted_stmt_trig; drop table parted_stmt_trig, parted2_stmt_trig;