-- -- JOIN -- Test JOIN clauses -- CREATE TABLE J1_TBL ( i integer, j integer, t text ); CREATE TABLE J2_TBL ( i integer, k integer ); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (1, 4, 'one'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (2, 3, 'two'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (3, 2, 'three'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (4, 1, 'four'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (5, 0, 'five'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (6, 6, 'six'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (7, 7, 'seven'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (8, 8, 'eight'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (0, NULL, 'zero'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL, 'null'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0, 'zero'); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (1, -1); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 2); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (3, -3); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 4); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (0, NULL); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0); -- -- CORRELATION NAMES -- Make sure that table/column aliases are supported -- before diving into more complex join syntax. -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL AS tx; xxx | i | j | t -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL tx; xxx | i | j | t -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL AS t1 (a, b, c); xxx | a | b | c -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c); xxx | a | b | c -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e); xxx | a | b | c | d | e -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 | | | null | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | | | null | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | | null | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | 2 | three | | | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | 0 | five | | | 6 | 6 | six | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | | zero | | | | | null | | | | 0 | zero | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", t1.a, t2.e FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e) WHERE t1.a = t2.d; xxx | a | e -----+---+---- | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | -3 | 5 | -5 | 5 | -5 (7 rows) -- -- CROSS JOIN -- Qualifications are not allowed on cross joins, -- which degenerate into a standard unqualified inner join. -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 | | | null | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | | | null | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | | null | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | 2 | three | | | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | 0 | five | | | 6 | 6 | six | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | | zero | | | | | null | | | | 0 | zero | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | 0 (99 rows) -- ambiguous column SELECT '' AS "xxx", i, k, t FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; ERROR: column reference "i" is ambiguous LINE 1: SELECT '' AS "xxx", i, k, t ^ -- resolve previous ambiguity by specifying the table name SELECT '' AS "xxx", t1.i, k, t FROM J1_TBL t1 CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2; xxx | i | k | t -----+---+----+------- | 1 | -1 | one | 2 | -1 | two | 3 | -1 | three | 4 | -1 | four | 5 | -1 | five | 6 | -1 | six | 7 | -1 | seven | 8 | -1 | eight | 0 | -1 | zero | | -1 | null | | -1 | zero | 1 | 2 | one | 2 | 2 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 2 | four | 5 | 2 | five | 6 | 2 | six | 7 | 2 | seven | 8 | 2 | eight | 0 | 2 | zero | | 2 | null | | 2 | zero | 1 | -3 | one | 2 | -3 | two | 3 | -3 | three | 4 | -3 | four | 5 | -3 | five | 6 | -3 | six | 7 | -3 | seven | 8 | -3 | eight | 0 | -3 | zero | | -3 | null | | -3 | zero | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | two | 3 | 4 | three | 4 | 4 | four | 5 | 4 | five | 6 | 4 | six | 7 | 4 | seven | 8 | 4 | eight | 0 | 4 | zero | | 4 | null | | 4 | zero | 1 | -5 | one | 2 | -5 | two | 3 | -5 | three | 4 | -5 | four | 5 | -5 | five | 6 | -5 | six | 7 | -5 | seven | 8 | -5 | eight | 0 | -5 | zero | | -5 | null | | -5 | zero | 1 | -5 | one | 2 | -5 | two | 3 | -5 | three | 4 | -5 | four | 5 | -5 | five | 6 | -5 | six | 7 | -5 | seven | 8 | -5 | eight | 0 | -5 | zero | | -5 | null | | -5 | zero | 1 | | one | 2 | | two | 3 | | three | 4 | | four | 5 | | five | 6 | | six | 7 | | seven | 8 | | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | | zero | 1 | | one | 2 | | two | 3 | | three | 4 | | four | 5 | | five | 6 | | six | 7 | | seven | 8 | | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | | zero | 1 | 0 | one | 2 | 0 | two | 3 | 0 | three | 4 | 0 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 0 | six | 7 | 0 | seven | 8 | 0 | eight | 0 | 0 | zero | | 0 | null | | 0 | zero (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", ii, tt, kk FROM (J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL) AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); xxx | ii | tt | kk -----+----+-------+---- | 1 | one | -1 | 2 | two | -1 | 3 | three | -1 | 4 | four | -1 | 5 | five | -1 | 6 | six | -1 | 7 | seven | -1 | 8 | eight | -1 | 0 | zero | -1 | | null | -1 | | zero | -1 | 1 | one | 2 | 2 | two | 2 | 3 | three | 2 | 4 | four | 2 | 5 | five | 2 | 6 | six | 2 | 7 | seven | 2 | 8 | eight | 2 | 0 | zero | 2 | | null | 2 | | zero | 2 | 1 | one | -3 | 2 | two | -3 | 3 | three | -3 | 4 | four | -3 | 5 | five | -3 | 6 | six | -3 | 7 | seven | -3 | 8 | eight | -3 | 0 | zero | -3 | | null | -3 | | zero | -3 | 1 | one | 4 | 2 | two | 4 | 3 | three | 4 | 4 | four | 4 | 5 | five | 4 | 6 | six | 4 | 7 | seven | 4 | 8 | eight | 4 | 0 | zero | 4 | | null | 4 | | zero | 4 | 1 | one | -5 | 2 | two | -5 | 3 | three | -5 | 4 | four | -5 | 5 | five | -5 | 6 | six | -5 | 7 | seven | -5 | 8 | eight | -5 | 0 | zero | -5 | | null | -5 | | zero | -5 | 1 | one | -5 | 2 | two | -5 | 3 | three | -5 | 4 | four | -5 | 5 | five | -5 | 6 | six | -5 | 7 | seven | -5 | 8 | eight | -5 | 0 | zero | -5 | | null | -5 | | zero | -5 | 1 | one | | 2 | two | | 3 | three | | 4 | four | | 5 | five | | 6 | six | | 7 | seven | | 8 | eight | | 0 | zero | | | null | | | zero | | 1 | one | | 2 | two | | 3 | three | | 4 | four | | 5 | five | | 6 | six | | 7 | seven | | 8 | eight | | 0 | zero | | | null | | | zero | | 1 | one | 0 | 2 | two | 0 | 3 | three | 0 | 4 | four | 0 | 5 | five | 0 | 6 | six | 0 | 7 | seven | 0 | 8 | eight | 0 | 0 | zero | 0 | | null | 0 | | zero | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", tx.ii, tx.jj, tx.kk FROM (J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, e)) AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); xxx | ii | jj | kk -----+----+----+---- | 1 | 4 | -1 | 2 | 3 | -1 | 3 | 2 | -1 | 4 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | -1 | 6 | 6 | -1 | 7 | 7 | -1 | 8 | 8 | -1 | 0 | | -1 | | | -1 | | 0 | -1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 0 | | 2 | | | 2 | | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | -3 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | -3 | 4 | 1 | -3 | 5 | 0 | -3 | 6 | 6 | -3 | 7 | 7 | -3 | 8 | 8 | -3 | 0 | | -3 | | | -3 | | 0 | -3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 0 | | 4 | | | 4 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | -5 | 2 | 3 | -5 | 3 | 2 | -5 | 4 | 1 | -5 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 6 | 6 | -5 | 7 | 7 | -5 | 8 | 8 | -5 | 0 | | -5 | | | -5 | | 0 | -5 | 1 | 4 | -5 | 2 | 3 | -5 | 3 | 2 | -5 | 4 | 1 | -5 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 6 | 6 | -5 | 7 | 7 | -5 | 8 | 8 | -5 | 0 | | -5 | | | -5 | | 0 | -5 | 1 | 4 | | 2 | 3 | | 3 | 2 | | 4 | 1 | | 5 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | | 7 | 7 | | 8 | 8 | | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | | 2 | 3 | | 3 | 2 | | 4 | 1 | | 5 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | | 7 | 7 | | 8 | 8 | | 0 | | | | | | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | | 0 | | 0 | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL a CROSS JOIN J2_TBL b; xxx | i | j | t | i | k | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+----+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 0 | | | | null | 1 | -1 | | | | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 0 | | | | null | 2 | 2 | | | | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 0 | | 1 | 4 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five | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | 0 | | | null | 0 | | 1 | -1 | | | null | 0 | | 2 | 2 | | | null | 0 | | 3 | -3 | | | null | 0 | | 2 | 4 | | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | 0 | | | | null | 0 | | | | | | null | 0 | | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | | | 1 | 4 | one | | | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | | | | 2 | 3 | two | | | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | | | | 3 | 2 | three | | | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | | | | 4 | 1 | four | | | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | | | | 5 | 0 | five | | | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | | | | 6 | 6 | six | | | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | | | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | | | | 0 | | zero | | | | 0 | | | null | | | 1 | -1 | | | null | | | 2 | 2 | | | null | | | 3 | -3 | | | null | | | 2 | 4 | | | null | | | 5 | -5 | | | null | | | 5 | -5 | | | null | | | 0 | | | | null | | | | | | | null | | | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | | | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | | | | | 0 | zero | | | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | 0 | | | null | | 0 | 1 | -1 | | | null | | 0 | 2 | 2 | | | null | | 0 | 3 | -3 | | | null | | 0 | 2 | 4 | | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | | null | | 0 | 0 | | | | null | | 0 | | | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | 0 | | | | 0 | zero | | 0 | | 0 (891 rows) -- -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) -- -- -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) with USING clause -- The USING syntax changes the shape of the resulting table -- by including a column in the USING clause only once in the result. -- -- Inner equi-join on specified column SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL INNER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) -- Same as above, slightly different syntax SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d) USING (a) ORDER BY a, d; xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, b) USING (b) ORDER BY b, t1.a; xxx | b | a | c | a -----+---+---+-------+--- | 0 | 5 | five | | 0 | | zero | | 2 | 3 | three | 2 | 4 | 1 | one | 2 (4 rows) -- -- NATURAL JOIN -- Inner equi-join on all columns with the same name -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d); xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, a); xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+------+--- | 0 | | zero | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 (3 rows) -- mismatch number of columns -- currently, Postgres will fill in with underlying names SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a); xxx | a | b | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.i); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.k); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+------+---+--- | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 (3 rows) -- -- Non-equi-joins -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i <= J2_TBL.k); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+--- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | 0 (9 rows) -- -- Outer joins -- Note that OUTER is a noise word -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | null | | | 0 | zero | (13 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | null | | | 0 | zero | (13 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL RIGHT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | | | | | | | | 0 (9 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL RIGHT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | | | | | | | | 0 (9 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL FULL OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | | 0 | | | null | | | 0 | zero | | | | | (15 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL FULL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, k, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | | 0 | | | null | | | 0 | zero | | | | | (15 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (k = 1); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+---+--- (0 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (i = 1); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-----+---- | 1 | 4 | one | -1 (1 row) -- -- More complicated constructs -- -- -- Multiway full join -- CREATE TABLE t1 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); CREATE TABLE t2 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); CREATE TABLE t3 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ( 'bb', 11 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'bb', 12 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'cc', 22 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'ee', 42 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'bb', 13 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'cc', 23 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'dd', 33 ); SELECT * FROM t1 FULL JOIN t2 USING (name) FULL JOIN t3 USING (name); name | n | n | n ------+----+----+---- bb | 11 | 12 | 13 cc | | 22 | 23 dd | | | 33 ee | | 42 | (4 rows) -- -- Test interactions of join syntax and subqueries -- -- Basic cases (we expect planner to pull up the subquery here) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 INNER JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- bb | 12 | 13 cc | 22 | 23 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- bb | 12 | 13 cc | 22 | 23 ee | 42 | (3 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- bb | 12 | 13 cc | 22 | 23 dd | | 33 ee | 42 | (4 rows) -- Cases with non-nullable expressions in subquery results; -- make sure these go to null as expected SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL LEFT JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 ee | 42 | 2 | | (3 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 dd | | | 33 | 3 ee | 42 | 2 | | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 cc | | | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 dd | | | | | 33 | 3 ee | | | 42 | 2 | | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 ) ss2; name | s1_n | s2_n | s3_n ------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 12 | 13 cc | | 22 | 23 dd | | | 33 ee | | 42 | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 ) ss2; name | s1_n | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n ------+------+------+------+------ bb | 11 | 12 | 2 | 13 cc | | 22 | 2 | 23 dd | | | | 33 ee | | 42 | 2 | (4 rows) -- Test for propagation of nullability constraints into sub-joins create temp table x (x1 int, x2 int); insert into x values (1,11); insert into x values (2,22); insert into x values (3,null); insert into x values (4,44); insert into x values (5,null); create temp table y (y1 int, y2 int); insert into y values (1,111); insert into y values (2,222); insert into y values (3,333); insert into y values (4,null); select * from x; x1 | x2 ----+---- 1 | 11 2 | 22 3 | 4 | 44 5 | (5 rows) select * from y; y1 | y2 ----+----- 1 | 111 2 | 222 3 | 333 4 | (4 rows) select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 ----+----+----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 3 | | | 4 | 44 | 4 | 5 | | | (5 rows) select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 ----+----+----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 3 | | 3 | 333 4 | 44 | | 5 | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | 5 | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | 4 | 44 | 4 | | | 5 | | | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and xx2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | | (5 rows) -- these should NOT give the same answers as above select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 (3 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | (3 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (xx2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 (3 rows) -- -- regression test: check for bug with propagation of implied equality -- to outside an IN -- select count(*) from tenk1 a where unique1 in (select unique1 from tenk1 b join tenk1 c using (unique1) where b.unique2 = 42); count ------- 1 (1 row) -- -- regression test: check for failure to generate a plan with multiple -- degenerate IN clauses -- select count(*) from tenk1 x where x.unique1 in (select a.f1 from int4_tbl a,float8_tbl b where a.f1=b.f1) and x.unique1 = 0 and x.unique1 in (select aa.f1 from int4_tbl aa,float8_tbl bb where aa.f1=bb.f1); count ------- 1 (1 row) -- try that with GEQO too begin; set geqo = on; set geqo_threshold = 2; select count(*) from tenk1 x where x.unique1 in (select a.f1 from int4_tbl a,float8_tbl b where a.f1=b.f1) and x.unique1 = 0 and x.unique1 in (select aa.f1 from int4_tbl aa,float8_tbl bb where aa.f1=bb.f1); count ------- 1 (1 row) rollback; -- -- Clean up -- DROP TABLE t1; DROP TABLE t2; DROP TABLE t3; DROP TABLE J1_TBL; DROP TABLE J2_TBL; -- Both DELETE and UPDATE allow the specification of additional tables -- to "join" against to determine which rows should be modified. CREATE TEMP TABLE t1 (a int, b int); CREATE TEMP TABLE t2 (a int, b int); CREATE TEMP TABLE t3 (x int, y int); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (5, 10); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (15, 20); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (100, 100); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (200, 1000); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (200, 2000); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (5, 20); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (6, 7); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (7, 8); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (500, 100); DELETE FROM t3 USING t1 table1 WHERE t3.x = table1.a; SELECT * FROM t3; x | y -----+----- 6 | 7 7 | 8 500 | 100 (3 rows) DELETE FROM t3 USING t1 JOIN t2 USING (a) WHERE t3.x > t1.a; SELECT * FROM t3; x | y ---+--- 6 | 7 7 | 8 (2 rows) DELETE FROM t3 USING t3 t3_other WHERE t3.x = t3_other.x AND t3.y = t3_other.y; SELECT * FROM t3; x | y ---+--- (0 rows) -- Test join against inheritance tree create temp table t2a () inherits (t2); insert into t2a values (200, 2001); select * from t1 left join t2 on (t1.a = t2.a); a | b | a | b -----+------+-----+------ 5 | 10 | | 15 | 20 | | 100 | 100 | | 200 | 1000 | 200 | 2000 200 | 1000 | 200 | 2001 (5 rows) -- -- regression test for 8.1 merge right join bug -- CREATE TEMP TABLE tt1 ( tt1_id int4, joincol int4 ); INSERT INTO tt1 VALUES (1, 11); INSERT INTO tt1 VALUES (2, NULL); CREATE TEMP TABLE tt2 ( tt2_id int4, joincol int4 ); INSERT INTO tt2 VALUES (21, 11); INSERT INTO tt2 VALUES (22, 11); set enable_hashjoin to off; set enable_nestloop to off; -- these should give the same results select tt1.*, tt2.* from tt1 left join tt2 on tt1.joincol = tt2.joincol; tt1_id | joincol | tt2_id | joincol --------+---------+--------+--------- 1 | 11 | 21 | 11 1 | 11 | 22 | 11 2 | | | (3 rows) select tt1.*, tt2.* from tt2 right join tt1 on tt1.joincol = tt2.joincol; tt1_id | joincol | tt2_id | joincol --------+---------+--------+--------- 1 | 11 | 21 | 11 1 | 11 | 22 | 11 2 | | | (3 rows) reset enable_hashjoin; reset enable_nestloop; -- -- regression test for 8.2 bug with improper re-ordering of left joins -- create temp table tt3(f1 int, f2 text); insert into tt3 select x, repeat('xyzzy', 100) from generate_series(1,10000) x; create index tt3i on tt3(f1); analyze tt3; create temp table tt4(f1 int); insert into tt4 values (0),(1),(9999); analyze tt4; SELECT a.f1 FROM tt4 a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT b.f1 FROM tt3 b LEFT JOIN tt3 c ON (b.f1 = c.f1) WHERE c.f1 IS NULL ) AS d ON (a.f1 = d.f1) WHERE d.f1 IS NULL; f1 ------ 0 1 9999 (3 rows) -- -- regression test for problems of the sort depicted in bug #3494 -- create temp table tt5(f1 int, f2 int); create temp table tt6(f1 int, f2 int); insert into tt5 values(1, 10); insert into tt5 values(1, 11); insert into tt6 values(1, 9); insert into tt6 values(1, 2); insert into tt6 values(2, 9); select * from tt5,tt6 where tt5.f1 = tt6.f1 and tt5.f1 = tt5.f2 - tt6.f2; f1 | f2 | f1 | f2 ----+----+----+---- 1 | 10 | 1 | 9 (1 row) -- -- regression test for problems of the sort depicted in bug #3588 -- create temp table xx (pkxx int); create temp table yy (pkyy int, pkxx int); insert into xx values (1); insert into xx values (2); insert into xx values (3); insert into yy values (101, 1); insert into yy values (201, 2); insert into yy values (301, NULL); select yy.pkyy as yy_pkyy, yy.pkxx as yy_pkxx, yya.pkyy as yya_pkyy, xxa.pkxx as xxa_pkxx, xxb.pkxx as xxb_pkxx from yy left join (SELECT * FROM yy where pkyy = 101) as yya ON yy.pkyy = yya.pkyy left join xx xxa on yya.pkxx = xxa.pkxx left join xx xxb on coalesce (xxa.pkxx, 1) = xxb.pkxx; yy_pkyy | yy_pkxx | yya_pkyy | xxa_pkxx | xxb_pkxx ---------+---------+----------+----------+---------- 101 | 1 | 101 | 1 | 1 201 | 2 | | | 1 301 | | | | 1 (3 rows) -- -- regression test for improper pushing of constants across outer-join clauses -- (as seen in early 8.2.x releases) -- create temp table zt1 (f1 int primary key); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "zt1_pkey" for table "zt1" create temp table zt2 (f2 int primary key); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "zt2_pkey" for table "zt2" create temp table zt3 (f3 int primary key); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "zt3_pkey" for table "zt3" insert into zt1 values(53); insert into zt2 values(53); select * from zt2 left join zt3 on (f2 = f3) left join zt1 on (f3 = f1) where f2 = 53; f2 | f3 | f1 ----+----+---- 53 | | (1 row) create temp view zv1 as select *,'dummy'::text AS junk from zt1; select * from zt2 left join zt3 on (f2 = f3) left join zv1 on (f3 = f1) where f2 = 53; f2 | f3 | f1 | junk ----+----+----+------ 53 | | | (1 row) -- -- regression test for improper extraction of OR indexqual conditions -- (as seen in early 8.3.x releases) -- select a.unique2, a.ten, b.tenthous, b.unique2, b.hundred from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b on a.unique2 = b.tenthous where a.unique1 = 42 and ((b.unique2 is null and a.ten = 2) or b.hundred = 3); unique2 | ten | tenthous | unique2 | hundred ---------+-----+----------+---------+--------- (0 rows) -- -- test proper positioning of one-time quals in EXISTS (8.4devel bug) -- prepare foo(bool) as select count(*) from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b on (a.unique2 = b.unique1 and exists (select 1 from tenk1 c where c.thousand = b.unique2 and $1)); execute foo(true); count ------- 10000 (1 row) execute foo(false); count ------- 10000 (1 row) -- -- test for sane behavior with noncanonical merge clauses, per bug #4926 -- begin; set enable_mergejoin = 1; set enable_hashjoin = 0; set enable_nestloop = 0; create temp table a (i integer); create temp table b (x integer, y integer); select * from a left join b on i = x and i = y and x = i; i | x | y ---+---+--- (0 rows) rollback; -- -- test NULL behavior of whole-row Vars, per bug #5025 -- select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join int8_tbl t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join (select * from int8_tbl) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join (select * from int8_tbl offset 0) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) select t1.q2, count(t2.*) from int8_tbl t1 left join (select q1, case when q2=1 then 1 else q2 end as q2 from int8_tbl) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) group by t1.q2 order by 1; q2 | count -------------------+------- -4567890123456789 | 0 123 | 2 456 | 0 4567890123456789 | 6 (4 rows) -- -- test incorrect failure to NULL pulled-up subexpressions -- begin; create temp table a ( code char not null, constraint a_pk primary key (code) ); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "a_pk" for table "a" create temp table b ( a char not null, num integer not null, constraint b_pk primary key (a, num) ); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "b_pk" for table "b" create temp table c ( name char not null, a char, constraint c_pk primary key (name) ); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "c_pk" for table "c" insert into a (code) values ('p'); insert into a (code) values ('q'); insert into b (a, num) values ('p', 1); insert into b (a, num) values ('p', 2); insert into c (name, a) values ('A', 'p'); insert into c (name, a) values ('B', 'q'); insert into c (name, a) values ('C', null); select c.name, ss.code, ss.b_cnt, ss.const from c left join (select a.code, coalesce(b_grp.cnt, 0) as b_cnt, -1 as const from a left join (select count(1) as cnt, b.a from b group by b.a) as b_grp on a.code = b_grp.a ) as ss on (c.a = ss.code) order by c.name; name | code | b_cnt | const ------+------+-------+------- A | p | 2 | -1 B | q | 0 | -1 C | | | (3 rows) rollback; -- -- test the corner cases FULL JOIN ON TRUE and FULL JOIN ON FALSE -- select * from int4_tbl a full join int4_tbl b on true; f1 | f1 -------------+------------- 0 | 0 0 | 123456 0 | -123456 0 | 2147483647 0 | -2147483647 123456 | 0 123456 | 123456 123456 | -123456 123456 | 2147483647 123456 | -2147483647 -123456 | 0 -123456 | 123456 -123456 | -123456 -123456 | 2147483647 -123456 | -2147483647 2147483647 | 0 2147483647 | 123456 2147483647 | -123456 2147483647 | 2147483647 2147483647 | -2147483647 -2147483647 | 0 -2147483647 | 123456 -2147483647 | -123456 -2147483647 | 2147483647 -2147483647 | -2147483647 (25 rows) select * from int4_tbl a full join int4_tbl b on false; f1 | f1 -------------+------------- | 0 | 123456 | -123456 | 2147483647 | -2147483647 0 | 123456 | -123456 | 2147483647 | -2147483647 | (10 rows) -- -- test join removal -- begin; CREATE TEMP TABLE a (id int PRIMARY KEY, b_id int); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "a_pkey" for table "a" CREATE TEMP TABLE b (id int PRIMARY KEY, c_id int); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "b_pkey" for table "b" CREATE TEMP TABLE c (id int PRIMARY KEY); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "c_pkey" for table "c" INSERT INTO a VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); INSERT INTO b VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); INSERT INTO c VALUES (0), (1); -- all three cases should be optimizable into a simple seqscan explain (costs off) SELECT a.* FROM a LEFT JOIN b ON a.b_id = b.id; QUERY PLAN --------------- Seq Scan on a (1 row) explain (costs off) SELECT b.* FROM b LEFT JOIN c ON b.c_id = c.id; QUERY PLAN --------------- Seq Scan on b (1 row) explain (costs off) SELECT a.* FROM a LEFT JOIN (b left join c on b.c_id = c.id) ON (a.b_id = b.id); QUERY PLAN --------------- Seq Scan on a (1 row) -- check optimization of outer join within another special join explain (costs off) select id from a where id in ( select b.id from b left join c on b.id = c.id ); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------- Hash Semi Join Hash Cond: (a.id = b.id) -> Seq Scan on a -> Hash -> Seq Scan on b (5 rows) rollback; create temp table parent (k int primary key, pd int); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "parent_pkey" for table "parent" create temp table child (k int unique, cd int); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index "child_k_key" for table "child" insert into parent values (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30); insert into child values (1, 100), (4, 400); -- this case is optimizable select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k); k | pd ---+---- 1 | 10 2 | 20 3 | 30 (3 rows) explain (costs off) select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k); QUERY PLAN ---------------------- Seq Scan on parent p (1 row) -- this case is not select p.*, linked from parent p left join (select c.*, true as linked from child c) as ss on (p.k = ss.k); k | pd | linked ---+----+-------- 1 | 10 | t 2 | 20 | 3 | 30 | (3 rows) explain (costs off) select p.*, linked from parent p left join (select c.*, true as linked from child c) as ss on (p.k = ss.k); QUERY PLAN --------------------------------- Hash Left Join Hash Cond: (p.k = c.k) -> Seq Scan on parent p -> Hash -> Seq Scan on child c (5 rows) -- check for a 9.0rc1 bug: join removal breaks pseudoconstant qual handling select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k) where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; k | pd ---+---- (0 rows) explain (costs off) select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k) where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------ Result One-Time Filter: false -> Index Scan using parent_pkey on parent p Index Cond: (k = 1) (4 rows) select p.* from (parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k)) join parent x on p.k = x.k where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; k | pd ---+---- (0 rows) explain (costs off) select p.* from (parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k)) join parent x on p.k = x.k where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; QUERY PLAN -------------------------- Result One-Time Filter: false (2 rows) -- bug 5255: this is not optimizable by join removal begin; CREATE TEMP TABLE a (id int PRIMARY KEY); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "a_pkey" for table "a" CREATE TEMP TABLE b (id int PRIMARY KEY, a_id int); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "b_pkey" for table "b" INSERT INTO a VALUES (0), (1); INSERT INTO b VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); SELECT * FROM b LEFT JOIN a ON (b.a_id = a.id) WHERE (a.id IS NULL OR a.id > 0); id | a_id | id ----+------+---- 1 | | (1 row) SELECT b.* FROM b LEFT JOIN a ON (b.a_id = a.id) WHERE (a.id IS NULL OR a.id > 0); id | a_id ----+------ 1 | (1 row) rollback; -- another join removal bug: this is not optimizable, either begin; create temp table innertab (id int8 primary key, dat1 int8); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "innertab_pkey" for table "innertab" insert into innertab values(123, 42); SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 AS x) ss1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT q1, q2, COALESCE(dat1, q1) AS y FROM int8_tbl LEFT JOIN innertab ON q2 = id) ss2 ON true; x | q1 | q2 | y ---+------------------+-------------------+------------------ 1 | 123 | 456 | 123 1 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 1 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 42 1 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 1 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 (5 rows) rollback;