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David Rowley 5543677ec9 Use Limit instead of Unique to implement DISTINCT, when possible
When all of the query's DISTINCT pathkeys have been marked as redundant
due to EquivalenceClasses existing which contain constants, we can just
implement the DISTINCT operation on a query by just limiting the number of
returned rows to 1 instead of performing a Unique on all of the matching
(duplicate) rows.

This applies in cases such as:

SELECT DISTINCT col,col2 FROM tab WHERE col = 1 AND col2 = 10;

If there are any matching rows, then they must all be {1,10}.  There's no
point in fetching all of those and running a Unique operator on them to
leave only a single row.  Here we effectively just find the first row and
then stop.  We are obviously unable to apply this optimization if either
the col = 1 or col2 = 10 were missing from the WHERE clause or if there
were any additional columns in the SELECT clause.

Such queries are probably not all that common, but detecting when we can
apply this optimization amounts to checking if the distinct_pathkeys are
NULL, which is very cheap indeed.

Nothing is done here to check if the query already has a LIMIT clause.  If
it does then the plan may end up with 2 Limits nodes.  There's no harm in
that and it's probably not worth the complexity to unify them into a
single Limit node.

Author: David Rowley
Reviewed-by: Richard Guo
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvqS0j8RUWRUSgCAXxOqnYjHUXmKwspRj4GzVfOO25ByHA@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/MEYPR01MB7101CD5DA0A07C9DE2B74850A4239@MEYPR01MB7101.ausprd01.prod.outlook.com
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PostgreSQL Database Management System
=====================================

This directory contains the source code distribution of the PostgreSQL
database management system.

PostgreSQL is an advanced object-relational database management system
that supports an extended subset of the SQL standard, including
transactions, foreign keys, subqueries, triggers, user-defined types
and functions.  This distribution also contains C language bindings.

PostgreSQL has many language interfaces, many of which are listed here:

	https://www.postgresql.org/download/

See the file INSTALL for instructions on how to build and install
PostgreSQL.  That file also lists supported operating systems and
hardware platforms and contains information regarding any other
software packages that are required to build or run the PostgreSQL
system.  Copyright and license information can be found in the
file COPYRIGHT.  A comprehensive documentation set is included in this
distribution; it can be read as described in the installation
instructions.

The latest version of this software may be obtained at
https://www.postgresql.org/download/.  For more information look at our
web site located at https://www.postgresql.org/.