563 lines
17 KiB
PL/PgSQL
563 lines
17 KiB
PL/PgSQL
--
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-- UNION (also INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
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--
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-- Simple UNION constructs
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SELECT 1 AS two UNION SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1 AS one UNION SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 2;
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SELECT 1 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 1;
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SELECT 1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 3 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1 AS two UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION SELECT 2.2 ORDER BY 1;
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-- Mixed types
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SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1 AS two UNION SELECT 2.2 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1 AS one UNION SELECT 1.0::float8 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1.0::float8 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1.1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 3 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1.1::float8 AS two UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 2.0::float8 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1.1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION (SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 2) ORDER BY 1;
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--
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-- Try testing from tables...
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--
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SELECT f1 AS five FROM FLOAT8_TBL
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UNION
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SELECT f1 FROM FLOAT8_TBL
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ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT f1 AS ten FROM FLOAT8_TBL
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UNION ALL
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SELECT f1 FROM FLOAT8_TBL;
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SELECT f1 AS nine FROM FLOAT8_TBL
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UNION
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SELECT f1 FROM INT4_TBL
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ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT f1 AS ten FROM FLOAT8_TBL
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UNION ALL
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SELECT f1 FROM INT4_TBL;
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SELECT f1 AS five FROM FLOAT8_TBL
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WHERE f1 BETWEEN -1e6 AND 1e6
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UNION
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SELECT f1 FROM INT4_TBL
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WHERE f1 BETWEEN 0 AND 1000000
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ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(4)) AS three FROM VARCHAR_TBL
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UNION
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SELECT f1 FROM CHAR_TBL
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ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT f1 AS three FROM VARCHAR_TBL
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UNION
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SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) FROM CHAR_TBL
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ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT f1 AS eight FROM VARCHAR_TBL
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UNION ALL
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SELECT f1 FROM CHAR_TBL;
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SELECT f1 AS five FROM TEXT_TBL
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UNION
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SELECT f1 FROM VARCHAR_TBL
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UNION
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SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM f1) FROM CHAR_TBL
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ORDER BY 1;
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--
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-- INTERSECT and EXCEPT
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--
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SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT ALL SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT DISTINCT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT DISTINCT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl FOR NO KEY UPDATE;
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-- nested cases
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(SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6) INTERSECT SELECT 4,5,6;
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(SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6 ORDER BY 1,2) INTERSECT SELECT 4,5,6;
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(SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6) EXCEPT SELECT 4,5,6;
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(SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6 ORDER BY 1,2) EXCEPT SELECT 4,5,6;
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-- exercise both hashed and sorted implementations of UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT
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set enable_hashagg to on;
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explain (costs off)
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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explain (costs off)
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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explain (costs off)
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select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10;
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select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10;
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set enable_hashagg to off;
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explain (costs off)
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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explain (costs off)
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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select count(*) from
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( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss;
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explain (costs off)
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select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10;
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select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10;
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reset enable_hashagg;
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-- non-hashable type
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set enable_hashagg to on;
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values ('11'::varbit), ('10'::varbit)) _(x) union select x from (values ('11'::varbit), ('10'::varbit)) _(x);
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set enable_hashagg to off;
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values ('11'::varbit), ('10'::varbit)) _(x) union select x from (values ('11'::varbit), ('10'::varbit)) _(x);
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reset enable_hashagg;
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-- arrays
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set enable_hashagg to on;
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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-- non-hashable type
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (array['10'::varbit]), (array['11'::varbit])) _(x) union select x from (values (array['10'::varbit]), (array['01'::varbit])) _(x);
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select x from (values (array['10'::varbit]), (array['11'::varbit])) _(x) union select x from (values (array['10'::varbit]), (array['01'::varbit])) _(x);
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set enable_hashagg to off;
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x);
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reset enable_hashagg;
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-- records
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set enable_hashagg to on;
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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-- non-hashable type
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-- With an anonymous row type, the typcache does not report that the
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-- type is hashable. (Otherwise, this would fail at execution time.)
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)), (row('11'::varbit))) _(x) union select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)), (row('01'::varbit))) _(x);
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select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)), (row('11'::varbit))) _(x) union select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)), (row('01'::varbit))) _(x);
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-- With a defined row type, the typcache can inspect the type's fields
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-- for hashability.
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create type ct1 as (f1 varbit);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)::ct1), (row('11'::varbit)::ct1)) _(x) union select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)::ct1), (row('01'::varbit)::ct1)) _(x);
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select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)::ct1), (row('11'::varbit)::ct1)) _(x) union select x from (values (row('10'::varbit)::ct1), (row('01'::varbit)::ct1)) _(x);
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drop type ct1;
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set enable_hashagg to off;
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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explain (costs off)
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x);
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reset enable_hashagg;
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--
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-- Mixed types
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--
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SELECT f1 FROM float8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT f1 FROM int4_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT f1 FROM float8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT f1 FROM int4_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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--
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-- Operator precedence and (((((extra))))) parentheses
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--
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT (((SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl))) ORDER BY 1;
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(((SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1))) UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl;
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL (((SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1)));
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(((SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl))) EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1;
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--
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-- Subqueries with ORDER BY & LIMIT clauses
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--
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-- In this syntax, ORDER BY/LIMIT apply to the result of the EXCEPT
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SELECT q1,q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q2,q1 FROM int8_tbl
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ORDER BY q2,q1;
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-- This should fail, because q2 isn't a name of an EXCEPT output column
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY q2 LIMIT 1;
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-- But this should work:
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SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT (((SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY q2 LIMIT 1))) ORDER BY 1;
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--
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-- New syntaxes (7.1) permit new tests
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--
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(((((select * from int8_tbl)))));
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--
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-- Check behavior with empty select list (allowed since 9.4)
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--
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select union select;
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select intersect select;
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select except select;
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-- check hashed implementation
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set enable_hashagg = true;
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set enable_sort = false;
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-- We've no way to check hashed UNION as the empty pathkeys in the Append are
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-- fine to make use of Unique, which is cheaper than HashAggregate and we've
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-- no means to disable Unique.
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explain (costs off)
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select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) union all select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) intersect all select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) except select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) except all select from generate_series(1,3);
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-- check sorted implementation
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set enable_hashagg = false;
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set enable_sort = true;
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explain (costs off)
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select from generate_series(1,5) union select from generate_series(1,3);
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explain (costs off)
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select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) union select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) union all select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) intersect all select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) except select from generate_series(1,3);
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select from generate_series(1,5) except all select from generate_series(1,3);
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reset enable_hashagg;
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reset enable_sort;
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--
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-- Check handling of a case with unknown constants. We don't guarantee
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-- an undecorated constant will work in all cases, but historically this
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-- usage has worked, so test we don't break it.
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--
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SELECT a.f1 FROM (SELECT 'test' AS f1 FROM varchar_tbl) a
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UNION
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SELECT b.f1 FROM (SELECT f1 FROM varchar_tbl) b
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ORDER BY 1;
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-- This should fail, but it should produce an error cursor
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SELECT '3.4'::numeric UNION SELECT 'foo';
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--
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-- Test that expression-index constraints can be pushed down through
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-- UNION or UNION ALL
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--
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CREATE TEMP TABLE t1 (a text, b text);
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CREATE INDEX t1_ab_idx on t1 ((a || b));
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CREATE TEMP TABLE t2 (ab text primary key);
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INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ('a', 'b'), ('x', 'y');
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INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ('ab'), ('xy');
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set enable_seqscan = off;
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set enable_indexscan = on;
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set enable_bitmapscan = off;
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set enable_sort = off;
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explain (costs off)
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SELECT * FROM
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(SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1
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UNION ALL
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SELECT * FROM t2) t
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WHERE ab = 'ab';
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explain (costs off)
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SELECT * FROM
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(SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1
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UNION
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SELECT * FROM t2) t
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WHERE ab = 'ab';
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--
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-- Test that ORDER BY for UNION ALL can be pushed down to inheritance
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-- children.
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--
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CREATE TEMP TABLE t1c (b text, a text);
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ALTER TABLE t1c INHERIT t1;
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CREATE TEMP TABLE t2c (primary key (ab)) INHERITS (t2);
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INSERT INTO t1c VALUES ('v', 'w'), ('c', 'd'), ('m', 'n'), ('e', 'f');
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INSERT INTO t2c VALUES ('vw'), ('cd'), ('mn'), ('ef');
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CREATE INDEX t1c_ab_idx on t1c ((a || b));
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set enable_seqscan = on;
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set enable_indexonlyscan = off;
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explain (costs off)
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SELECT * FROM
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(SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1
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UNION ALL
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SELECT ab FROM t2) t
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ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 8;
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SELECT * FROM
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(SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1
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UNION ALL
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SELECT ab FROM t2) t
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ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 8;
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reset enable_seqscan;
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reset enable_indexscan;
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reset enable_bitmapscan;
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reset enable_sort;
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-- This simpler variant of the above test has been observed to fail differently
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create table events (event_id int primary key);
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create table other_events (event_id int primary key);
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create table events_child () inherits (events);
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explain (costs off)
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select event_id
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from (select event_id from events
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union all
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select event_id from other_events) ss
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order by event_id;
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drop table events_child, events, other_events;
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reset enable_indexonlyscan;
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-- Test constraint exclusion of UNION ALL subqueries
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explain (costs off)
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SELECT * FROM
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(SELECT 1 AS t, * FROM tenk1 a
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UNION ALL
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SELECT 2 AS t, * FROM tenk1 b) c
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WHERE t = 2;
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-- Test that we push quals into UNION sub-selects only when it's safe
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explain (costs off)
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SELECT * FROM
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(SELECT 1 AS t, 2 AS x
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UNION
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SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss
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WHERE x < 4
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ORDER BY x;
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SELECT * FROM
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(SELECT 1 AS t, 2 AS x
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UNION
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SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss
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WHERE x < 4
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ORDER BY x;
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|
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
SELECT * FROM
|
|
(SELECT 1 AS t, generate_series(1,10) AS x
|
|
UNION
|
|
SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss
|
|
WHERE x < 4
|
|
ORDER BY x;
|
|
|
|
SELECT * FROM
|
|
(SELECT 1 AS t, generate_series(1,10) AS x
|
|
UNION
|
|
SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss
|
|
WHERE x < 4
|
|
ORDER BY x;
|
|
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
SELECT * FROM
|
|
(SELECT 1 AS t, (random()*3)::int AS x
|
|
UNION
|
|
SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss
|
|
WHERE x > 3
|
|
ORDER BY x;
|
|
|
|
SELECT * FROM
|
|
(SELECT 1 AS t, (random()*3)::int AS x
|
|
UNION
|
|
SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss
|
|
WHERE x > 3
|
|
ORDER BY x;
|
|
|
|
-- Test cases where the native ordering of a sub-select has more pathkeys
|
|
-- than the outer query cares about
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
select distinct q1 from
|
|
(select distinct * from int8_tbl i81
|
|
union all
|
|
select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss
|
|
where q2 = q2;
|
|
|
|
select distinct q1 from
|
|
(select distinct * from int8_tbl i81
|
|
union all
|
|
select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss
|
|
where q2 = q2;
|
|
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
select distinct q1 from
|
|
(select distinct * from int8_tbl i81
|
|
union all
|
|
select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss
|
|
where -q1 = q2;
|
|
|
|
select distinct q1 from
|
|
(select distinct * from int8_tbl i81
|
|
union all
|
|
select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss
|
|
where -q1 = q2;
|
|
|
|
-- Test proper handling of parameterized appendrel paths when the
|
|
-- potential join qual is expensive
|
|
create function expensivefunc(int) returns int
|
|
language plpgsql immutable strict cost 10000
|
|
as $$begin return $1; end$$;
|
|
|
|
create temp table t3 as select generate_series(-1000,1000) as x;
|
|
create index t3i on t3 (expensivefunc(x));
|
|
analyze t3;
|
|
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
select * from
|
|
(select * from t3 a union all select * from t3 b) ss
|
|
join int4_tbl on f1 = expensivefunc(x);
|
|
select * from
|
|
(select * from t3 a union all select * from t3 b) ss
|
|
join int4_tbl on f1 = expensivefunc(x);
|
|
|
|
drop table t3;
|
|
drop function expensivefunc(int);
|
|
|
|
-- Test handling of appendrel quals that const-simplify into an AND
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
select * from
|
|
(select *, 0 as x from int8_tbl a
|
|
union all
|
|
select *, 1 as x from int8_tbl b) ss
|
|
where (x = 0) or (q1 >= q2 and q1 <= q2);
|
|
select * from
|
|
(select *, 0 as x from int8_tbl a
|
|
union all
|
|
select *, 1 as x from int8_tbl b) ss
|
|
where (x = 0) or (q1 >= q2 and q1 <= q2);
|
|
|
|
--
|
|
-- Test the planner's ability to produce cheap startup plans with Append nodes
|
|
--
|
|
|
|
-- Ensure we get a Nested Loop join between tenk1 and tenk2
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
select t1.unique1 from tenk1 t1
|
|
inner join tenk2 t2 on t1.tenthous = t2.tenthous and t2.thousand = 0
|
|
union all
|
|
(values(1)) limit 1;
|
|
|
|
-- Ensure there is no problem if cheapest_startup_path is NULL
|
|
explain (costs off)
|
|
select * from tenk1 t1
|
|
left join lateral
|
|
(select t1.tenthous from tenk2 t2 union all (values(1)))
|
|
on true limit 1;
|