1217 lines
49 KiB
Plaintext
1217 lines
49 KiB
Plaintext
<!-- doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml -->
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<sect1 id="postgres-fdw" xreflabel="postgres_fdw">
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<title>postgres_fdw —
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access data stored in external <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
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servers</title>
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<indexterm zone="postgres-fdw">
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<primary>postgres_fdw</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>
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The <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> module provides the foreign-data wrapper
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<literal>postgres_fdw</literal>, which can be used to access data
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stored in external <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> servers.
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</para>
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<para>
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The functionality provided by this module overlaps substantially
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with the functionality of the older <xref linkend="dblink"/> module.
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But <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> provides more transparent and
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standards-compliant syntax for accessing remote tables, and can give
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better performance in many cases.
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</para>
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<para>
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To prepare for remote access using <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>:
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<orderedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Install the <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> extension using <xref
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linkend="sql-createextension"/>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Create a foreign server object, using <xref linkend="sql-createserver"/>,
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to represent each remote database you want to connect to.
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Specify connection information, except <literal>user</literal> and
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<literal>password</literal>, as options of the server object.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Create a user mapping, using <xref linkend="sql-createusermapping"/>, for
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each database user you want to allow to access each foreign server.
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Specify the remote user name and password to use as
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<literal>user</literal> and <literal>password</literal> options of the
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user mapping.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Create a foreign table, using <xref linkend="sql-createforeigntable"/>
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or <xref linkend="sql-importforeignschema"/>,
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for each remote table you want to access. The columns of the foreign
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table must match the referenced remote table. You can, however, use
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table and/or column names different from the remote table's, if you
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specify the correct remote names as options of the foreign table object.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Now you need only <command>SELECT</command> from a foreign table to access
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the data stored in its underlying remote table. You can also modify
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the remote table using <command>INSERT</command>, <command>UPDATE</command>,
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<command>DELETE</command>, <command>COPY</command>, or
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<command>TRUNCATE</command>.
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(Of course, the remote user you have specified in your user mapping must
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have privileges to do these things.)
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that the <literal>ONLY</literal> option specified in
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<command>SELECT</command>, <command>UPDATE</command>,
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<command>DELETE</command> or <command>TRUNCATE</command>
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has no effect when accessing or modifying the remote table.
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> currently lacks support for
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<command>INSERT</command> statements with an <literal>ON CONFLICT DO
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UPDATE</literal> clause. However, the <literal>ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING</literal>
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clause is supported, provided a unique index inference specification
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is omitted.
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Note also that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> supports row movement
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invoked by <command>UPDATE</command> statements executed on partitioned
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tables, but it currently does not handle the case where a remote partition
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chosen to insert a moved row into is also an <command>UPDATE</command>
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target partition that will be updated elsewhere in the same command.
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</para>
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<para>
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It is generally recommended that the columns of a foreign table be declared
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with exactly the same data types, and collations if applicable, as the
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referenced columns of the remote table. Although <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
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is currently rather forgiving about performing data type conversions at
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need, surprising semantic anomalies may arise when types or collations do
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not match, due to the remote server interpreting query conditions
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differently from the local server.
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that a foreign table can be declared with fewer columns, or with a
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different column order, than its underlying remote table has. Matching
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of columns to the remote table is by name, not position.
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</para>
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<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-options">
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<title>FDW Options of postgres_fdw</title>
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<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-connection">
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<title>Connection Options</title>
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<para>
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A foreign server using the <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> foreign data wrapper
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can have the same options that <application>libpq</application> accepts in
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connection strings, as described in <xref linkend="libpq-paramkeywords"/>,
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except that these options are not allowed or have special handling:
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>user</literal>, <literal>password</literal> and <literal>sslpassword</literal> (specify these
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in a user mapping, instead, or use a service file)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>client_encoding</literal> (this is automatically set from the local
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server encoding)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>application_name</literal> - this may appear in
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<emphasis>either or both</emphasis> a connection and
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<xref linkend="guc-pgfdw-application-name"/>.
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If both are present, <varname>postgres_fdw.application_name</varname>
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overrides the connection setting.
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Unlike <application>libpq</application>,
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> allows
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<varname>application_name</varname> to include
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<quote>escape sequences</quote>.
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See <xref linkend="guc-pgfdw-application-name"/> for details.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>fallback_application_name</literal> (always set to
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<literal>postgres_fdw</literal>)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>sslkey</literal> and <literal>sslcert</literal> - these may
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appear in <emphasis>either or both</emphasis> a connection and a user
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mapping. If both are present, the user mapping setting overrides the
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connection setting.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Only superusers may create or modify user mappings with the
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<literal>sslcert</literal> or <literal>sslkey</literal> settings.
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</para>
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<para>
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Non-superusers may connect to foreign servers using password
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authentication or with GSSAPI delegated credentials, so specify the
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<literal>password</literal> option for user mappings belonging to
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non-superusers where password authentication is required.
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</para>
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<para>
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A superuser may override this check on a per-user-mapping basis by setting
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the user mapping option <literal>password_required 'false'</literal>, e.g.,
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<programlisting>
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ALTER USER MAPPING FOR some_non_superuser SERVER loopback_nopw
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OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
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</programlisting>
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To prevent unprivileged users from exploiting the authentication rights
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of the unix user the postgres server is running as to escalate to superuser
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rights, only the superuser may set this option on a user mapping.
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</para>
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<para>
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Care is required to ensure that this does not allow the mapped
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user the ability to connect as superuser to the mapped database per
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CVE-2007-3278 and CVE-2007-6601. Don't set
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<literal>password_required=false</literal>
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on the <literal>public</literal> role. Keep in mind that the mapped
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user can potentially use any client certificates,
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<filename>.pgpass</filename>,
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<filename>.pg_service.conf</filename> etc. in the unix home directory of the
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system user the postgres server runs as. They can also use any trust
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relationship granted by authentication modes like <literal>peer</literal>
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or <literal>ident</literal> authentication.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-object-name">
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<title>Object Name Options</title>
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<para>
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These options can be used to control the names used in SQL statements
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sent to the remote <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server. These
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options are needed when a foreign table is created with names different
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from the underlying remote table's names.
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>schema_name</literal> (<type>string</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign table, gives the
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schema name to use for the foreign table on the remote server. If this
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option is omitted, the name of the foreign table's schema is used.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>table_name</literal> (<type>string</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign table, gives the
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table name to use for the foreign table on the remote server. If this
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option is omitted, the foreign table's name is used.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>column_name</literal> (<type>string</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a column of a foreign table,
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gives the column name to use for the column on the remote server.
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If this option is omitted, the column's name is used.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect3>
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<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-cost-estimation">
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<title>Cost Estimation Options</title>
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<para>
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> retrieves remote data by executing queries
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against remote servers, so ideally the estimated cost of scanning a
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foreign table should be whatever it costs to be done on the remote
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server, plus some overhead for communication. The most reliable way to
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get such an estimate is to ask the remote server and then add something
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for overhead — but for simple queries, it may not be worth the cost
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of an additional remote query to get a cost estimate.
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So <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> provides the following options to control
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how cost estimation is done:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>use_remote_estimate</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign table or a foreign
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server, controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> issues remote
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<command>EXPLAIN</command> commands to obtain cost estimates.
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A setting for a foreign table overrides any setting for its server,
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but only for that table.
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The default is <literal>false</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign server, is a floating
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point value that is added to the estimated startup cost of any
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foreign-table scan on that server. This represents the additional
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overhead of establishing a connection, parsing and planning the query on
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the remote side, etc.
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The default value is <literal>100</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign server, is a floating
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point value that is used as extra cost per-tuple for foreign-table
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scans on that server. This represents the additional overhead of
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data transfer between servers. You might increase or decrease this
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number to reflect higher or lower network delay to the remote server.
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The default value is <literal>0.01</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>
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When <literal>use_remote_estimate</literal> is true,
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> obtains row count and cost estimates from the
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remote server and then adds <literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal> and
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<literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal> to the cost estimates. When
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<literal>use_remote_estimate</literal> is false,
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> performs local row count and cost estimation
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and then adds <literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal> and
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<literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal> to the cost estimates. This local
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estimation is unlikely to be very accurate unless local copies of the
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remote table's statistics are available. Running
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<xref linkend="sql-analyze"/> on the foreign table is the way to update
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the local statistics; this will perform a scan of the remote table and
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then calculate and store statistics just as though the table were local.
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Keeping local statistics can be a useful way to reduce per-query planning
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overhead for a remote table — but if the remote table is
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frequently updated, the local statistics will soon be obsolete.
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</para>
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<para>
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The following option controls how such an <command>ANALYZE</command>
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operation behaves:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>analyze_sampling</literal> (<type>text</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign table or a foreign
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server, determines if <command>ANALYZE</command> on a foreign table
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samples the data on the remote side, or reads and transfers all data
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and performs the sampling locally. The supported values
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are <literal>off</literal>, <literal>random</literal>,
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<literal>system</literal>, <literal>bernoulli</literal>
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and <literal>auto</literal>. <literal>off</literal> disables remote
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sampling, so all data are transferred and sampled locally.
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<literal>random</literal> performs remote sampling using the
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<literal>random()</literal> function to choose returned rows,
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while <literal>system</literal> and <literal>bernoulli</literal> rely
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on the built-in <literal>TABLESAMPLE</literal> methods of those
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names. <literal>random</literal> works on all remote server versions,
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while <literal>TABLESAMPLE</literal> is supported only since 9.5.
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<literal>auto</literal> (the default) picks the recommended sampling
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method automatically; currently it means
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either <literal>bernoulli</literal> or <literal>random</literal>
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depending on the remote server version.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect3>
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<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-remote-execution">
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<title>Remote Execution Options</title>
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<para>
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By default, only <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses using built-in operators and
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functions will be considered for execution on the remote server. Clauses
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involving non-built-in functions are checked locally after rows are
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fetched. If such functions are available on the remote server and can be
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relied on to produce the same results as they do locally, performance can
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be improved by sending such <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses for remote
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execution. This behavior can be controlled using the following option:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>extensions</literal> (<type>string</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option is a comma-separated list of names
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of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extensions that are installed, in
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compatible versions, on both the local and remote servers. Functions
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and operators that are immutable and belong to a listed extension will
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be considered shippable to the remote server.
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This option can only be specified for foreign servers, not per-table.
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</para>
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<para>
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When using the <literal>extensions</literal> option, <emphasis>it is the
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user's responsibility</emphasis> that the listed extensions exist and behave
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identically on both the local and remote servers. Otherwise, remote
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queries may fail or behave unexpectedly.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>fetch_size</literal> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option specifies the number of rows <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
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should get in each fetch operation. It can be specified for a foreign
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table or a foreign server. The option specified on a table overrides
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an option specified for the server.
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The default is <literal>100</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>batch_size</literal> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option specifies the number of rows <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
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should insert in each insert operation. It can be specified for a
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foreign table or a foreign server. The option specified on a table
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overrides an option specified for the server.
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The default is <literal>1</literal>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Note the actual number of rows <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> inserts at
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once depends on the number of columns and the provided
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<literal>batch_size</literal> value. The batch is executed as a single
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query, and the libpq protocol (which <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
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uses to connect to a remote server) limits the number of parameters in a
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single query to 65535. When the number of columns * <literal>batch_size</literal>
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exceeds the limit, the <literal>batch_size</literal> will be adjusted to
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avoid an error.
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</para>
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<para>
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This option also applies when copying into foreign tables. In that case
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the actual number of rows <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> copies at
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once is determined in a similar way to the insert case, but it is
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limited to at most 1000 due to implementation restrictions of the
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<command>COPY</command> command.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect3>
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<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-asynchronous-execution">
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<title>Asynchronous Execution Options</title>
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<para>
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> supports asynchronous execution, which
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runs multiple parts of an <structname>Append</structname> node
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concurrently rather than serially to improve performance.
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This execution can be controlled using the following option:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>async_capable</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> allows
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foreign tables to be scanned concurrently for asynchronous execution.
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It can be specified for a foreign table or a foreign server.
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A table-level option overrides a server-level option.
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The default is <literal>false</literal>.
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</para>
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<para>
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In order to ensure that the data being returned from a foreign server
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is consistent, <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> will only open one
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connection for a given foreign server and will run all queries against
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that server sequentially even if there are multiple foreign tables
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involved, unless those tables are subject to different user mappings.
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In such a case, it may be more performant to disable this option to
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eliminate the overhead associated with running queries asynchronously.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Asynchronous execution is applied even when an
|
|
<structname>Append</structname> node contains subplan(s) executed
|
|
synchronously as well as subplan(s) executed asynchronously.
|
|
In such a case, if the asynchronous subplans are ones processed using
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename>, tuples from the asynchronous
|
|
subplans are not returned until after at least one synchronous subplan
|
|
returns all tuples, as that subplan is executed while the asynchronous
|
|
subplans are waiting for the results of asynchronous queries sent to
|
|
foreign servers.
|
|
This behavior might change in a future release.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-transaction-management">
|
|
<title>Transaction Management Options</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As described in the Transaction Management section, in
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> transactions are managed by creating
|
|
corresponding remote transactions, and subtransactions are managed by
|
|
creating corresponding remote subtransactions. When multiple remote
|
|
transactions are involved in the current local transaction, by default
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> commits or aborts those remote
|
|
transactions serially when the local transaction is committed or aborted.
|
|
When multiple remote subtransactions are involved in the current local
|
|
subtransaction, by default <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> commits or
|
|
aborts those remote subtransactions serially when the local subtransaction
|
|
is committed or aborted.
|
|
Performance can be improved with the following options:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>parallel_commit</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> commits,
|
|
in parallel, remote transactions opened on a foreign server in a local
|
|
transaction when the local transaction is committed. This setting also
|
|
applies to remote and local subtransactions. This option can only be
|
|
specified for foreign servers, not per-table. The default is
|
|
<literal>false</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>parallel_abort</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> aborts
|
|
in parallel remote transactions opened on a foreign server in a local
|
|
transaction when the local transaction is aborted. This setting also
|
|
applies to remote and local subtransactions. This option can only be
|
|
specified for foreign servers, not per-table. The default is
|
|
<literal>false</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If multiple foreign servers with these options enabled are involved in a
|
|
local transaction, multiple remote transactions on those foreign servers
|
|
are committed or aborted in parallel across those foreign servers when
|
|
the local transaction is committed or aborted.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
When these options are enabled, a foreign server with many remote
|
|
transactions may see a negative performance impact when the local
|
|
transaction is committed or aborted.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-updatability">
|
|
<title>Updatability Options</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
By default all foreign tables using <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> are assumed
|
|
to be updatable. This may be overridden using the following option:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>updatable</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> allows foreign
|
|
tables to be modified using <command>INSERT</command>, <command>UPDATE</command> and
|
|
<command>DELETE</command> commands. It can be specified for a foreign table
|
|
or a foreign server. A table-level option overrides a server-level
|
|
option.
|
|
The default is <literal>true</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Of course, if the remote table is not in fact updatable, an error
|
|
would occur anyway. Use of this option primarily allows the error to
|
|
be thrown locally without querying the remote server. Note however
|
|
that the <literal>information_schema</literal> views will report a
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> foreign table to be updatable (or not)
|
|
according to the setting of this option, without any check of the
|
|
remote server.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-truncatability">
|
|
<title>Truncatability Options</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
By default all foreign tables using <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> are assumed
|
|
to be truncatable. This may be overridden using the following option:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>truncatable</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> allows
|
|
foreign tables to be truncated using the <command>TRUNCATE</command>
|
|
command. It can be specified for a foreign table or a foreign server.
|
|
A table-level option overrides a server-level option.
|
|
The default is <literal>true</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Of course, if the remote table is not in fact truncatable, an error
|
|
would occur anyway. Use of this option primarily allows the error to
|
|
be thrown locally without querying the remote server.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-importing">
|
|
<title>Importing Options</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> is able to import foreign table definitions
|
|
using <xref linkend="sql-importforeignschema"/>. This command creates
|
|
foreign table definitions on the local server that match tables or
|
|
views present on the remote server. If the remote tables to be imported
|
|
have columns of user-defined data types, the local server must have
|
|
compatible types of the same names.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Importing behavior can be customized with the following options
|
|
(given in the <command>IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA</command> command):
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>import_collate</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether column <literal>COLLATE</literal> options
|
|
are included in the definitions of foreign tables imported
|
|
from a foreign server. The default is <literal>true</literal>. You might
|
|
need to turn this off if the remote server has a different set of
|
|
collation names than the local server does, which is likely to be the
|
|
case if it's running on a different operating system.
|
|
If you do so, however, there is a very severe risk that the imported
|
|
table columns' collations will not match the underlying data, resulting
|
|
in anomalous query behavior.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Even when this parameter is set to <literal>true</literal>, importing
|
|
columns whose collation is the remote server's default can be risky.
|
|
They will be imported with <literal>COLLATE "default"</literal>, which
|
|
will select the local server's default collation, which could be
|
|
different.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>import_default</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether column <literal>DEFAULT</literal> expressions
|
|
are included in the definitions of foreign tables imported
|
|
from a foreign server. The default is <literal>false</literal>. If you
|
|
enable this option, be wary of defaults that might get computed
|
|
differently on the local server than they would be on the remote
|
|
server; <function>nextval()</function> is a common source of problems.
|
|
The <command>IMPORT</command> will fail altogether if an imported default
|
|
expression uses a function or operator that does not exist locally.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>import_generated</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether column <literal>GENERATED</literal> expressions
|
|
are included in the definitions of foreign tables imported
|
|
from a foreign server. The default is <literal>true</literal>.
|
|
The <command>IMPORT</command> will fail altogether if an imported generated
|
|
expression uses a function or operator that does not exist locally.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>import_not_null</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether column <literal>NOT NULL</literal>
|
|
constraints are included in the definitions of foreign tables imported
|
|
from a foreign server. The default is <literal>true</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that constraints other than <literal>NOT NULL</literal> will never be
|
|
imported from the remote tables. Although <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
|
|
does support check constraints on foreign tables, there is no
|
|
provision for importing them automatically, because of the risk that a
|
|
constraint expression could evaluate differently on the local and remote
|
|
servers. Any such inconsistency in the behavior of a check
|
|
constraint could lead to hard-to-detect errors in query optimization.
|
|
So if you wish to import check constraints, you must do so
|
|
manually, and you should verify the semantics of each one carefully.
|
|
For more detail about the treatment of check constraints on
|
|
foreign tables, see <xref linkend="sql-createforeigntable"/>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Tables or foreign tables which are partitions of some other table are
|
|
imported only when they are explicitly specified in
|
|
<literal>LIMIT TO</literal> clause. Otherwise they are automatically
|
|
excluded from <xref linkend="sql-importforeignschema"/>.
|
|
Since all data can be accessed through the partitioned table
|
|
which is the root of the partitioning hierarchy, importing only
|
|
partitioned tables should allow access to all the data without
|
|
creating extra objects.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="postgres-fdw-options-connection-management">
|
|
<title>Connection Management Options</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
By default, all connections that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
|
|
establishes to foreign servers are kept open in the local session
|
|
for re-use.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>keep_connections</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> keeps
|
|
the connections to the foreign server open so that subsequent
|
|
queries can re-use them. It can only be specified for a foreign server.
|
|
The default is <literal>on</literal>. If set to <literal>off</literal>,
|
|
all connections to this foreign server will be discarded at the end of
|
|
each transaction.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-functions">
|
|
<title>Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><function>postgres_fdw_get_connections(OUT server_name text, OUT valid boolean) returns setof record</function></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This function returns the foreign server names of all the open
|
|
connections that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> established from
|
|
the local session to the foreign servers. It also returns whether
|
|
each connection is valid or not. <literal>false</literal> is returned
|
|
if the foreign server connection is used in the current local
|
|
transaction but its foreign server or user mapping is changed or
|
|
dropped (Note that server name of an invalid connection will be
|
|
<literal>NULL</literal> if the server is dropped),
|
|
and then such invalid connection will be closed at
|
|
the end of that transaction. <literal>true</literal> is returned
|
|
otherwise. If there are no open connections, no record is returned.
|
|
Example usage of the function:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
postgres=# SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
|
|
server_name | valid
|
|
-------------+-------
|
|
loopback1 | t
|
|
loopback2 | f
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><function>postgres_fdw_disconnect(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This function discards the open connections that are established by
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to
|
|
the foreign server with the given name. Note that there can be
|
|
multiple connections to the given server using different user mappings.
|
|
If the connections are used in the current local transaction,
|
|
they are not disconnected and warning messages are reported.
|
|
This function returns <literal>true</literal> if it disconnects
|
|
at least one connection, otherwise <literal>false</literal>.
|
|
If no foreign server with the given name is found, an error is reported.
|
|
Example usage of the function:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback1');
|
|
postgres_fdw_disconnect
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
t
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><function>postgres_fdw_disconnect_all() returns boolean</function></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This function discards all the open connections that are established by
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to
|
|
foreign servers. If the connections are used in the current local
|
|
transaction, they are not disconnected and warning messages are reported.
|
|
This function returns <literal>true</literal> if it disconnects
|
|
at least one connection, otherwise <literal>false</literal>.
|
|
Example usage of the function:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
|
|
postgres_fdw_disconnect_all
|
|
-----------------------------
|
|
t
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-connection-management">
|
|
<title>Connection Management</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> establishes a connection to a
|
|
foreign server during the first query that uses a foreign table
|
|
associated with the foreign server. By default this connection
|
|
is kept and re-used for subsequent queries in the same session.
|
|
This behavior can be controlled using
|
|
<literal>keep_connections</literal> option for a foreign server. If
|
|
multiple user identities (user mappings) are used to access the foreign
|
|
server, a connection is established for each user mapping.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
When changing the definition of or removing a foreign server or
|
|
a user mapping, the associated connections are closed.
|
|
But note that if any connections are in use in the current local transaction,
|
|
they are kept until the end of the transaction.
|
|
Closed connections will be re-established when they are necessary
|
|
by future queries using a foreign table.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Once a connection to a foreign server has been established,
|
|
it's by default kept until the local or corresponding remote
|
|
session exits. To disconnect a connection explicitly,
|
|
<literal>keep_connections</literal> option for a foreign server
|
|
may be disabled, or
|
|
<function>postgres_fdw_disconnect</function> and
|
|
<function>postgres_fdw_disconnect_all</function> functions
|
|
may be used. For example, these are useful to close
|
|
connections that are no longer necessary, thereby releasing
|
|
connections on the foreign server.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-transaction-management">
|
|
<title>Transaction Management</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
During a query that references any remote tables on a foreign server,
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> opens a transaction on the
|
|
remote server if one is not already open corresponding to the current
|
|
local transaction. The remote transaction is committed or aborted when
|
|
the local transaction commits or aborts. Savepoints are similarly
|
|
managed by creating corresponding remote savepoints.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The remote transaction uses <literal>SERIALIZABLE</literal>
|
|
isolation level when the local transaction has <literal>SERIALIZABLE</literal>
|
|
isolation level; otherwise it uses <literal>REPEATABLE READ</literal>
|
|
isolation level. This choice ensures that if a query performs multiple
|
|
table scans on the remote server, it will get snapshot-consistent results
|
|
for all the scans. A consequence is that successive queries within a
|
|
single transaction will see the same data from the remote server, even if
|
|
concurrent updates are occurring on the remote server due to other
|
|
activities. That behavior would be expected anyway if the local
|
|
transaction uses <literal>SERIALIZABLE</literal> or <literal>REPEATABLE READ</literal>
|
|
isolation level, but it might be surprising for a <literal>READ
|
|
COMMITTED</literal> local transaction. A future
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> release might modify these rules.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that it is currently not supported by
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> to prepare the remote transaction for
|
|
two-phase commit.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-remote-query-optimization">
|
|
<title>Remote Query Optimization</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> attempts to optimize remote queries to reduce
|
|
the amount of data transferred from foreign servers. This is done by
|
|
sending query <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses to the remote server for
|
|
execution, and by not retrieving table columns that are not needed for
|
|
the current query. To reduce the risk of misexecution of queries,
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clauses are not sent to the remote server unless they use
|
|
only data types, operators, and functions that are built-in or belong to an
|
|
extension that's listed in the foreign server's <literal>extensions</literal>
|
|
option. Operators and functions in such clauses must
|
|
be <literal>IMMUTABLE</literal> as well.
|
|
For an <command>UPDATE</command> or <command>DELETE</command> query,
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> attempts to optimize the query execution by
|
|
sending the whole query to the remote server if there are no query
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clauses that cannot be sent to the remote server,
|
|
no local joins for the query, no row-level local <literal>BEFORE</literal> or
|
|
<literal>AFTER</literal> triggers or stored generated columns on the target
|
|
table, and no <literal>CHECK OPTION</literal> constraints from parent
|
|
views. In <command>UPDATE</command>,
|
|
expressions to assign to target columns must use only built-in data types,
|
|
<literal>IMMUTABLE</literal> operators, or <literal>IMMUTABLE</literal> functions,
|
|
to reduce the risk of misexecution of the query.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
When <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> encounters a join between foreign tables on
|
|
the same foreign server, it sends the entire join to the foreign server,
|
|
unless for some reason it believes that it will be more efficient to fetch
|
|
rows from each table individually, or unless the table references involved
|
|
are subject to different user mappings. While sending the <literal>JOIN</literal>
|
|
clauses, it takes the same precautions as mentioned above for the
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clauses.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The query that is actually sent to the remote server for execution can
|
|
be examined using <command>EXPLAIN VERBOSE</command>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-remote-query-execution-environment">
|
|
<title>Remote Query Execution Environment</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In the remote sessions opened by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>,
|
|
the <xref linkend="guc-search-path"/> parameter is set to
|
|
just <literal>pg_catalog</literal>, so that only built-in objects are visible
|
|
without schema qualification. This is not an issue for queries
|
|
generated by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> itself, because it always
|
|
supplies such qualification. However, this can pose a hazard for
|
|
functions that are executed on the remote server via triggers or rules
|
|
on remote tables. For example, if a remote table is actually a view,
|
|
any functions used in that view will be executed with the restricted
|
|
search path. It is recommended to schema-qualify all names in such
|
|
functions, or else attach <literal>SET search_path</literal> options
|
|
(see <xref linkend="sql-createfunction"/>) to such functions
|
|
to establish their expected search path environment.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> likewise establishes remote session settings
|
|
for various parameters:
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-timezone"/> is set to <literal>UTC</literal>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-datestyle"/> is set to <literal>ISO</literal>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-intervalstyle"/> is set to <literal>postgres</literal>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-extra-float-digits"/> is set to <literal>3</literal> for remote
|
|
servers 9.0 and newer and is set to <literal>2</literal> for older versions
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
These are less likely to be problematic than <varname>search_path</varname>, but
|
|
can be handled with function <literal>SET</literal> options if the need arises.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It is <emphasis>not</emphasis> recommended that you override this behavior by
|
|
changing the session-level settings of these parameters; that is likely
|
|
to cause <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> to malfunction.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-cross-version-compatibility">
|
|
<title>Cross-Version Compatibility</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> can be used with remote servers dating back
|
|
to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.3. Read-only capability is available
|
|
back to 8.1. A limitation however is that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
|
|
generally assumes that immutable built-in functions and operators are
|
|
safe to send to the remote server for execution, if they appear in a
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clause for a foreign table. Thus, a built-in
|
|
function that was added since the remote server's release might be sent
|
|
to it for execution, resulting in <quote>function does not exist</quote> or
|
|
a similar error. This type of failure can be worked around by
|
|
rewriting the query, for example by embedding the foreign table
|
|
reference in a sub-<literal>SELECT</literal> with <literal>OFFSET 0</literal> as an
|
|
optimization fence, and placing the problematic function or operator
|
|
outside the sub-<literal>SELECT</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-configuration-parameters">
|
|
<title>Configuration Parameters</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-application-name" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.application_name">
|
|
<term>
|
|
<varname>postgres_fdw.application_name</varname> (<type>string</type>)
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary><varname>postgres_fdw.application_name</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Specifies a value for <xref linkend="guc-application-name"/>
|
|
configuration parameter used when <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
|
|
establishes a connection to a foreign server. This overrides
|
|
<varname>application_name</varname> option of the server object.
|
|
Note that change of this parameter doesn't affect any existing
|
|
connections until they are re-established.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<varname>postgres_fdw.application_name</varname> can be any string
|
|
of any length and contain even non-ASCII characters. However when
|
|
it's passed to and used as <varname>application_name</varname>
|
|
in a foreign server, note that it will be truncated to less than
|
|
<symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> characters and anything other than
|
|
printable ASCII characters will be replaced with question
|
|
marks (<literal>?</literal>).
|
|
See <xref linkend="guc-application-name"/> for details.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>%</literal> characters begin <quote>escape sequences</quote>
|
|
that are replaced with status information as outlined below.
|
|
Unrecognized escapes are ignored. Other characters are copied straight
|
|
to the application name. Note that it's not allowed to specify a
|
|
plus/minus sign or a numeric literal after the <literal>%</literal>
|
|
and before the option, for alignment and padding.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<informaltable>
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Escape</entry>
|
|
<entry>Effect</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>%a</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>Application name on local server</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>%c</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Session ID on local server
|
|
(see <xref linkend="guc-log-line-prefix"/> for details)
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>%C</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Cluster name on local server
|
|
(see <xref linkend="guc-cluster-name"/> for details)
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>User name on local server</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>%d</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>Database name on local server</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>%p</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>Process ID of backend on local server</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>%%</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>Literal %</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</informaltable>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For example, suppose user <literal>local_user</literal> establishes
|
|
a connection from database <literal>local_db</literal> to
|
|
<literal>foreign_db</literal> as user <literal>foreign_user</literal>,
|
|
the setting <literal>'db=%d, user=%u'</literal> is replaced with
|
|
<literal>'db=local_db, user=local_user'</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-examples">
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Here is an example of creating a foreign table with
|
|
<literal>postgres_fdw</literal>. First install the extension:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Then create a foreign server using <xref linkend="sql-createserver"/>.
|
|
In this example we wish to connect to a <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server
|
|
on host <literal>192.83.123.89</literal> listening on
|
|
port <literal>5432</literal>. The database to which the connection is made
|
|
is named <literal>foreign_db</literal> on the remote server:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE SERVER foreign_server
|
|
FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
|
|
OPTIONS (host '192.83.123.89', port '5432', dbname 'foreign_db');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A user mapping, defined with <xref linkend="sql-createusermapping"/>, is
|
|
needed as well to identify the role that will be used on the remote
|
|
server:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE USER MAPPING FOR local_user
|
|
SERVER foreign_server
|
|
OPTIONS (user 'foreign_user', password 'password');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now it is possible to create a foreign table with
|
|
<xref linkend="sql-createforeigntable"/>. In this example we
|
|
wish to access the table named <structname>some_schema.some_table</structname>
|
|
on the remote server. The local name for it will
|
|
be <structname>foreign_table</structname>:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_table (
|
|
id integer NOT NULL,
|
|
data text
|
|
)
|
|
SERVER foreign_server
|
|
OPTIONS (schema_name 'some_schema', table_name 'some_table');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
It's essential that the data types and other properties of the columns
|
|
declared in <command>CREATE FOREIGN TABLE</command> match the actual remote table.
|
|
Column names must match as well, unless you attach <literal>column_name</literal>
|
|
options to the individual columns to show how they are named in the remote
|
|
table.
|
|
In many cases, use of <link linkend="sql-importforeignschema"><command>IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA</command></link> is
|
|
preferable to constructing foreign table definitions manually.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="postgres-fdw-author">
|
|
<title>Author</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shigeru Hanada <email>shigeru.hanada@gmail.com</email>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|