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David Rowley 29f6a959cf Introduce a bump memory allocator
This introduces a bump MemoryContext type.  The bump context is best
suited for short-lived memory contexts which require only allocations
of memory and never a pfree or repalloc, which are unsupported.

Memory palloc'd into a bump context has no chunk header.  This makes
bump a useful context type when lots of small allocations need to be
done without any need to pfree those allocations.  Allocation sizes are
rounded up to the next MAXALIGN boundary, so with this and no chunk
header, allocations are very compact indeed.

Allocations are also very fast as bump does not check any freelists to
try and make use of previously free'd chunks.  It just checks if there
is enough room on the current block, and if so it bumps the freeptr
beyond this chunk and returns the value that the freeptr was previously
pointing to.  Simple and fast.  A new block is malloc'd when there's not
enough space in the current block.

Code using the bump allocator must take care never to call any functions
which could try to call realloc() (or variants), pfree(),
GetMemoryChunkContext() or GetMemoryChunkSpace() on a bump allocated
chunk.  Due to lack of chunk headers, these operations are unsupported.
To increase the chances of catching such issues, when compiled with
MEMORY_CONTEXT_CHECKING, bump allocated chunks are given a header and
any attempt to perform an unsupported operation will result in an ERROR.
Without MEMORY_CONTEXT_CHECKING, code attempting an unsupported
operation could result in a segfault.

A follow-on commit will implement the first user of bump.

Author: David Rowley
Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart
Reviewed-by: Matthias van de Meent
Reviewed-by: Tomas Vondra
Reviewed-by: John Naylor
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvqGSpCU95TmM=Bp=6xjL_nLys4zdZOpfNyWBk97Xrdj2w@mail.gmail.com
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README.md

PostgreSQL Database Management System

This directory contains the source code distribution of the PostgreSQL database management system.

PostgreSQL is an advanced object-relational database management system that supports an extended subset of the SQL standard, including transactions, foreign keys, subqueries, triggers, user-defined types and functions. This distribution also contains C language bindings.

Copyright and license information can be found in the file COPYRIGHT.

General documentation about this version of PostgreSQL can be found at https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/. In particular, information about building PostgreSQL from the source code can be found at https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/installation.html.

The latest version of this software, and related software, may be obtained at https://www.postgresql.org/download/. For more information look at our web site located at https://www.postgresql.org/.