/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * lmgr.c
 *	  POSTGRES lock manager code
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2022, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/storage/lmgr/lmgr.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/subtrans.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/catalog.h"
#include "commands/progress.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "storage/sinvaladt.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"


/*
 * Per-backend counter for generating speculative insertion tokens.
 *
 * This may wrap around, but that's OK as it's only used for the short
 * duration between inserting a tuple and checking that there are no (unique)
 * constraint violations.  It's theoretically possible that a backend sees a
 * tuple that was speculatively inserted by another backend, but before it has
 * started waiting on the token, the other backend completes its insertion,
 * and then performs 2^32 unrelated insertions.  And after all that, the
 * first backend finally calls SpeculativeInsertionLockAcquire(), with the
 * intention of waiting for the first insertion to complete, but ends up
 * waiting for the latest unrelated insertion instead.  Even then, nothing
 * particularly bad happens: in the worst case they deadlock, causing one of
 * the transactions to abort.
 */
static uint32 speculativeInsertionToken = 0;


/*
 * Struct to hold context info for transaction lock waits.
 *
 * 'oper' is the operation that needs to wait for the other transaction; 'rel'
 * and 'ctid' specify the address of the tuple being waited for.
 */
typedef struct XactLockTableWaitInfo
{
	XLTW_Oper	oper;
	Relation	rel;
	ItemPointer ctid;
} XactLockTableWaitInfo;

static void XactLockTableWaitErrorCb(void *arg);

/*
 * RelationInitLockInfo
 *		Initializes the lock information in a relation descriptor.
 *
 *		relcache.c must call this during creation of any reldesc.
 */
void
RelationInitLockInfo(Relation relation)
{
	Assert(RelationIsValid(relation));
	Assert(OidIsValid(RelationGetRelid(relation)));

	relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId = RelationGetRelid(relation);

	if (relation->rd_rel->relisshared)
		relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId = InvalidOid;
	else
		relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId = MyDatabaseId;
}

/*
 * SetLocktagRelationOid
 *		Set up a locktag for a relation, given only relation OID
 */
static inline void
SetLocktagRelationOid(LOCKTAG *tag, Oid relid)
{
	Oid			dbid;

	if (IsSharedRelation(relid))
		dbid = InvalidOid;
	else
		dbid = MyDatabaseId;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(*tag, dbid, relid);
}

/*
 *		LockRelationOid
 *
 * Lock a relation given only its OID.  This should generally be used
 * before attempting to open the relation's relcache entry.
 */
void
LockRelationOid(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;
	LOCALLOCK  *locallock;
	LockAcquireResult res;

	SetLocktagRelationOid(&tag, relid);

	res = LockAcquireExtended(&tag, lockmode, false, false, true, &locallock);

	/*
	 * Now that we have the lock, check for invalidation messages, so that we
	 * will update or flush any stale relcache entry before we try to use it.
	 * RangeVarGetRelid() specifically relies on us for this.  We can skip
	 * this in the not-uncommon case that we already had the same type of lock
	 * being requested, since then no one else could have modified the
	 * relcache entry in an undesirable way.  (In the case where our own xact
	 * modifies the rel, the relcache update happens via
	 * CommandCounterIncrement, not here.)
	 *
	 * However, in corner cases where code acts on tables (usually catalogs)
	 * recursively, we might get here while still processing invalidation
	 * messages in some outer execution of this function or a sibling.  The
	 * "cleared" status of the lock tells us whether we really are done
	 * absorbing relevant inval messages.
	 */
	if (res != LOCKACQUIRE_ALREADY_CLEAR)
	{
		AcceptInvalidationMessages();
		MarkLockClear(locallock);
	}
}

/*
 *		ConditionalLockRelationOid
 *
 * As above, but only lock if we can get the lock without blocking.
 * Returns true iff the lock was acquired.
 *
 * NOTE: we do not currently need conditional versions of all the
 * LockXXX routines in this file, but they could easily be added if needed.
 */
bool
ConditionalLockRelationOid(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;
	LOCALLOCK  *locallock;
	LockAcquireResult res;

	SetLocktagRelationOid(&tag, relid);

	res = LockAcquireExtended(&tag, lockmode, false, true, true, &locallock);

	if (res == LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL)
		return false;

	/*
	 * Now that we have the lock, check for invalidation messages; see notes
	 * in LockRelationOid.
	 */
	if (res != LOCKACQUIRE_ALREADY_CLEAR)
	{
		AcceptInvalidationMessages();
		MarkLockClear(locallock);
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 *		LockRelationId
 *
 * Lock, given a LockRelId.  Same as LockRelationOid but take LockRelId as an
 * input.
 */
void
LockRelationId(LockRelId *relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;
	LOCALLOCK  *locallock;
	LockAcquireResult res;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag, relid->dbId, relid->relId);

	res = LockAcquireExtended(&tag, lockmode, false, false, true, &locallock);

	/*
	 * Now that we have the lock, check for invalidation messages; see notes
	 * in LockRelationOid.
	 */
	if (res != LOCKACQUIRE_ALREADY_CLEAR)
	{
		AcceptInvalidationMessages();
		MarkLockClear(locallock);
	}
}

/*
 *		UnlockRelationId
 *
 * Unlock, given a LockRelId.  This is preferred over UnlockRelationOid
 * for speed reasons.
 */
void
UnlockRelationId(LockRelId *relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag, relid->dbId, relid->relId);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		UnlockRelationOid
 *
 * Unlock, given only a relation Oid.  Use UnlockRelationId if you can.
 */
void
UnlockRelationOid(Oid relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SetLocktagRelationOid(&tag, relid);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		LockRelation
 *
 * This is a convenience routine for acquiring an additional lock on an
 * already-open relation.  Never try to do "relation_open(foo, NoLock)"
 * and then lock with this.
 */
void
LockRelation(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;
	LOCALLOCK  *locallock;
	LockAcquireResult res;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	res = LockAcquireExtended(&tag, lockmode, false, false, true, &locallock);

	/*
	 * Now that we have the lock, check for invalidation messages; see notes
	 * in LockRelationOid.
	 */
	if (res != LOCKACQUIRE_ALREADY_CLEAR)
	{
		AcceptInvalidationMessages();
		MarkLockClear(locallock);
	}
}

/*
 *		ConditionalLockRelation
 *
 * This is a convenience routine for acquiring an additional lock on an
 * already-open relation.  Never try to do "relation_open(foo, NoLock)"
 * and then lock with this.
 */
bool
ConditionalLockRelation(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;
	LOCALLOCK  *locallock;
	LockAcquireResult res;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	res = LockAcquireExtended(&tag, lockmode, false, true, true, &locallock);

	if (res == LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL)
		return false;

	/*
	 * Now that we have the lock, check for invalidation messages; see notes
	 * in LockRelationOid.
	 */
	if (res != LOCKACQUIRE_ALREADY_CLEAR)
	{
		AcceptInvalidationMessages();
		MarkLockClear(locallock);
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 *		UnlockRelation
 *
 * This is a convenience routine for unlocking a relation without also
 * closing it.
 */
void
UnlockRelation(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		CheckRelationLockedByMe
 *
 * Returns true if current transaction holds a lock on 'relation' of mode
 * 'lockmode'.  If 'orstronger' is true, a stronger lockmode is also OK.
 * ("Stronger" is defined as "numerically higher", which is a bit
 * semantically dubious but is OK for the purposes we use this for.)
 */
bool
CheckRelationLockedByMe(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode, bool orstronger)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	if (LockHeldByMe(&tag, lockmode))
		return true;

	if (orstronger)
	{
		LOCKMODE	slockmode;

		for (slockmode = lockmode + 1;
			 slockmode <= MaxLockMode;
			 slockmode++)
		{
			if (LockHeldByMe(&tag, slockmode))
			{
#ifdef NOT_USED
				/* Sometimes this might be useful for debugging purposes */
				elog(WARNING, "lock mode %s substituted for %s on relation %s",
					 GetLockmodeName(tag.locktag_lockmethodid, slockmode),
					 GetLockmodeName(tag.locktag_lockmethodid, lockmode),
					 RelationGetRelationName(relation));
#endif
				return true;
			}
		}
	}

	return false;
}

/*
 *		LockHasWaitersRelation
 *
 * This is a function to check whether someone else is waiting for a
 * lock which we are currently holding.
 */
bool
LockHasWaitersRelation(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
						 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	return LockHasWaiters(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		LockRelationIdForSession
 *
 * This routine grabs a session-level lock on the target relation.  The
 * session lock persists across transaction boundaries.  It will be removed
 * when UnlockRelationIdForSession() is called, or if an ereport(ERROR) occurs,
 * or if the backend exits.
 *
 * Note that one should also grab a transaction-level lock on the rel
 * in any transaction that actually uses the rel, to ensure that the
 * relcache entry is up to date.
 */
void
LockRelationIdForSession(LockRelId *relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag, relid->dbId, relid->relId);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, true, false);
}

/*
 *		UnlockRelationIdForSession
 */
void
UnlockRelationIdForSession(LockRelId *relid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(tag, relid->dbId, relid->relId);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, true);
}

/*
 *		LockRelationForExtension
 *
 * This lock tag is used to interlock addition of pages to relations.
 * We need such locking because bufmgr/smgr definition of P_NEW is not
 * race-condition-proof.
 *
 * We assume the caller is already holding some type of regular lock on
 * the relation, so no AcceptInvalidationMessages call is needed here.
 */
void
LockRelationForExtension(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION_EXTEND(tag,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, false);
}

/*
 *		ConditionalLockRelationForExtension
 *
 * As above, but only lock if we can get the lock without blocking.
 * Returns true iff the lock was acquired.
 */
bool
ConditionalLockRelationForExtension(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION_EXTEND(tag,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	return (LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, true) != LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL);
}

/*
 *		RelationExtensionLockWaiterCount
 *
 * Count the number of processes waiting for the given relation extension lock.
 */
int
RelationExtensionLockWaiterCount(Relation relation)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION_EXTEND(tag,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	return LockWaiterCount(&tag);
}

/*
 *		UnlockRelationForExtension
 */
void
UnlockRelationForExtension(Relation relation, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION_EXTEND(tag,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
								relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		LockDatabaseFrozenIds
 *
 * This allows one backend per database to execute vac_update_datfrozenxid().
 */
void
LockDatabaseFrozenIds(LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_DATABASE_FROZEN_IDS(tag, MyDatabaseId);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, false);
}

/*
 *		LockPage
 *
 * Obtain a page-level lock.  This is currently used by some index access
 * methods to lock individual index pages.
 */
void
LockPage(Relation relation, BlockNumber blkno, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_PAGE(tag,
					 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
					 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId,
					 blkno);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, false);
}

/*
 *		ConditionalLockPage
 *
 * As above, but only lock if we can get the lock without blocking.
 * Returns true iff the lock was acquired.
 */
bool
ConditionalLockPage(Relation relation, BlockNumber blkno, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_PAGE(tag,
					 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
					 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId,
					 blkno);

	return (LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, true) != LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL);
}

/*
 *		UnlockPage
 */
void
UnlockPage(Relation relation, BlockNumber blkno, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_PAGE(tag,
					 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
					 relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId,
					 blkno);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		LockTuple
 *
 * Obtain a tuple-level lock.  This is used in a less-than-intuitive fashion
 * because we can't afford to keep a separate lock in shared memory for every
 * tuple.  See heap_lock_tuple before using this!
 */
void
LockTuple(Relation relation, ItemPointer tid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_TUPLE(tag,
					  relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
					  relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId,
					  ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(tid),
					  ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(tid));

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, false);
}

/*
 *		ConditionalLockTuple
 *
 * As above, but only lock if we can get the lock without blocking.
 * Returns true iff the lock was acquired.
 */
bool
ConditionalLockTuple(Relation relation, ItemPointer tid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_TUPLE(tag,
					  relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
					  relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId,
					  ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(tid),
					  ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(tid));

	return (LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, true) != LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL);
}

/*
 *		UnlockTuple
 */
void
UnlockTuple(Relation relation, ItemPointer tid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_TUPLE(tag,
					  relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.dbId,
					  relation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId.relId,
					  ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(tid),
					  ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(tid));

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		XactLockTableInsert
 *
 * Insert a lock showing that the given transaction ID is running ---
 * this is done when an XID is acquired by a transaction or subtransaction.
 * The lock can then be used to wait for the transaction to finish.
 */
void
XactLockTableInsert(TransactionId xid)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_TRANSACTION(tag, xid);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, ExclusiveLock, false, false);
}

/*
 *		XactLockTableDelete
 *
 * Delete the lock showing that the given transaction ID is running.
 * (This is never used for main transaction IDs; those locks are only
 * released implicitly at transaction end.  But we do use it for subtrans IDs.)
 */
void
XactLockTableDelete(TransactionId xid)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_TRANSACTION(tag, xid);

	LockRelease(&tag, ExclusiveLock, false);
}

/*
 *		XactLockTableWait
 *
 * Wait for the specified transaction to commit or abort.  If an operation
 * is specified, an error context callback is set up.  If 'oper' is passed as
 * None, no error context callback is set up.
 *
 * Note that this does the right thing for subtransactions: if we wait on a
 * subtransaction, we will exit as soon as it aborts or its top parent commits.
 * It takes some extra work to ensure this, because to save on shared memory
 * the XID lock of a subtransaction is released when it ends, whether
 * successfully or unsuccessfully.  So we have to check if it's "still running"
 * and if so wait for its parent.
 */
void
XactLockTableWait(TransactionId xid, Relation rel, ItemPointer ctid,
				  XLTW_Oper oper)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;
	XactLockTableWaitInfo info;
	ErrorContextCallback callback;
	bool		first = true;

	/*
	 * If an operation is specified, set up our verbose error context
	 * callback.
	 */
	if (oper != XLTW_None)
	{
		Assert(RelationIsValid(rel));
		Assert(ItemPointerIsValid(ctid));

		info.rel = rel;
		info.ctid = ctid;
		info.oper = oper;

		callback.callback = XactLockTableWaitErrorCb;
		callback.arg = &info;
		callback.previous = error_context_stack;
		error_context_stack = &callback;
	}

	for (;;)
	{
		Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));
		Assert(!TransactionIdEquals(xid, GetTopTransactionIdIfAny()));

		SET_LOCKTAG_TRANSACTION(tag, xid);

		(void) LockAcquire(&tag, ShareLock, false, false);

		LockRelease(&tag, ShareLock, false);

		if (!TransactionIdIsInProgress(xid))
			break;

		/*
		 * If the Xid belonged to a subtransaction, then the lock would have
		 * gone away as soon as it was finished; for correct tuple visibility,
		 * the right action is to wait on its parent transaction to go away.
		 * But instead of going levels up one by one, we can just wait for the
		 * topmost transaction to finish with the same end result, which also
		 * incurs less locktable traffic.
		 *
		 * Some uses of this function don't involve tuple visibility -- such
		 * as when building snapshots for logical decoding.  It is possible to
		 * see a transaction in ProcArray before it registers itself in the
		 * locktable.  The topmost transaction in that case is the same xid,
		 * so we try again after a short sleep.  (Don't sleep the first time
		 * through, to avoid slowing down the normal case.)
		 */
		if (!first)
			pg_usleep(1000L);
		first = false;
		xid = SubTransGetTopmostTransaction(xid);
	}

	if (oper != XLTW_None)
		error_context_stack = callback.previous;
}

/*
 *		ConditionalXactLockTableWait
 *
 * As above, but only lock if we can get the lock without blocking.
 * Returns true if the lock was acquired.
 */
bool
ConditionalXactLockTableWait(TransactionId xid)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;
	bool		first = true;

	for (;;)
	{
		Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));
		Assert(!TransactionIdEquals(xid, GetTopTransactionIdIfAny()));

		SET_LOCKTAG_TRANSACTION(tag, xid);

		if (LockAcquire(&tag, ShareLock, false, true) == LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL)
			return false;

		LockRelease(&tag, ShareLock, false);

		if (!TransactionIdIsInProgress(xid))
			break;

		/* See XactLockTableWait about this case */
		if (!first)
			pg_usleep(1000L);
		first = false;
		xid = SubTransGetTopmostTransaction(xid);
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 *		SpeculativeInsertionLockAcquire
 *
 * Insert a lock showing that the given transaction ID is inserting a tuple,
 * but hasn't yet decided whether it's going to keep it.  The lock can then be
 * used to wait for the decision to go ahead with the insertion, or aborting
 * it.
 *
 * The token is used to distinguish multiple insertions by the same
 * transaction.  It is returned to caller.
 */
uint32
SpeculativeInsertionLockAcquire(TransactionId xid)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	speculativeInsertionToken++;

	/*
	 * Check for wrap-around. Zero means no token is held, so don't use that.
	 */
	if (speculativeInsertionToken == 0)
		speculativeInsertionToken = 1;

	SET_LOCKTAG_SPECULATIVE_INSERTION(tag, xid, speculativeInsertionToken);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, ExclusiveLock, false, false);

	return speculativeInsertionToken;
}

/*
 *		SpeculativeInsertionLockRelease
 *
 * Delete the lock showing that the given transaction is speculatively
 * inserting a tuple.
 */
void
SpeculativeInsertionLockRelease(TransactionId xid)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_SPECULATIVE_INSERTION(tag, xid, speculativeInsertionToken);

	LockRelease(&tag, ExclusiveLock, false);
}

/*
 *		SpeculativeInsertionWait
 *
 * Wait for the specified transaction to finish or abort the insertion of a
 * tuple.
 */
void
SpeculativeInsertionWait(TransactionId xid, uint32 token)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_SPECULATIVE_INSERTION(tag, xid, token);

	Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));
	Assert(token != 0);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, ShareLock, false, false);
	LockRelease(&tag, ShareLock, false);
}

/*
 * XactLockTableWaitErrorCb
 *		Error context callback for transaction lock waits.
 */
static void
XactLockTableWaitErrorCb(void *arg)
{
	XactLockTableWaitInfo *info = (XactLockTableWaitInfo *) arg;

	/*
	 * We would like to print schema name too, but that would require a
	 * syscache lookup.
	 */
	if (info->oper != XLTW_None &&
		ItemPointerIsValid(info->ctid) && RelationIsValid(info->rel))
	{
		const char *cxt;

		switch (info->oper)
		{
			case XLTW_Update:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while updating tuple (%u,%u) in relation \"%s\"");
				break;
			case XLTW_Delete:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while deleting tuple (%u,%u) in relation \"%s\"");
				break;
			case XLTW_Lock:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while locking tuple (%u,%u) in relation \"%s\"");
				break;
			case XLTW_LockUpdated:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while locking updated version (%u,%u) of tuple in relation \"%s\"");
				break;
			case XLTW_InsertIndex:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while inserting index tuple (%u,%u) in relation \"%s\"");
				break;
			case XLTW_InsertIndexUnique:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while checking uniqueness of tuple (%u,%u) in relation \"%s\"");
				break;
			case XLTW_FetchUpdated:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while rechecking updated tuple (%u,%u) in relation \"%s\"");
				break;
			case XLTW_RecheckExclusionConstr:
				cxt = gettext_noop("while checking exclusion constraint on tuple (%u,%u) in relation \"%s\"");
				break;

			default:
				return;
		}

		errcontext(cxt,
				   ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(info->ctid),
				   ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(info->ctid),
				   RelationGetRelationName(info->rel));
	}
}

/*
 * WaitForLockersMultiple
 *		Wait until no transaction holds locks that conflict with the given
 *		locktags at the given lockmode.
 *
 * To do this, obtain the current list of lockers, and wait on their VXIDs
 * until they are finished.
 *
 * Note we don't try to acquire the locks on the given locktags, only the
 * VXIDs and XIDs of their lock holders; if somebody grabs a conflicting lock
 * on the objects after we obtained our initial list of lockers, we will not
 * wait for them.
 */
void
WaitForLockersMultiple(List *locktags, LOCKMODE lockmode, bool progress)
{
	List	   *holders = NIL;
	ListCell   *lc;
	int			total = 0;
	int			done = 0;

	/* Done if no locks to wait for */
	if (list_length(locktags) == 0)
		return;

	/* Collect the transactions we need to wait on */
	foreach(lc, locktags)
	{
		LOCKTAG    *locktag = lfirst(lc);
		int			count;

		holders = lappend(holders,
						  GetLockConflicts(locktag, lockmode,
										   progress ? &count : NULL));
		if (progress)
			total += count;
	}

	if (progress)
		pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_WAITFOR_TOTAL, total);

	/*
	 * Note: GetLockConflicts() never reports our own xid, hence we need not
	 * check for that.  Also, prepared xacts are reported and awaited.
	 */

	/* Finally wait for each such transaction to complete */
	foreach(lc, holders)
	{
		VirtualTransactionId *lockholders = lfirst(lc);

		while (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(*lockholders))
		{
			/* If requested, publish who we're going to wait for. */
			if (progress)
			{
				PGPROC	   *holder = BackendIdGetProc(lockholders->backendId);

				if (holder)
					pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_WAITFOR_CURRENT_PID,
												 holder->pid);
			}
			VirtualXactLock(*lockholders, true);
			lockholders++;

			if (progress)
				pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_WAITFOR_DONE, ++done);
		}
	}
	if (progress)
	{
		const int	index[] = {
			PROGRESS_WAITFOR_TOTAL,
			PROGRESS_WAITFOR_DONE,
			PROGRESS_WAITFOR_CURRENT_PID
		};
		const int64 values[] = {
			0, 0, 0
		};

		pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(3, index, values);
	}

	list_free_deep(holders);
}

/*
 * WaitForLockers
 *
 * Same as WaitForLockersMultiple, for a single lock tag.
 */
void
WaitForLockers(LOCKTAG heaplocktag, LOCKMODE lockmode, bool progress)
{
	List	   *l;

	l = list_make1(&heaplocktag);
	WaitForLockersMultiple(l, lockmode, progress);
	list_free(l);
}


/*
 *		LockDatabaseObject
 *
 * Obtain a lock on a general object of the current database.  Don't use
 * this for shared objects (such as tablespaces).  It's unwise to apply it
 * to relations, also, since a lock taken this way will NOT conflict with
 * locks taken via LockRelation and friends.
 */
void
LockDatabaseObject(Oid classid, Oid objid, uint16 objsubid,
				   LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_OBJECT(tag,
					   MyDatabaseId,
					   classid,
					   objid,
					   objsubid);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, false);

	/* Make sure syscaches are up-to-date with any changes we waited for */
	AcceptInvalidationMessages();
}

/*
 *		UnlockDatabaseObject
 */
void
UnlockDatabaseObject(Oid classid, Oid objid, uint16 objsubid,
					 LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_OBJECT(tag,
					   MyDatabaseId,
					   classid,
					   objid,
					   objsubid);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		LockSharedObject
 *
 * Obtain a lock on a shared-across-databases object.
 */
void
LockSharedObject(Oid classid, Oid objid, uint16 objsubid,
				 LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_OBJECT(tag,
					   InvalidOid,
					   classid,
					   objid,
					   objsubid);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, false, false);

	/* Make sure syscaches are up-to-date with any changes we waited for */
	AcceptInvalidationMessages();
}

/*
 *		UnlockSharedObject
 */
void
UnlockSharedObject(Oid classid, Oid objid, uint16 objsubid,
				   LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_OBJECT(tag,
					   InvalidOid,
					   classid,
					   objid,
					   objsubid);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, false);
}

/*
 *		LockSharedObjectForSession
 *
 * Obtain a session-level lock on a shared-across-databases object.
 * See LockRelationIdForSession for notes about session-level locks.
 */
void
LockSharedObjectForSession(Oid classid, Oid objid, uint16 objsubid,
						   LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_OBJECT(tag,
					   InvalidOid,
					   classid,
					   objid,
					   objsubid);

	(void) LockAcquire(&tag, lockmode, true, false);
}

/*
 *		UnlockSharedObjectForSession
 */
void
UnlockSharedObjectForSession(Oid classid, Oid objid, uint16 objsubid,
							 LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
	LOCKTAG		tag;

	SET_LOCKTAG_OBJECT(tag,
					   InvalidOid,
					   classid,
					   objid,
					   objsubid);

	LockRelease(&tag, lockmode, true);
}


/*
 * Append a description of a lockable object to buf.
 *
 * Ideally we would print names for the numeric values, but that requires
 * getting locks on system tables, which might cause problems since this is
 * typically used to report deadlock situations.
 */
void
DescribeLockTag(StringInfo buf, const LOCKTAG *tag)
{
	switch ((LockTagType) tag->locktag_type)
	{
		case LOCKTAG_RELATION:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("relation %u of database %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_RELATION_EXTEND:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("extension of relation %u of database %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_DATABASE_FROZEN_IDS:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("pg_database.datfrozenxid of database %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_PAGE:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("page %u of relation %u of database %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field3,
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_TUPLE:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("tuple (%u,%u) of relation %u of database %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field3,
							 tag->locktag_field4,
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_TRANSACTION:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("transaction %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_VIRTUALTRANSACTION:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("virtual transaction %d/%u"),
							 tag->locktag_field1,
							 tag->locktag_field2);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_SPECULATIVE_TOKEN:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("speculative token %u of transaction %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_OBJECT:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("object %u of class %u of database %u"),
							 tag->locktag_field3,
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field1);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_USERLOCK:
			/* reserved for old contrib code, now on pgfoundry */
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("user lock [%u,%u,%u]"),
							 tag->locktag_field1,
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field3);
			break;
		case LOCKTAG_ADVISORY:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("advisory lock [%u,%u,%u,%u]"),
							 tag->locktag_field1,
							 tag->locktag_field2,
							 tag->locktag_field3,
							 tag->locktag_field4);
			break;
		default:
			appendStringInfo(buf,
							 _("unrecognized locktag type %d"),
							 (int) tag->locktag_type);
			break;
	}
}

/*
 * GetLockNameFromTagType
 *
 *	Given locktag type, return the corresponding lock name.
 */
const char *
GetLockNameFromTagType(uint16 locktag_type)
{
	if (locktag_type > LOCKTAG_LAST_TYPE)
		return "???";
	return LockTagTypeNames[locktag_type];
}