-- Strings. SELECT '""'::jsonb; -- OK. jsonb ------- "" (1 row) SELECT $$''$$::jsonb; -- ERROR, single quotes are not allowed ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT $$''$$::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "'" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: '... SELECT '"abc"'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- "abc" (1 row) SELECT '"abc'::jsonb; -- ERROR, quotes not closed ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '"abc'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token ""abc" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: "abc SELECT '"abc def"'::jsonb; -- ERROR, unescaped newline in string constant ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '"abc ^ DETAIL: Character with value 0x0a must be escaped. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: "abc SELECT '"\n\"\\"'::jsonb; -- OK, legal escapes jsonb ---------- "\n\"\\" (1 row) SELECT '"\v"'::jsonb; -- ERROR, not a valid JSON escape ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '"\v"'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Escape sequence "\v" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: "\v... -- see json_encoding test for input with unicode escapes -- Numbers. SELECT '1'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- 1 (1 row) SELECT '0'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- 0 (1 row) SELECT '01'::jsonb; -- ERROR, not valid according to JSON spec ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '01'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "01" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: 01 SELECT '0.1'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- 0.1 (1 row) SELECT '9223372036854775808'::jsonb; -- OK, even though it's too large for int8 jsonb --------------------- 9223372036854775808 (1 row) SELECT '1e100'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 (1 row) SELECT '1.3e100'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 (1 row) SELECT '1f2'::jsonb; -- ERROR ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '1f2'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "1f2" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: 1f2 SELECT '0.x1'::jsonb; -- ERROR ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '0.x1'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "0.x1" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: 0.x1 SELECT '1.3ex100'::jsonb; -- ERROR ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '1.3ex100'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "1.3ex100" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: 1.3ex100 -- Arrays. SELECT '[]'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- [] (1 row) SELECT '[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] (1 row) SELECT '[1,2]'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb -------- [1, 2] (1 row) SELECT '[1,2,]'::jsonb; -- ERROR, trailing comma ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,]'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected JSON value, but found "]". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: [1,2,] SELECT '[1,2'::jsonb; -- ERROR, no closing bracket ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: The input string ended unexpectedly. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: [1,2 SELECT '[1,[2]'::jsonb; -- ERROR, no closing bracket ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '[1,[2]'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: The input string ended unexpectedly. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: [1,[2] -- Objects. SELECT '{}'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- {} (1 row) SELECT '{"abc"}'::jsonb; -- ERROR, no value ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '{"abc"}'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected ":", but found "}". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: {"abc"} SELECT '{"abc":1}'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------------ {"abc": 1} (1 row) SELECT '{1:"abc"}'::jsonb; -- ERROR, keys must be strings ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '{1:"abc"}'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected string or "}", but found "1". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: {1... SELECT '{"abc",1}'::jsonb; -- ERROR, wrong separator ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '{"abc",1}'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected ":", but found ",". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: {"abc",... SELECT '{"abc"=1}'::jsonb; -- ERROR, totally wrong separator ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '{"abc"=1}'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "=" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: {"abc"=... SELECT '{"abc"::1}'::jsonb; -- ERROR, another wrong separator ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '{"abc"::1}'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected JSON value, but found ":". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: {"abc"::... SELECT '{"abc":1,"def":2,"ghi":[3,4],"hij":{"klm":5,"nop":[6]}}'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb -------------------------------------------------------------------- {"abc": 1, "def": 2, "ghi": [3, 4], "hij": {"klm": 5, "nop": [6]}} (1 row) SELECT '{"abc":1:2}'::jsonb; -- ERROR, colon in wrong spot ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '{"abc":1:2}'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected "," or "}", but found ":". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: {"abc":1:... SELECT '{"abc":1,3}'::jsonb; -- ERROR, no value ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT '{"abc":1,3}'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected string, but found "3". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: {"abc":1,3... -- Recursion. SET max_stack_depth = '100kB'; SELECT repeat('[', 10000)::jsonb; ERROR: stack depth limit exceeded HINT: Increase the configuration parameter "max_stack_depth" (currently 100kB), after ensuring the platform's stack depth limit is adequate. SELECT repeat('{"a":', 10000)::jsonb; ERROR: stack depth limit exceeded HINT: Increase the configuration parameter "max_stack_depth" (currently 100kB), after ensuring the platform's stack depth limit is adequate. RESET max_stack_depth; -- Miscellaneous stuff. SELECT 'true'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- true (1 row) SELECT 'false'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- false (1 row) SELECT 'null'::jsonb; -- OK jsonb ------- null (1 row) SELECT ' true '::jsonb; -- OK, even with extra whitespace jsonb ------- true (1 row) SELECT 'true false'::jsonb; -- ERROR, too many values ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT 'true false'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected end of input, but found "false". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: true false SELECT 'true, false'::jsonb; -- ERROR, too many values ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT 'true, false'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Expected end of input, but found ",". CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: true,... SELECT 'truf'::jsonb; -- ERROR, not a keyword ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT 'truf'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "truf" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: truf SELECT 'trues'::jsonb; -- ERROR, not a keyword ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT 'trues'::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: Token "trues" is invalid. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: trues SELECT ''::jsonb; -- ERROR, no value ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT ''::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: The input string ended unexpectedly. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: SELECT ' '::jsonb; -- ERROR, no value ERROR: invalid input syntax for type json LINE 1: SELECT ' '::jsonb; ^ DETAIL: The input string ended unexpectedly. CONTEXT: JSON data, line 1: -- make sure jsonb is passed through json generators without being escaped SELECT array_to_json(ARRAY [jsonb '{"a":1}', jsonb '{"b":[2,3]}']); array_to_json -------------------------- [{"a": 1},{"b": [2, 3]}] (1 row) -- to_jsonb, timestamps select to_jsonb(timestamp '2014-05-28 12:22:35.614298'); to_jsonb ------------------------------ "2014-05-28T12:22:35.614298" (1 row) BEGIN; SET LOCAL TIME ZONE 10.5; select to_jsonb(timestamptz '2014-05-28 12:22:35.614298-04'); to_jsonb ------------------------------------ "2014-05-29T02:52:35.614298+10:30" (1 row) SET LOCAL TIME ZONE -8; select to_jsonb(timestamptz '2014-05-28 12:22:35.614298-04'); to_jsonb ------------------------------------ "2014-05-28T08:22:35.614298-08:00" (1 row) COMMIT; select to_jsonb(date '2014-05-28'); to_jsonb -------------- "2014-05-28" (1 row) select to_jsonb(date 'Infinity'); to_jsonb ------------ "infinity" (1 row) select to_jsonb(date '-Infinity'); to_jsonb ------------- "-infinity" (1 row) select to_jsonb(timestamp 'Infinity'); to_jsonb ------------ "infinity" (1 row) select to_jsonb(timestamp '-Infinity'); to_jsonb ------------- "-infinity" (1 row) select to_jsonb(timestamptz 'Infinity'); to_jsonb ------------ "infinity" (1 row) select to_jsonb(timestamptz '-Infinity'); to_jsonb ------------- "-infinity" (1 row) --jsonb_agg CREATE TEMP TABLE rows AS SELECT x, 'txt' || x as y FROM generate_series(1,3) AS x; SELECT jsonb_agg(q) FROM ( SELECT $$a$$ || x AS b, y AS c, ARRAY[ROW(x.*,ARRAY[1,2,3]), ROW(y.*,ARRAY[4,5,6])] AS z FROM generate_series(1,2) x, generate_series(4,5) y) q; jsonb_agg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [{"b": "a1", "c": 4, "z": [{"f1": 1, "f2": [1, 2, 3]}, {"f1": 4, "f2": [4, 5, 6]}]}, {"b": "a1", "c": 5, "z": [{"f1": 1, "f2": [1, 2, 3]}, {"f1": 5, "f2": [4, 5, 6]}]}, {"b": "a2", "c": 4, "z": [{"f1": 2, "f2": [1, 2, 3]}, {"f1": 4, "f2": [4, 5, 6]}]}, {"b": "a2", "c": 5, "z": [{"f1": 2, "f2": [1, 2, 3]}, {"f1": 5, "f2": [4, 5, 6]}]}] (1 row) SELECT jsonb_agg(q ORDER BY x, y) FROM rows q; jsonb_agg ----------------------------------------------------------------------- [{"x": 1, "y": "txt1"}, {"x": 2, "y": "txt2"}, {"x": 3, "y": "txt3"}] (1 row) UPDATE rows SET x = NULL WHERE x = 1; SELECT jsonb_agg(q ORDER BY x NULLS FIRST, y) FROM rows q; jsonb_agg -------------------------------------------------------------------------- [{"x": null, "y": "txt1"}, {"x": 2, "y": "txt2"}, {"x": 3, "y": "txt3"}] (1 row) -- jsonb extraction functions CREATE TEMP TABLE test_jsonb ( json_type text, test_json jsonb ); INSERT INTO test_jsonb VALUES ('scalar','"a scalar"'), ('array','["zero", "one","two",null,"four","five", [1,2,3],{"f1":9}]'), ('object','{"field1":"val1","field2":"val2","field3":null, "field4": 4, "field5": [1,2,3], "field6": {"f1":9}}'); SELECT test_json -> 'x' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json -> 'x' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json -> 'x' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json -> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ---------- "val2" (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ---------- val2 (1 row) SELECT test_json -> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json -> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ?column? ---------- "two" (1 row) SELECT test_json -> 9 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json -> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 6 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ?column? ----------- [1, 2, 3] (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 7 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ?column? ----------- {"f1": 9} (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 'field4' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ---------- 4 (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 'field5' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ----------- [1, 2, 3] (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 'field6' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ----------- {"f1": 9} (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ?column? ---------- two (1 row) SELECT test_json ->> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT jsonb_object_keys(test_json) FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar'; ERROR: cannot call jsonb_object_keys on a scalar SELECT jsonb_object_keys(test_json) FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; ERROR: cannot call jsonb_object_keys on an array SELECT jsonb_object_keys(test_json) FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; jsonb_object_keys ------------------- field1 field2 field3 field4 field5 field6 (6 rows) -- nulls SELECT (test_json->'field3') IS NULL AS expect_false FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; expect_false -------------- f (1 row) SELECT (test_json->>'field3') IS NULL AS expect_true FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object'; expect_true ------------- t (1 row) SELECT (test_json->3) IS NULL AS expect_false FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; expect_false -------------- f (1 row) SELECT (test_json->>3) IS NULL AS expect_true FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array'; expect_true ------------- t (1 row) -- corner cases select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb -> null::text; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb -> null::int; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb -> 1; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb -> 'z'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb -> ''; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb -> 1; ?column? ------------- {"b": "cc"} (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb -> 3; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb -> 'z'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": "c", "b": null}'::jsonb -> 'b'; ?column? ---------- null (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb -> 1; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb -> 'z'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb ->> null::text; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb ->> null::int; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb ->> 1; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb ->> 'z'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb ->> ''; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb ->> 1; ?column? ------------- {"b": "cc"} (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb ->> 3; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb ->> 'z'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": "c", "b": null}'::jsonb ->> 'b'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb ->> 1; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb ->> 'z'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) -- equality and inequality SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb = '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb = '{"x":"z"}'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb <> '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb <> '{"x":"z"}'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) -- containment SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b"}'); jsonb_contains ---------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "c":null}'); jsonb_contains ---------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "g":null}'); jsonb_contains ---------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"g":null}'); jsonb_contains ---------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"c"}'); jsonb_contains ---------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b"}'); jsonb_contains ---------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "c":"q"}'); jsonb_contains ---------------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b"}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b", "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b", "g":null}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"g":null}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"c"}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b"}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b", "c":"q"}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '[1,2]'::jsonb @> '[1,2,2]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '[1,1,2]'::jsonb @> '[1,2,2]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '[[1,2]]'::jsonb @> '[[1,2,2]]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '[1,2,2]'::jsonb <@ '[1,2]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '[1,2,2]'::jsonb <@ '[1,1,2]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '[[1,2,2]]'::jsonb <@ '[[1,2]]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'); jsonb_contained ----------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b", "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'); jsonb_contained ----------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b", "g":null}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'); jsonb_contained ----------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contained('{"g":null}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'); jsonb_contained ----------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"c"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'); jsonb_contained ----------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'); jsonb_contained ----------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b", "c":"q"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'); jsonb_contained ----------------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "c":null}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "g":null}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"g":null}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"c"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b", "c":"q"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) -- Raw scalar may contain another raw scalar, array may contain a raw scalar SELECT '[5]'::jsonb @> '[5]'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '5'::jsonb @> '5'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '[5]'::jsonb @> '5'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) -- But a raw scalar cannot contain an array SELECT '5'::jsonb @> '[5]'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) -- In general, one thing should always contain itself. Test array containment: SELECT '["9", ["7", "3"], 1]'::jsonb @> '["9", ["7", "3"], 1]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '["9", ["7", "3"], ["1"]]'::jsonb @> '["9", ["7", "3"], ["1"]]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) -- array containment string matching confusion bug SELECT '{ "name": "Bob", "tags": [ "enim", "qui"]}'::jsonb @> '{"tags":["qu"]}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) -- array length SELECT jsonb_array_length('[1,2,3,{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]},4]'); jsonb_array_length -------------------- 5 (1 row) SELECT jsonb_array_length('[]'); jsonb_array_length -------------------- 0 (1 row) SELECT jsonb_array_length('{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]}'); ERROR: cannot get array length of a non-array SELECT jsonb_array_length('4'); ERROR: cannot get array length of a scalar -- each SELECT jsonb_each('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null}'); jsonb_each -------------------- (f1,"[1, 2, 3]") (f2,"{""f3"": 1}") (f4,null) (3 rows) SELECT jsonb_each('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q; q ------------------------------------------------------ (1,"""first""") (a,"{""1"": ""first"", ""b"": ""c"", ""c"": ""b""}") (b,"[1, 2]") (c,"""cc""") (n,null) (5 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_each('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null,"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}') q; key | value -----+----------- f1 | [1, 2, 3] f2 | {"f3": 1} f4 | null f5 | 99 f6 | "stringy" (5 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_each('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q; key | value -----+------------------------------------ 1 | "first" a | {"1": "first", "b": "c", "c": "b"} b | [1, 2] c | "cc" n | null (5 rows) SELECT jsonb_each_text('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null,"f5":"null"}'); jsonb_each_text -------------------- (f1,"[1, 2, 3]") (f2,"{""f3"": 1}") (f4,) (f5,null) (4 rows) SELECT jsonb_each_text('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q; q ------------------------------------------------------ (1,first) (a,"{""1"": ""first"", ""b"": ""c"", ""c"": ""b""}") (b,"[1, 2]") (c,cc) (n,) (5 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_each_text('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null,"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}') q; key | value -----+----------- f1 | [1, 2, 3] f2 | {"f3": 1} f4 | f5 | 99 f6 | stringy (5 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_each_text('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q; key | value -----+------------------------------------ 1 | first a | {"1": "first", "b": "c", "c": "b"} b | [1, 2] c | cc n | (5 rows) -- exists SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', 'a'); jsonb_exists -------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', 'b'); jsonb_exists -------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', 'c'); jsonb_exists -------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":"null", "b":"qq"}', 'a'); jsonb_exists -------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ? 'a'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ? 'b'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ? 'c'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":"null", "b":"qq"}' ? 'a'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) -- array exists - array elements should behave as keys SELECT count(*) from testjsonb WHERE j->'array' ? 'bar'; count ------- 3 (1 row) -- type sensitive array exists - should return no rows (since "exists" only -- matches strings that are either object keys or array elements) SELECT count(*) from testjsonb WHERE j->'array' ? '5'::text; count ------- 0 (1 row) -- However, a raw scalar is *contained* within the array SELECT count(*) from testjsonb WHERE j->'array' @> '5'::jsonb; count ------- 1 (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['a','b']); jsonb_exists_any ------------------ t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['b','a']); jsonb_exists_any ------------------ t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','a']); jsonb_exists_any ------------------ t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','d']); jsonb_exists_any ------------------ f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', '{}'::text[]); jsonb_exists_any ------------------ f (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['a','b']; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['b','a']; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['c','a']; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['c','d']; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| '{}'::text[]; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['a','b']); jsonb_exists_all ------------------ t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['b','a']); jsonb_exists_all ------------------ t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','a']); jsonb_exists_all ------------------ f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','d']); jsonb_exists_all ------------------ f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', '{}'::text[]); jsonb_exists_all ------------------ t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['a','b']; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['b','a']; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['c','a']; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['c','d']; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['a','a', 'b', 'b', 'b']; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& '{}'::text[]; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) -- typeof SELECT jsonb_typeof('{}') AS object; object -------- object (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('{"c":3,"p":"o"}') AS object; object -------- object (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('[]') AS array; array ------- array (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('["a", 1]') AS array; array ------- array (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('null') AS "null"; null ------ null (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('1') AS number; number -------- number (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('-1') AS number; number -------- number (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('1.0') AS number; number -------- number (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('1e2') AS number; number -------- number (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('-1.0') AS number; number -------- number (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('true') AS boolean; boolean --------- boolean (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('false') AS boolean; boolean --------- boolean (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('"hello"') AS string; string -------- string (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('"true"') AS string; string -------- string (1 row) SELECT jsonb_typeof('"1.0"') AS string; string -------- string (1 row) -- jsonb_build_array, jsonb_build_object, jsonb_object_agg SELECT jsonb_build_array('a',1,'b',1.2,'c',true,'d',null,'e',json '{"x": 3, "y": [1,2,3]}'); jsonb_build_array ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ["a", 1, "b", 1.2, "c", true, "d", null, "e", {"x": 3, "y": [1, 2, 3]}] (1 row) SELECT jsonb_build_object('a',1,'b',1.2,'c',true,'d',null,'e',json '{"x": 3, "y": [1,2,3]}'); jsonb_build_object ------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": 1.2, "c": true, "d": null, "e": {"x": 3, "y": [1, 2, 3]}} (1 row) SELECT jsonb_build_object( 'a', jsonb_build_object('b',false,'c',99), 'd', jsonb_build_object('e',array[9,8,7]::int[], 'f', (select row_to_json(r) from ( select relkind, oid::regclass as name from pg_class where relname = 'pg_class') r))); jsonb_build_object ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ {"a": {"b": false, "c": 99}, "d": {"e": [9, 8, 7], "f": {"name": "pg_class", "relkind": "r"}}} (1 row) -- empty objects/arrays SELECT jsonb_build_array(); jsonb_build_array ------------------- [] (1 row) SELECT jsonb_build_object(); jsonb_build_object -------------------- {} (1 row) -- make sure keys are quoted SELECT jsonb_build_object(1,2); jsonb_build_object -------------------- {"1": 2} (1 row) -- keys must be scalar and not null SELECT jsonb_build_object(null,2); ERROR: argument 1: key must not be null SELECT jsonb_build_object(r,2) FROM (SELECT 1 AS a, 2 AS b) r; ERROR: key value must be scalar, not array, composite, or json SELECT jsonb_build_object(json '{"a":1,"b":2}', 3); ERROR: key value must be scalar, not array, composite, or json SELECT jsonb_build_object('{1,2,3}'::int[], 3); ERROR: key value must be scalar, not array, composite, or json -- handling of NULL values SELECT jsonb_object_agg(1, NULL::jsonb); jsonb_object_agg ------------------ {"1": null} (1 row) SELECT jsonb_object_agg(NULL, '{"a":1}'); ERROR: field name must not be null CREATE TEMP TABLE foo (serial_num int, name text, type text); INSERT INTO foo VALUES (847001,'t15','GE1043'); INSERT INTO foo VALUES (847002,'t16','GE1043'); INSERT INTO foo VALUES (847003,'sub-alpha','GESS90'); SELECT jsonb_build_object('turbines',jsonb_object_agg(serial_num,jsonb_build_object('name',name,'type',type))) FROM foo; jsonb_build_object ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"turbines": {"847001": {"name": "t15", "type": "GE1043"}, "847002": {"name": "t16", "type": "GE1043"}, "847003": {"name": "sub-alpha", "type": "GESS90"}}} (1 row) SELECT jsonb_object_agg(name, type) FROM foo; jsonb_object_agg ----------------------------------------------------------- {"t15": "GE1043", "t16": "GE1043", "sub-alpha": "GESS90"} (1 row) INSERT INTO foo VALUES (999999, NULL, 'bar'); SELECT jsonb_object_agg(name, type) FROM foo; ERROR: field name must not be null -- jsonb_object -- empty object, one dimension SELECT jsonb_object('{}'); jsonb_object -------------- {} (1 row) -- empty object, two dimensions SELECT jsonb_object('{}', '{}'); jsonb_object -------------- {} (1 row) -- one dimension SELECT jsonb_object('{a,1,b,2,3,NULL,"d e f","a b c"}'); jsonb_object --------------------------------------------------- {"3": null, "a": "1", "b": "2", "d e f": "a b c"} (1 row) -- same but with two dimensions SELECT jsonb_object('{{a,1},{b,2},{3,NULL},{"d e f","a b c"}}'); jsonb_object --------------------------------------------------- {"3": null, "a": "1", "b": "2", "d e f": "a b c"} (1 row) -- odd number error SELECT jsonb_object('{a,b,c}'); ERROR: array must have even number of elements -- one column error SELECT jsonb_object('{{a},{b}}'); ERROR: array must have two columns -- too many columns error SELECT jsonb_object('{{a,b,c},{b,c,d}}'); ERROR: array must have two columns -- too many dimensions error SELECT jsonb_object('{{{a,b},{c,d}},{{b,c},{d,e}}}'); ERROR: wrong number of array subscripts --two argument form of jsonb_object select jsonb_object('{a,b,c,"d e f"}','{1,2,3,"a b c"}'); jsonb_object -------------------------------------------------- {"a": "1", "b": "2", "c": "3", "d e f": "a b c"} (1 row) -- too many dimensions SELECT jsonb_object('{{a,1},{b,2},{3,NULL},{"d e f","a b c"}}', '{{a,1},{b,2},{3,NULL},{"d e f","a b c"}}'); ERROR: wrong number of array subscripts -- mismatched dimensions select jsonb_object('{a,b,c,"d e f",g}','{1,2,3,"a b c"}'); ERROR: mismatched array dimensions select jsonb_object('{a,b,c,"d e f"}','{1,2,3,"a b c",g}'); ERROR: mismatched array dimensions -- null key error select jsonb_object('{a,b,NULL,"d e f"}','{1,2,3,"a b c"}'); ERROR: null value not allowed for object key -- empty key is allowed select jsonb_object('{a,b,"","d e f"}','{1,2,3,"a b c"}'); jsonb_object ------------------------------------------------- {"": "3", "a": "1", "b": "2", "d e f": "a b c"} (1 row) -- extract_path, extract_path_as_text SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f6'); jsonb_extract_path -------------------- "stringy" (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2'); jsonb_extract_path -------------------- {"f3": 1} (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',0::text); jsonb_extract_path -------------------- "f3" (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',1::text); jsonb_extract_path -------------------- 1 (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f6'); jsonb_extract_path_text ------------------------- stringy (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2'); jsonb_extract_path_text ------------------------- {"f3": 1} (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',0::text); jsonb_extract_path_text ------------------------- f3 (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',1::text); jsonb_extract_path_text ------------------------- 1 (1 row) -- extract_path nulls SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":null,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f5') IS NULL AS expect_false; expect_false -------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":null,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f5') IS NULL AS expect_true; expect_true ------------- t (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":[0,1,2,null]}','f4','3') IS NULL AS expect_false; expect_false -------------- f (1 row) SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":[0,1,2,null]}','f4','3') IS NULL AS expect_true; expect_true ------------- t (1 row) -- extract_path operators SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f4','f6']; ?column? ----------- "stringy" (1 row) SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f2']; ?column? ----------- {"f3": 1} (1 row) SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f2','0']; ?column? ---------- "f3" (1 row) SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f2','1']; ?column? ---------- 1 (1 row) SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f4','f6']; ?column? ---------- stringy (1 row) SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f2']; ?column? ----------- {"f3": 1} (1 row) SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f2','0']; ?column? ---------- f3 (1 row) SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f2','1']; ?column? ---------- 1 (1 row) -- corner cases for same select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> '{}'; ?column? ---------------------------- {"a": {"b": {"c": "foo"}}} (1 row) select '[1,2,3]'::jsonb #> '{}'; ?column? ----------- [1, 2, 3] (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb #> '{}'; ?column? ---------- "foo" (1 row) select '42'::jsonb #> '{}'; ?column? ---------- 42 (1 row) select 'null'::jsonb #> '{}'; ?column? ---------- null (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> array['a']; ?column? --------------------- {"b": {"c": "foo"}} (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> array['a', null]; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> array['a', '']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> array['a','b']; ?column? -------------- {"c": "foo"} (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> array['a','b','c']; ?column? ---------- "foo" (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> array['a','b','c','d']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #> array['a','z','c']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb #> array['a','1','b']; ?column? ---------- "cc" (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb #> array['a','z','b']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb #> array['1','b']; ?column? ---------- "cc" (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb #> array['z','b']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": null}]'::jsonb #> array['1','b']; ?column? ---------- null (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb #> array['z']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '42'::jsonb #> array['f2']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '42'::jsonb #> array['0']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> '{}'; ?column? ---------------------------- {"a": {"b": {"c": "foo"}}} (1 row) select '[1,2,3]'::jsonb #>> '{}'; ?column? ----------- [1, 2, 3] (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb #>> '{}'; ?column? ---------- foo (1 row) select '42'::jsonb #>> '{}'; ?column? ---------- 42 (1 row) select 'null'::jsonb #>> '{}'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> array['a']; ?column? --------------------- {"b": {"c": "foo"}} (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> array['a', null]; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> array['a', '']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> array['a','b']; ?column? -------------- {"c": "foo"} (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> array['a','b','c']; ?column? ---------- foo (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> array['a','b','c','d']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": {"b":{"c": "foo"}}}'::jsonb #>> array['a','z','c']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb #>> array['a','1','b']; ?column? ---------- cc (1 row) select '{"a": [{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]}'::jsonb #>> array['a','z','b']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb #>> array['1','b']; ?column? ---------- cc (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": "cc"}]'::jsonb #>> array['z','b']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '[{"b": "c"}, {"b": null}]'::jsonb #>> array['1','b']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '"foo"'::jsonb #>> array['z']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '42'::jsonb #>> array['f2']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) select '42'::jsonb #>> array['0']; ?column? ---------- (1 row) -- array_elements SELECT jsonb_array_elements('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false]'); jsonb_array_elements ---------------------------- 1 true [1, [2, 3]] null {"f1": 1, "f2": [7, 8, 9]} false (6 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_array_elements('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false]') q; value ---------------------------- 1 true [1, [2, 3]] null {"f1": 1, "f2": [7, 8, 9]} false (6 rows) SELECT jsonb_array_elements_text('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false,"stringy"]'); jsonb_array_elements_text ---------------------------- 1 true [1, [2, 3]] {"f1": 1, "f2": [7, 8, 9]} false stringy (7 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_array_elements_text('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false,"stringy"]') q; value ---------------------------- 1 true [1, [2, 3]] {"f1": 1, "f2": [7, 8, 9]} false stringy (7 rows) -- populate_record CREATE TYPE jbpop AS (a text, b int, c timestamp); SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(NULL::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q; a | b | c --------+---+--- blurfl | | (1 row) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q; a | b | c --------+---+-------------------------- blurfl | 3 | Mon Dec 31 15:30:56 2012 (1 row) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(NULL::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q; a | b | c --------+---+--- blurfl | | (1 row) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q; a | b | c --------+---+-------------------------- blurfl | 3 | Mon Dec 31 15:30:56 2012 (1 row) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(NULL::jbpop,'{"a":[100,200,false],"x":43.2}') q; a | b | c -------------------+---+--- [100, 200, false] | | (1 row) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"a":[100,200,false],"x":43.2}') q; a | b | c -------------------+---+-------------------------- [100, 200, false] | 3 | Mon Dec 31 15:30:56 2012 (1 row) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"c":[100,200,false],"x":43.2}') q; ERROR: invalid input syntax for type timestamp: "[100, 200, false]" -- populate_recordset SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(NULL::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c --------+---+-------------------------- blurfl | | | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c --------+----+-------------------------- blurfl | 99 | def | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(NULL::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c --------+---+-------------------------- blurfl | | | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c --------+----+-------------------------- blurfl | 99 | def | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":[100,200,300],"x":43.2},{"a":{"z":true},"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c -----------------+----+-------------------------- [100, 200, 300] | 99 | {"z": true} | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"c":[100,200,300],"x":43.2},{"a":{"z":true},"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; ERROR: invalid input syntax for type timestamp: "[100, 200, 300]" SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(NULL::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c --------+---+-------------------------- blurfl | | | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c --------+----+-------------------------- blurfl | 99 | def | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":[100,200,300],"x":43.2},{"a":{"z":true},"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q; a | b | c -----------------+----+-------------------------- [100, 200, 300] | 99 | {"z": true} | 3 | Fri Jan 20 10:42:53 2012 (2 rows) -- jsonb_to_record and jsonb_to_recordset select * from jsonb_to_record('{"a":1,"b":"foo","c":"bar"}') as x(a int, b text, d text); a | b | d ---+-----+--- 1 | foo | (1 row) select * from jsonb_to_recordset('[{"a":1,"b":"foo","d":false},{"a":2,"b":"bar","c":true}]') as x(a int, b text, c boolean); a | b | c ---+-----+--- 1 | foo | 2 | bar | t (2 rows) select *, c is null as c_is_null from jsonb_to_record('{"a":1, "b":{"c":16, "d":2}, "x":8}'::jsonb) as t(a int, b jsonb, c text, x int); a | b | c | x | c_is_null ---+-------------------+---+---+----------- 1 | {"c": 16, "d": 2} | | 8 | t (1 row) select *, c is null as c_is_null from jsonb_to_recordset('[{"a":1, "b":{"c":16, "d":2}, "x":8}]'::jsonb) as t(a int, b jsonb, c text, x int); a | b | c | x | c_is_null ---+-------------------+---+---+----------- 1 | {"c": 16, "d": 2} | | 8 | t (1 row) -- indexing SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":null}'; count ------- 1 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC"}'; count ------- 15 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC", "public":true}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25.0}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'public'; count ------- 194 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'bar'; count ------- 0 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?| ARRAY['public','disabled']; count ------- 337 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?& ARRAY['public','disabled']; count ------- 42 (1 row) CREATE INDEX jidx ON testjsonb USING gin (j); SET enable_seqscan = off; SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":null}'; count ------- 1 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC"}'; count ------- 15 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC", "public":true}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25.0}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"array":["foo"]}'; count ------- 3 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"array":["bar"]}'; count ------- 3 (1 row) -- exercise GIN_SEARCH_MODE_ALL SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{}'; count ------- 1012 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'public'; count ------- 194 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'bar'; count ------- 0 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?| ARRAY['public','disabled']; count ------- 337 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?& ARRAY['public','disabled']; count ------- 42 (1 row) -- array exists - array elements should behave as keys (for GIN index scans too) CREATE INDEX jidx_array ON testjsonb USING gin((j->'array')); SELECT count(*) from testjsonb WHERE j->'array' ? 'bar'; count ------- 3 (1 row) -- type sensitive array exists - should return no rows (since "exists" only -- matches strings that are either object keys or array elements) SELECT count(*) from testjsonb WHERE j->'array' ? '5'::text; count ------- 0 (1 row) -- However, a raw scalar is *contained* within the array SELECT count(*) from testjsonb WHERE j->'array' @> '5'::jsonb; count ------- 1 (1 row) RESET enable_seqscan; SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT (jsonb_each(j)).key FROM testjsonb) AS wow; count ------- 4791 (1 row) SELECT key, count(*) FROM (SELECT (jsonb_each(j)).key FROM testjsonb) AS wow GROUP BY key ORDER BY count DESC, key; key | count -----------+------- line | 884 query | 207 pos | 203 node | 202 space | 197 status | 195 public | 194 title | 190 wait | 190 org | 189 user | 189 coauthors | 188 disabled | 185 indexed | 184 cleaned | 180 bad | 179 date | 179 world | 176 state | 172 subtitle | 169 auth | 168 abstract | 161 array | 5 age | 2 foo | 2 fool | 1 (26 rows) -- sort/hash SELECT count(distinct j) FROM testjsonb; count ------- 894 (1 row) SET enable_hashagg = off; SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT j FROM (SELECT * FROM testjsonb UNION ALL SELECT * FROM testjsonb) js GROUP BY j) js2; count ------- 894 (1 row) SET enable_hashagg = on; SET enable_sort = off; SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT j FROM (SELECT * FROM testjsonb UNION ALL SELECT * FROM testjsonb) js GROUP BY j) js2; count ------- 894 (1 row) SELECT distinct * FROM (values (jsonb '{}' || ''::text),('{}')) v(j); j ---- {} (1 row) SET enable_sort = on; RESET enable_hashagg; RESET enable_sort; DROP INDEX jidx; DROP INDEX jidx_array; -- btree CREATE INDEX jidx ON testjsonb USING btree (j); SET enable_seqscan = off; SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j > '{"p":1}'; count ------- 884 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j = '{"pos":98, "line":371, "node":"CBA", "indexed":true}'; count ------- 1 (1 row) --gin path opclass DROP INDEX jidx; CREATE INDEX jidx ON testjsonb USING gin (j jsonb_path_ops); SET enable_seqscan = off; SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":null}'; count ------- 1 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC"}'; count ------- 15 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC", "public":true}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25.0}'; count ------- 2 (1 row) -- exercise GIN_SEARCH_MODE_ALL SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{}'; count ------- 1012 (1 row) RESET enable_seqscan; DROP INDEX jidx; -- nested tests SELECT '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16}}'::jsonb; jsonb ---------------------------- {"ff": {"a": 12, "b": 16}} (1 row) SELECT '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123}'::jsonb; jsonb --------------------------------------- {"ff": {"a": 12, "b": 16}, "qq": 123} (1 row) SELECT '{"aa":["a","aaa"],"qq":{"a":12,"b":16,"c":["c1","c2"],"d":{"d1":"d1","d2":"d2","d1":"d3"}}}'::jsonb; jsonb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"aa": ["a", "aaa"], "qq": {"a": 12, "b": 16, "c": ["c1", "c2"], "d": {"d1": "d3", "d2": "d2"}}} (1 row) SELECT '{"aa":["a","aaa"],"qq":{"a":"12","b":"16","c":["c1","c2"],"d":{"d1":"d1","d2":"d2"}}}'::jsonb; jsonb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ {"aa": ["a", "aaa"], "qq": {"a": "12", "b": "16", "c": ["c1", "c2"], "d": {"d1": "d1", "d2": "d2"}}} (1 row) SELECT '{"aa":["a","aaa"],"qq":{"a":"12","b":"16","c":["c1","c2",["c3"],{"c4":4}],"d":{"d1":"d1","d2":"d2"}}}'::jsonb; jsonb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"aa": ["a", "aaa"], "qq": {"a": "12", "b": "16", "c": ["c1", "c2", ["c3"], {"c4": 4}], "d": {"d1": "d1", "d2": "d2"}}} (1 row) SELECT '{"ff":["a","aaa"]}'::jsonb; jsonb ---------------------- {"ff": ["a", "aaa"]} (1 row) SELECT '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'ff', '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'qq', ('{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'Y') IS NULL AS f, ('{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb ->> 'Y') IS NULL AS t, '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'x'; ?column? | ?column? | f | t | ?column? --------------------+----------+---+---+---------- {"a": 12, "b": 16} | 123 | f | t | [1, 2] (1 row) -- nested containment SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[2,1],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":{"1":2},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":{"2":1},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":{"1":2},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":{"1":2}}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":{"2":1},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":{"1":2}}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '["a","b"]'::jsonb @> '["a","b","c","b"]'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c","b"]'::jsonb @> '["a","b"]'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2]]'::jsonb @> '["a",[1,2]]'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2]]'::jsonb @> '["b",[1,2]]'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1]}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[2]}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[3]}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"c":3}]}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"x":4}]}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"x":4},3]}'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"x":4},1]}'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) -- check some corner cases for indexed nested containment (bug #13756) create temp table nestjsonb (j jsonb); insert into nestjsonb (j) values ('{"a":[["b",{"x":1}],["b",{"x":2}]],"c":3}'); insert into nestjsonb (j) values ('[[14,2,3]]'); insert into nestjsonb (j) values ('[1,[14,2,3]]'); create index on nestjsonb using gin(j jsonb_path_ops); set enable_seqscan = on; set enable_bitmapscan = off; select * from nestjsonb where j @> '{"a":[[{"x":2}]]}'::jsonb; j --------------------------------------------------- {"a": [["b", {"x": 1}], ["b", {"x": 2}]], "c": 3} (1 row) select * from nestjsonb where j @> '{"c":3}'; j --------------------------------------------------- {"a": [["b", {"x": 1}], ["b", {"x": 2}]], "c": 3} (1 row) select * from nestjsonb where j @> '[[14]]'; j ----------------- [[14, 2, 3]] [1, [14, 2, 3]] (2 rows) set enable_seqscan = off; set enable_bitmapscan = on; select * from nestjsonb where j @> '{"a":[[{"x":2}]]}'::jsonb; j --------------------------------------------------- {"a": [["b", {"x": 1}], ["b", {"x": 2}]], "c": 3} (1 row) select * from nestjsonb where j @> '{"c":3}'; j --------------------------------------------------- {"a": [["b", {"x": 1}], ["b", {"x": 2}]], "c": 3} (1 row) select * from nestjsonb where j @> '[[14]]'; j ----------------- [[14, 2, 3]] [1, [14, 2, 3]] (2 rows) reset enable_seqscan; reset enable_bitmapscan; -- nested object field / array index lookup SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'n'; ?column? ---------- null (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'a'; ?column? ---------- 1 (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'b'; ?column? ---------- [1, 2] (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'c'; ?column? ---------- {"1": 2} (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'd'; ?column? --------------- {"1": [2, 3]} (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'd' -> '1'; ?column? ---------- [2, 3] (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'e'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 0; --expecting error ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 0; ?column? ---------- "a" (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 1; ?column? ---------- "b" (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 2; ?column? ---------- "c" (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 3; ?column? ---------- [1, 2] (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 3 -> 1; ?column? ---------- 2 (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 4; ?column? ---------- null (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 5; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> -1; ?column? ---------- null (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> -5; ?column? ---------- "a" (1 row) SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> -6; ?column? ---------- (1 row) --nested path extraction SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{0}'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{a}'; ?column? ---------- "b" (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c}'; ?column? ----------- [1, 2, 3] (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,0}'; ?column? ---------- 1 (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,1}'; ?column? ---------- 2 (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,2}'; ?column? ---------- 3 (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,3}'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,-1}'; ?column? ---------- 3 (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,-3}'; ?column? ---------- 1 (1 row) SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,-4}'; ?column? ---------- (1 row) SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{0}'; ?column? ---------- 0 (1 row) SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{3}'; ?column? ---------- [3, 4] (1 row) SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{4}'; ?column? --------------- {"5": "five"} (1 row) SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{4,5}'; ?column? ---------- "five" (1 row) --nested exists SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'n'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'a'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'b'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'c'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'd'; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'e'; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) -- jsonb_strip_nulls select jsonb_strip_nulls(null); jsonb_strip_nulls ------------------- (1 row) select jsonb_strip_nulls('1'); jsonb_strip_nulls ------------------- 1 (1 row) select jsonb_strip_nulls('"a string"'); jsonb_strip_nulls ------------------- "a string" (1 row) select jsonb_strip_nulls('null'); jsonb_strip_nulls ------------------- null (1 row) select jsonb_strip_nulls('[1,2,null,3,4]'); jsonb_strip_nulls -------------------- [1, 2, null, 3, 4] (1 row) select jsonb_strip_nulls('{"a":1,"b":null,"c":[2,null,3],"d":{"e":4,"f":null}}'); jsonb_strip_nulls -------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "c": [2, null, 3], "d": {"e": 4}} (1 row) select jsonb_strip_nulls('[1,{"a":1,"b":null,"c":2},3]'); jsonb_strip_nulls -------------------------- [1, {"a": 1, "c": 2}, 3] (1 row) -- an empty object is not null and should not be stripped select jsonb_strip_nulls('{"a": {"b": null, "c": null}, "d": {} }'); jsonb_strip_nulls -------------------- {"a": {}, "d": {}} (1 row) select jsonb_pretty('{"a": "test", "b": [1, 2, 3], "c": "test3", "d":{"dd": "test4", "dd2":{"ddd": "test5"}}}'); jsonb_pretty ---------------------------- { + "a": "test", + "b": [ + 1, + 2, + 3 + ], + "c": "test3", + "d": { + "dd": "test4", + "dd2": { + "ddd": "test5"+ } + } + } (1 row) select jsonb_pretty('[{"f1":1,"f2":null},2,null,[[{"x":true},6,7],8],3]'); jsonb_pretty --------------------------- [ + { + "f1": 1, + "f2": null + }, + 2, + null, + [ + [ + { + "x": true+ }, + 6, + 7 + ], + 8 + ], + 3 + ] (1 row) select jsonb_pretty('{"a":["b", "c"], "d": {"e":"f"}}'); jsonb_pretty ------------------ { + "a": [ + "b", + "c" + ], + "d": { + "e": "f"+ } + } (1 row) select jsonb_concat('{"d": "test", "a": [1, 2]}', '{"g": "test2", "c": {"c1":1, "c2":2}}'); jsonb_concat ------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": [1, 2], "c": {"c1": 1, "c2": 2}, "d": "test", "g": "test2"} (1 row) select '{"aa":1 , "b":2, "cq":3}'::jsonb || '{"cq":"l", "b":"g", "fg":false}'; ?column? --------------------------------------------- {"b": "g", "aa": 1, "cq": "l", "fg": false} (1 row) select '{"aa":1 , "b":2, "cq":3}'::jsonb || '{"aq":"l"}'; ?column? --------------------------------------- {"b": 2, "aa": 1, "aq": "l", "cq": 3} (1 row) select '{"aa":1 , "b":2, "cq":3}'::jsonb || '{"aa":"l"}'; ?column? ------------------------------ {"b": 2, "aa": "l", "cq": 3} (1 row) select '{"aa":1 , "b":2, "cq":3}'::jsonb || '{}'; ?column? ---------------------------- {"b": 2, "aa": 1, "cq": 3} (1 row) select '["a", "b"]'::jsonb || '["c"]'; ?column? ----------------- ["a", "b", "c"] (1 row) select '["a", "b"]'::jsonb || '["c", "d"]'; ?column? ---------------------- ["a", "b", "c", "d"] (1 row) select '["c"]' || '["a", "b"]'::jsonb; ?column? ----------------- ["c", "a", "b"] (1 row) select '["a", "b"]'::jsonb || '"c"'; ?column? ----------------- ["a", "b", "c"] (1 row) select '"c"' || '["a", "b"]'::jsonb; ?column? ----------------- ["c", "a", "b"] (1 row) select '[]'::jsonb || '["a"]'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- ["a"] (1 row) select '[]'::jsonb || '"a"'::jsonb; ?column? ---------- ["a"] (1 row) select '"b"'::jsonb || '"a"'::jsonb; ?column? ------------ ["b", "a"] (1 row) select '{}'::jsonb || '{"a":"b"}'::jsonb; ?column? ------------ {"a": "b"} (1 row) select '[]'::jsonb || '{"a":"b"}'::jsonb; ?column? -------------- [{"a": "b"}] (1 row) select '{"a":"b"}'::jsonb || '[]'::jsonb; ?column? -------------- [{"a": "b"}] (1 row) select '"a"'::jsonb || '{"a":1}'; ERROR: invalid concatenation of jsonb objects select '{"a":1}' || '"a"'::jsonb; ERROR: invalid concatenation of jsonb objects select '["a", "b"]'::jsonb || '{"c":1}'; ?column? ---------------------- ["a", "b", {"c": 1}] (1 row) select '{"c": 1}'::jsonb || '["a", "b"]'; ?column? ---------------------- [{"c": 1}, "a", "b"] (1 row) select '{}'::jsonb || '{"cq":"l", "b":"g", "fg":false}'; ?column? ------------------------------------ {"b": "g", "cq": "l", "fg": false} (1 row) select pg_column_size('{}'::jsonb || '{}'::jsonb) = pg_column_size('{}'::jsonb); ?column? ---------- t (1 row) select pg_column_size('{"aa":1}'::jsonb || '{"b":2}'::jsonb) = pg_column_size('{"aa":1, "b":2}'::jsonb); ?column? ---------- t (1 row) select pg_column_size('{"aa":1, "b":2}'::jsonb || '{}'::jsonb) = pg_column_size('{"aa":1, "b":2}'::jsonb); ?column? ---------- t (1 row) select pg_column_size('{}'::jsonb || '{"aa":1, "b":2}'::jsonb) = pg_column_size('{"aa":1, "b":2}'::jsonb); ?column? ---------- t (1 row) select jsonb_delete('{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb, 'a'); jsonb_delete ------------------ {"b": 2, "c": 3} (1 row) select jsonb_delete('{"a":null , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb, 'a'); jsonb_delete ------------------ {"b": 2, "c": 3} (1 row) select jsonb_delete('{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb, 'b'); jsonb_delete ------------------ {"a": 1, "c": 3} (1 row) select jsonb_delete('{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb, 'c'); jsonb_delete ------------------ {"a": 1, "b": 2} (1 row) select jsonb_delete('{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb, 'd'); jsonb_delete -------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3} (1 row) select '{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb - 'a'; ?column? ------------------ {"b": 2, "c": 3} (1 row) select '{"a":null , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb - 'a'; ?column? ------------------ {"b": 2, "c": 3} (1 row) select '{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb - 'b'; ?column? ------------------ {"a": 1, "c": 3} (1 row) select '{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb - 'c'; ?column? ------------------ {"a": 1, "b": 2} (1 row) select '{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb - 'd'; ?column? -------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3} (1 row) select pg_column_size('{"a":1 , "b":2, "c":3}'::jsonb - 'b') = pg_column_size('{"a":1, "b":2}'::jsonb); ?column? ---------- t (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - 3; ?column? ----------------- ["a", "b", "c"] (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - 2; ?column? ------------ ["a", "b"] (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - 1; ?column? ------------ ["a", "c"] (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - 0; ?column? ------------ ["b", "c"] (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - -1; ?column? ------------ ["a", "b"] (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - -2; ?column? ------------ ["a", "c"] (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - -3; ?column? ------------ ["b", "c"] (1 row) select '["a","b","c"]'::jsonb - -4; ?column? ----------------- ["a", "b", "c"] (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{n}', '[1,2,3]'); jsonb_set -------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": [1, 2, 3]} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{b,-1}', '[1,2,3]'); jsonb_set ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, [1, 2, 3]], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{d,1,0}', '[1,2,3]'); jsonb_set ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [[1, 2, 3], 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{d,NULL,0}', '[1,2,3]'); ERROR: path element at position 2 is null select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{n}', '{"1": 2}'); jsonb_set ------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": {"1": 2}} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{b,-1}', '{"1": 2}'); jsonb_set ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, {"1": 2}], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{d,1,0}', '{"1": 2}'); jsonb_set ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [{"1": 2}, 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{d,NULL,0}', '{"1": 2}'); ERROR: path element at position 2 is null select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{b,-1}', '"test"'); jsonb_set -------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, "test"], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb, '{b,-1}', '{"f": "test"}'); jsonb_set --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, {"f": "test"}], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select jsonb_delete_path('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}', '{n}'); jsonb_delete_path ---------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}} (1 row) select jsonb_delete_path('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}', '{b,-1}'); jsonb_delete_path ------------------------------------------------------------------ {"a": 1, "b": [1], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select jsonb_delete_path('{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}', '{d,1,0}'); jsonb_delete_path ------------------------------------------------------------------ {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select '{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb #- '{n}'; ?column? ---------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}} (1 row) select '{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb #- '{b,-1}'; ?column? ------------------------------------------------------------------ {"a": 1, "b": [1], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [2, 3]}, "n": null} (1 row) select '{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb #- '{b,-1e}'; -- invalid array subscript ERROR: path element at position 2 is not an integer: "-1e" select '{"n":null, "a":1, "b":[1,2], "c":{"1":2}, "d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb #- '{d,1,0}'; ?column? ------------------------------------------------------------------ {"a": 1, "b": [1, 2], "c": {"1": 2}, "d": {"1": [3]}, "n": null} (1 row) -- empty structure and error conditions for delete and replace select '"a"'::jsonb - 'a'; -- error ERROR: cannot delete from scalar select '{}'::jsonb - 'a'; ?column? ---------- {} (1 row) select '[]'::jsonb - 'a'; ?column? ---------- [] (1 row) select '"a"'::jsonb - 1; -- error ERROR: cannot delete from scalar select '{}'::jsonb - 1; -- error ERROR: cannot delete from object using integer index select '[]'::jsonb - 1; ?column? ---------- [] (1 row) select '"a"'::jsonb #- '{a}'; -- error ERROR: cannot delete path in scalar select '{}'::jsonb #- '{a}'; ?column? ---------- {} (1 row) select '[]'::jsonb #- '{a}'; ?column? ---------- [] (1 row) select jsonb_set('"a"','{a}','"b"'); --error ERROR: cannot set path in scalar select jsonb_set('{}','{a}','"b"', false); jsonb_set ----------- {} (1 row) select jsonb_set('[]','{1}','"b"', false); jsonb_set ----------- [] (1 row) -- jsonb_set adding instead of replacing -- prepend to array select jsonb_set('{"a":1,"b":[0,1,2],"c":{"d":4}}','{b,-33}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [{"foo": 123}, 0, 1, 2], "c": {"d": 4}} (1 row) -- append to array select jsonb_set('{"a":1,"b":[0,1,2],"c":{"d":4}}','{b,33}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [0, 1, 2, {"foo": 123}], "c": {"d": 4}} (1 row) -- check nesting levels addition select jsonb_set('{"a":1,"b":[4,5,[0,1,2],6,7],"c":{"d":4}}','{b,2,33}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set --------------------------------------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [4, 5, [0, 1, 2, {"foo": 123}], 6, 7], "c": {"d": 4}} (1 row) -- add new key select jsonb_set('{"a":1,"b":[0,1,2],"c":{"d":4}}','{c,e}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ------------------------------------------------------------ {"a": 1, "b": [0, 1, 2], "c": {"d": 4, "e": {"foo": 123}}} (1 row) -- adding doesn't do anything if elements before last aren't present select jsonb_set('{"a":1,"b":[0,1,2],"c":{"d":4}}','{x,-33}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ----------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [0, 1, 2], "c": {"d": 4}} (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"a":1,"b":[0,1,2],"c":{"d":4}}','{x,y}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ----------------------------------------- {"a": 1, "b": [0, 1, 2], "c": {"d": 4}} (1 row) -- add to empty object select jsonb_set('{}','{x}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set --------------------- {"x": {"foo": 123}} (1 row) --add to empty array select jsonb_set('[]','{0}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ---------------- [{"foo": 123}] (1 row) select jsonb_set('[]','{99}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ---------------- [{"foo": 123}] (1 row) select jsonb_set('[]','{-99}','{"foo":123}'); jsonb_set ---------------- [{"foo": 123}] (1 row) select jsonb_set('{"a": [1, 2, 3]}', '{a, non_integer}', '"new_value"'); ERROR: path element at position 2 is not an integer: "non_integer" select jsonb_set('{"a": {"b": [1, 2, 3]}}', '{a, b, non_integer}', '"new_value"'); ERROR: path element at position 3 is not an integer: "non_integer" select jsonb_set('{"a": {"b": [1, 2, 3]}}', '{a, b, NULL}', '"new_value"'); ERROR: path element at position 3 is null