2627 lines
114 KiB
Plaintext
2627 lines
114 KiB
Plaintext
From pgsql-performance-owner+M17204@postgresql.org Wed Feb 15 16:28:34 2006
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Wed, 15 Feb 2006 16:27:54 -0500 (EST)
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To: Gary Doades <gpd@gpdnet.co.uk>
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cc: pgsql-performance@postgresql.org
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Subject: Re: [PERFORM] Strange Create Index behaviour
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In-Reply-To: <19510.1140036968@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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References: <43F38867.6010701@gpdnet.co.uk> <19510.1140036968@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Comments: In-reply-to Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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message dated "Wed, 15 Feb 2006 15:56:08 -0500"
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Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2006 16:27:54 -0500
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Message-ID: <19779.1140038874@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Status: ORr
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I wrote:
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> Interesting. I tried your test script and got fairly close times
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> for all the cases on two different machines:
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> old HPUX machine: shortest 5800 msec, longest 7960 msec
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> new Fedora 4 machine: shortest 461 msec, longest 608 msec
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> So what this looks like to me is a corner case that FreeBSD's qsort
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> fails to handle well.
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I tried forcing PG to use src/port/qsort.c on the Fedora machine,
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and lo and behold:
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new Fedora 4 machine: shortest 434 msec, longest 8530 msec
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So it sure looks like this script does expose a problem on BSD-derived
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qsorts. Curiously, the case that's much the worst for me is the third
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in the script, while the shortest time is the first case, which was slow
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for Gary. So I'd venture that the *BSD code has been tweaked somewhere
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along the way, in a manner that moves the problem around without really
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fixing it. (Anyone want to compare the actual FreeBSD source to what
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we have?)
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This is pretty relevant stuff, because there was a thread recently
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advocating that we stop using the platform qsort on all platforms:
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http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2005-12/msg00610.php
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It's really interesting to see a case where port/qsort is radically
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worse than other qsorts ... unless we figure that out and fix it,
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I think the idea of using port/qsort everywhere has just taken a
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major hit.
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regards, tom lane
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 5: don't forget to increase your free space map settings
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From pgsql-performance-owner+M17212@postgresql.org Wed Feb 15 18:29:07 2006
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Return-path: <pgsql-performance-owner+M17212@postgresql.org>
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Wed, 15 Feb 2006 18:28:29 -0500 (EST)
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To: Gary Doades <gpd@gpdnet.co.uk>
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cc: pgsql-performance@postgresql.org, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
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Subject: qsort again (was Re: [PERFORM] Strange Create Index behaviour)
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In-Reply-To: <43F39E53.1020009@gpdnet.co.uk>
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References: <43F38867.6010701@gpdnet.co.uk> <19510.1140036968@sss.pgh.pa.us> <19779.1140038874@sss.pgh.pa.us> <43F39E53.1020009@gpdnet.co.uk>
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Comments: In-reply-to Gary Doades <gpd@gpdnet.co.uk>
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message dated "Wed, 15 Feb 2006 21:34:11 +0000"
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Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2006 18:28:29 -0500
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Message-ID: <20781.1140046109@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Status: OR
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Gary Doades <gpd@gpdnet.co.uk> writes:
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> If I run the script again, it is not always the first case that is slow,
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> it varies from run to run, which is why I repeated it quite a few times
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> for the test.
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For some reason I hadn't immediately twigged to the fact that your test
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script is just N repetitions of the exact same structure with random data.
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So it's not so surprising that you get random variations in behavior
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with different test data sets.
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I did some experimentation comparing the qsort from Fedora Core 4
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(glibc-2.3.5-10.3) with our src/port/qsort.c. For those who weren't
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following the pgsql-performance thread, the test case is just this
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repeated a lot of times:
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create table atest(i int4, r int4);
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insert into atest (i,r) select generate_series(1,100000), 0;
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insert into atest (i,r) select generate_series(1,100000), random()*100000;
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\timing
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create index idx on atest(r);
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\timing
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drop table atest;
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I did this 100 times and sorted the reported runtimes. (Investigation
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with trace_sort = on confirms that the runtime is almost entirely spent
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in qsort() called from our performsort --- the Postgres overhead is
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about 100msec on this machine.) Results are below.
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It seems clear that our qsort.c is doing a pretty awful job of picking
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qsort pivots, while glibc is mostly managing not to make that mistake.
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I haven't looked at the glibc code yet to see what they are doing
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differently.
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I'd say this puts a considerable damper on my enthusiasm for using our
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qsort all the time, as was recently debated in this thread:
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http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2005-12/msg00610.php
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We need to fix our qsort.c before pushing ahead with that idea.
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regards, tom lane
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100 runtimes for glibc qsort, sorted ascending:
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Time: 459.860 ms
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Time: 460.209 ms
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Time: 460.704 ms
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Time: 461.317 ms
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Time: 461.538 ms
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Time: 461.652 ms
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Time: 461.988 ms
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Time: 462.573 ms
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Time: 462.638 ms
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Time: 462.716 ms
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Time: 462.917 ms
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Time: 463.219 ms
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Time: 463.455 ms
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Time: 463.650 ms
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Time: 463.723 ms
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Time: 463.737 ms
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Time: 463.750 ms
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Time: 463.852 ms
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Time: 463.964 ms
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Time: 463.988 ms
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Time: 464.003 ms
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Time: 464.135 ms
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Time: 464.372 ms
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Time: 464.458 ms
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Time: 464.496 ms
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Time: 464.551 ms
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Time: 464.599 ms
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Time: 464.655 ms
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Time: 464.656 ms
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Time: 464.722 ms
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Time: 464.814 ms
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Time: 464.827 ms
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Time: 464.878 ms
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Time: 465.450 ms
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Time: 465.769 ms
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Time: 1234.848 ms
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Time: 1267.398 ms
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100 runtimes for port/qsort.c, sorted ascending:
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Time: 418.905 ms
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Time: 420.611 ms
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Time: 420.764 ms
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M79733@postgresql.org Wed Feb 15 20:22:07 2006
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Return-path: <pgsql-hackers-owner+M79733@postgresql.org>
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Received: from ams.hub.org (ams.hub.org [200.46.204.13])
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Wed, 15 Feb 2006 20:21:33 -0500 (EST)
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To: Ron <rjpeace@earthlink.net>
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cc: pgsql-performance@postgresql.org, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort again (was Re: [PERFORM] Strange Create Index behaviour)
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In-Reply-To: <7.0.1.0.2.20060215194635.03b55da0@earthlink.net>
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References: <43F38867.6010701@gpdnet.co.uk> <19510.1140036968@sss.pgh.pa.us> <19779.1140038874@sss.pgh.pa.us> <43F39E53.1020009@gpdnet.co.uk> <20781.1140046109@sss.pgh.pa.us> <7.0.1.0.2.20060215194635.03b55da0@earthlink.net>
|
|
Comments: In-reply-to Ron <rjpeace@earthlink.net>
|
|
message dated "Wed, 15 Feb 2006 19:57:51 -0500"
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Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2006 20:21:33 -0500
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Message-ID: <21615.1140052893@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Ron <rjpeace@earthlink.net> writes:
|
|
> How are we choosing our pivots?
|
|
|
|
See qsort.c: it looks like median of nine equally spaced inputs (ie,
|
|
the 1/8th points of the initial input array, plus the end points),
|
|
implemented as two rounds of median-of-three choices. With half of the
|
|
data inputs zero, it's not too improbable for two out of the three
|
|
samples to be zeroes in which case I think the med3 result will be zero
|
|
--- so choosing a pivot of zero is much more probable than one would
|
|
like, and doing so in many levels of recursion causes the problem.
|
|
|
|
I think. I'm not too sure if the code isn't just being sloppy about the
|
|
case where many data values are equal to the pivot --- there's a special
|
|
case there to switch to insertion sort, and maybe that's getting invoked
|
|
too soon. It'd be useful to get a line-level profile of the behavior of
|
|
this code in the slow cases...
|
|
|
|
regards, tom lane
|
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From pgsql-performance-owner+M17282@postgresql.org Fri Feb 17 23:11:11 2006
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort again (was Re: [PERFORM] Strange Create Index behaviour)
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Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2006 17:37:58 -0800
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Message-ID: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D54C@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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Thread-Topic: [HACKERS] qsort again (was Re: [PERFORM] Strange Create Index behaviour)
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Thread-Index: AcYyl2fPgxfNXHIRRyOEN4ZGeHtA3wAAEaNQ
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From: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
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To: "Tom Lane" <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>, "Ron" <rjpeace@earthlink.net>
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cc: <pgsql-performance@postgresql.org>, <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>
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> -----Original Message-----
|
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> From: pgsql-hackers-owner@postgresql.org [mailto:pgsql-hackers-
|
|
> owner@postgresql.org] On Behalf Of Tom Lane
|
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> Sent: Wednesday, February 15, 2006 5:22 PM
|
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> To: Ron
|
|
> Cc: pgsql-performance@postgresql.org; pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
|
|
> Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort again (was Re: [PERFORM] Strange Create
|
|
Index
|
|
> behaviour)
|
|
>
|
|
> Ron <rjpeace@earthlink.net> writes:
|
|
> > How are we choosing our pivots?
|
|
>
|
|
> See qsort.c: it looks like median of nine equally spaced inputs (ie,
|
|
> the 1/8th points of the initial input array, plus the end points),
|
|
> implemented as two rounds of median-of-three choices. With half of
|
|
the
|
|
> data inputs zero, it's not too improbable for two out of the three
|
|
> samples to be zeroes in which case I think the med3 result will be
|
|
zero
|
|
> --- so choosing a pivot of zero is much more probable than one would
|
|
> like, and doing so in many levels of recursion causes the problem.
|
|
|
|
Adding some randomness to the selection of the pivot is a known
|
|
technique to fix the oddball partitions problem. However, Bentley and
|
|
Sedgewick proved that every quick sort algorithm has some input set that
|
|
makes it go quadratic (hence the recent popularity of introspective
|
|
sort, which switches to heapsort if quadratic behavior is detected. The
|
|
C++ template I submitted was an example of introspective sort, but
|
|
PostgreSQL does not use C++ so it was not helpful).
|
|
|
|
> I think. I'm not too sure if the code isn't just being sloppy about
|
|
the
|
|
> case where many data values are equal to the pivot --- there's a
|
|
special
|
|
> case there to switch to insertion sort, and maybe that's getting
|
|
invoked
|
|
> too soon.
|
|
|
|
Here are some cases known to make qsort go quadratic:
|
|
1. Data already sorted
|
|
2. Data reverse sorted
|
|
3. Data organ-pipe sorted or ramp
|
|
4. Almost all data of the same value
|
|
|
|
There are probably other cases. Randomizing the pivot helps some, as
|
|
does check for in-order or reverse order partitions.
|
|
|
|
Imagine if 1/3 of the partitions fall into a category that causes
|
|
quadratic behavior (have one of the above formats and have more than
|
|
CUTOFF elements in them).
|
|
|
|
It is doubtful that the switch to insertion sort is causing any sort of
|
|
problems. It is only going to be invoked on tiny sets, for which it has
|
|
a fixed cost that is probably less that qsort() function calls on sets
|
|
of the same size.
|
|
|
|
>It'd be useful to get a line-level profile of the behavior of
|
|
> this code in the slow cases...
|
|
|
|
I guess that my in-order or presorted tests [which often arise when
|
|
there are very few distinct values] may solve the bad partition
|
|
problems. Don't forget that the algorithm is called recursively.
|
|
|
|
> regards, tom lane
|
|
>
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> ---------------------------(end of
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broadcast)---------------------------
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> TIP 3: Have you checked our extensive FAQ?
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>
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> http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq
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TIP 2: Don't 'kill -9' the postmaster
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From kleptog@svana.org Mon Dec 19 06:37:51 2005
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id 1EoJKc-00045V-00; Mon, 19 Dec 2005 22:37:30 +1100
|
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Date: Mon, 19 Dec 2005 12:37:30 +0100
|
|
From: Martijn van Oosterhout <kleptog@svana.org>
|
|
To: Dann Corbit <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
|
cc: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>, Qingqing Zhou <zhouqq@cs.toronto.edu>,
|
|
Bruce Momjian <pgman@candle.pha.pa.us>,
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Luke Lonergan <llonergan@greenplum.com>, Neil Conway <neilc@samurai.com>,
|
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pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
|
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Which qsort is used
|
|
Message-ID: <20051219113724.GD12251@svana.org>
|
|
Reply-To: Martijn van Oosterhout <kleptog@svana.org>
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D38D@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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On Fri, Dec 16, 2005 at 10:43:58PM -0800, Dann Corbit wrote:
|
|
> I am actually quite impressed with the excellence of Bentley's sort out
|
|
> of the box. It's definitely the best library implementation of a sort I
|
|
> have seen.
|
|
|
|
I'm not sure whether we have a conclusion here, but I do have one
|
|
question: is there a significant difference in the number of times the
|
|
comparison routines are called? Comparisons in PostgreSQL are fairly
|
|
expensive given the fmgr overhead and when comparing tuples it's even
|
|
worse.
|
|
|
|
We don't want to accedently pick a routine that saves data shuffling by
|
|
adding extra comparisons. The stats at [1] don't say. They try to
|
|
factor in CPU cost but they seem to use unrealistically small values. I
|
|
would think a number around 50 (or higher) would be more
|
|
representative.
|
|
|
|
[1] http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~zhouqq/postgresql/sort/sort.html
|
|
|
|
Have a nice day,
|
|
--=20
|
|
Martijn van Oosterhout <kleptog@svana.org> http://svana.org/kleptog/
|
|
> Patent. n. Genius is 5% inspiration and 95% perspiration. A patent is a
|
|
> tool for doing 5% of the work and then sitting around waiting for someone
|
|
> else to do the other 95% so you can sue them.
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From mkoi-pg@aon.at Wed Dec 21 19:44:03 2005
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for <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>; 22 Dec 2005 00:43:51 -0000
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From: Manfred Koizar <mkoi-pg@aon.at>
|
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To: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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cc: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>, "Qingqing Zhou" <zhouqq@cs.toronto.edu>,
|
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"Bruce Momjian" <pgman@candle.pha.pa.us>,
|
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"Luke Lonergan" <llonergan@greenplum.com>,
|
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"Neil Conway" <neilc@samurai.com>, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
|
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Which qsort is used
|
|
Date: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 01:43:34 +0100
|
|
Message-ID: <odqjq1tv6cb77ri4df0aehqal8o0ljtkar@4ax.com>
|
|
References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D386@postal.corporate.connx.com> <3148.1134795805@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
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Status: OR
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|
|
|
On Sat, 17 Dec 2005 00:03:25 -0500, Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
wrote:
|
|
>I've still got a problem with these checks; I think they are a net
|
|
>waste of cycles on average. [...]
|
|
> and when they fail, those cycles are entirely wasted;
|
|
>you have not advanced the state of the sort at all.
|
|
|
|
How can we make the initial check "adavance the state of the sort"?
|
|
One answer might be to exclude the sorted sequence at the start of the
|
|
array from the qsort, and merge the two sorted lists as the final
|
|
stage of the sort.
|
|
|
|
Qsorting N elements costs O(N*lnN), so excluding H elements from the
|
|
sort reduces the cost by at least O(H*lnN). The merge step costs O(N)
|
|
plus some (<=50%) more memory, unless someone knows a fast in-place
|
|
merge. So depending on the constant factors involved there might be a
|
|
usable solution.
|
|
|
|
I've been playing with some numbers and assuming the constant factors
|
|
to be equal for all the O()'s this method starts to pay off at
|
|
H for N
|
|
20 100
|
|
130 1000
|
|
8000 100000
|
|
Servus
|
|
Manfred
|
|
|
|
From pgsql-hackers-owner+M77795=pgman=candle.pha.pa.us@postgresql.org Thu Dec 22 02:02:28 2005
|
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Date: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 08:01:00 +0100
|
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From: Martijn van Oosterhout <kleptog@svana.org>
|
|
To: Manfred Koizar <mkoi-pg@aon.at>
|
|
cc: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>, Dann Corbit <DCorbit@connx.com>,
|
|
Qingqing Zhou <zhouqq@cs.toronto.edu>,
|
|
Bruce Momjian <pgman@candle.pha.pa.us>,
|
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Luke Lonergan <llonergan@greenplum.com>, Neil Conway <neilc@samurai.com>,
|
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pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
|
|
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Which qsort is used
|
|
Message-ID: <20051222070057.GA21783@svana.org>
|
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Reply-To: Martijn van Oosterhout <kleptog@svana.org>
|
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D386@postal.corporate.connx.com> <3148.1134795805@sss.pgh.pa.us> <odqjq1tv6cb77ri4df0aehqal8o0ljtkar@4ax.com>
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On Thu, Dec 22, 2005 at 01:43:34AM +0100, Manfred Koizar wrote:
|
|
> Qsorting N elements costs O(N*lnN), so excluding H elements from the
|
|
> sort reduces the cost by at least O(H*lnN). The merge step costs O(N)
|
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> plus some (<=3D50%) more memory, unless someone knows a fast in-place
|
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> merge. So depending on the constant factors involved there might be a
|
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> usable solution.
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|
But where are you including the cost to check how many cells are
|
|
already sorted? That would be O(H), right? This is where we come back
|
|
to the issue that comparisons in PostgreSQL are expensive. The cpu_cost
|
|
in the tests I saw so far is unrealistically low.
|
|
|
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> I've been playing with some numbers and assuming the constant factors
|
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> to be equal for all the O()'s this method starts to pay off at
|
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> H for N
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> 20 100 20%
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> 130 1000 13%
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> 8000 100000 8%
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Hmm, what are the chances you have 100000 unordered items to sort and
|
|
that the first 8% will already be in order. ISTM that that probability
|
|
will be close enough to zero to not matter...
|
|
|
|
Have a nice day,
|
|
--=20
|
|
Martijn van Oosterhout <kleptog@svana.org> http://svana.org/kleptog/
|
|
> Patent. n. Genius is 5% inspiration and 95% perspiration. A patent is a
|
|
> tool for doing 5% of the work and then sitting around waiting for someone
|
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> else to do the other 95% so you can sue them.
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M77831=pgman=candle.pha.pa.us@postgresql.org Thu Dec 22 16:59:19 2005
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From: Manfred Koizar <mkoi-pg@aon.at>
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To: Martijn van Oosterhout <kleptog@svana.org>
|
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cc: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>, Dann Corbit <DCorbit@connx.com>,
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Qingqing Zhou <zhouqq@cs.toronto.edu>,
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pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Which qsort is used
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Date: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 22:58:31 +0100
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D386@postal.corporate.connx.com> <3148.1134795805@sss.pgh.pa.us> <odqjq1tv6cb77ri4df0aehqal8o0ljtkar@4ax.com> <20051222070057.GA21783@svana.org>
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On Thu, 22 Dec 2005 08:01:00 +0100, Martijn van Oosterhout
|
|
<kleptog@svana.org> wrote:
|
|
>But where are you including the cost to check how many cells are
|
|
>already sorted? That would be O(H), right?
|
|
|
|
Yes. I didn't mention it, because H < N.
|
|
|
|
> This is where we come back
|
|
>to the issue that comparisons in PostgreSQL are expensive.
|
|
|
|
So we agree that we should try to reduce the number of comparisons.
|
|
How many comparisons does it take to sort 100000 items? 1.5 million?
|
|
|
|
>Hmm, what are the chances you have 100000 unordered items to sort and
|
|
>that the first 8% will already be in order. ISTM that that probability
|
|
>will be close enough to zero to not matter...
|
|
|
|
If the items are totally unordered, the check is so cheap you won't
|
|
even notice. OTOH in Tom's example ...
|
|
|
|
|What I think is much more probable in the Postgres environment
|
|
|is almost-but-not-quite-ordered inputs --- eg, a table that was
|
|
|perfectly ordered by key when filled, but some of the tuples have since
|
|
|been moved by UPDATEs.
|
|
|
|
... I'd not be surprised if H is 90% of N.
|
|
Servus
|
|
Manfred
|
|
|
|
---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
|
|
TIP 2: Don't 'kill -9' the postmaster
|
|
|
|
From DCorbit@connx.com Thu Dec 22 17:22:03 2005
|
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Return-path: <DCorbit@connx.com>
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Subject: RE: [HACKERS] Re: Which qsort is used
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Date: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 14:21:49 -0800
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Thread-Topic: [HACKERS] Re: Which qsort is used
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Thread-Index: AcYHQuXJdKs8JVgmSKywUqld6KYccQAAfWAA
|
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From: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
|
To: "Manfred Koizar" <mkoi-pg@aon.at>,
|
|
"Martijn van Oosterhout" <kleptog@svana.org>
|
|
cc: "Tom Lane" <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>, "Qingqing Zhou" <zhouqq@cs.toronto.edu>,
|
|
"Bruce Momjian" <pgman@candle.pha.pa.us>,
|
|
"Luke Lonergan" <llonergan@greenplum.com>,
|
|
"Neil Conway" <neilc@samurai.com>, <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>
|
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Status: OR
|
|
|
|
An interesting article on sorting and comparison count:
|
|
http://www.acm.org/jea/ARTICLES/Vol7Nbr5.pdf
|
|
|
|
Here is the article, the code, and an implementation that I have been
|
|
toying with:
|
|
http://cap.connx.com/chess-engines/new-approach/algos.zip
|
|
|
|
Algorithm quickheap is especially interesting because it does not
|
|
require much additional space (just an array of integers up to size
|
|
log(element_count) and in addition, it has very few data movements.
|
|
|
|
> -----Original Message-----
|
|
> From: Manfred Koizar [mailto:mkoi-pg@aon.at]
|
|
> Sent: Thursday, December 22, 2005 1:59 PM
|
|
> To: Martijn van Oosterhout
|
|
> Cc: Tom Lane; Dann Corbit; Qingqing Zhou; Bruce Momjian; Luke
|
|
Lonergan;
|
|
> Neil Conway; pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
|
|
> Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Which qsort is used
|
|
>
|
|
> On Thu, 22 Dec 2005 08:01:00 +0100, Martijn van Oosterhout
|
|
> <kleptog@svana.org> wrote:
|
|
> >But where are you including the cost to check how many cells are
|
|
> >already sorted? That would be O(H), right?
|
|
>
|
|
> Yes. I didn't mention it, because H < N.
|
|
>
|
|
> > This is where we come back
|
|
> >to the issue that comparisons in PostgreSQL are expensive.
|
|
>
|
|
> So we agree that we should try to reduce the number of comparisons.
|
|
> How many comparisons does it take to sort 100000 items? 1.5 million?
|
|
>
|
|
> >Hmm, what are the chances you have 100000 unordered items to sort and
|
|
> >that the first 8% will already be in order. ISTM that that
|
|
probability
|
|
> >will be close enough to zero to not matter...
|
|
>
|
|
> If the items are totally unordered, the check is so cheap you won't
|
|
> even notice. OTOH in Tom's example ...
|
|
>
|
|
> |What I think is much more probable in the Postgres environment
|
|
> |is almost-but-not-quite-ordered inputs --- eg, a table that was
|
|
> |perfectly ordered by key when filled, but some of the tuples have
|
|
since
|
|
> |been moved by UPDATEs.
|
|
>
|
|
> ... I'd not be surprised if H is 90% of N.
|
|
> Servus
|
|
> Manfred
|
|
|
|
From pgsql-hackers-owner@postgresql.org Mon Dec 19 13:36:58 2005
|
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Date: Mon, 19 Dec 2005 09:36:44 -0800
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Subject: Re: Re: Which qsort is used
|
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From: "Luke Lonergan" <llonergan@greenplum.com>
|
|
To: "Martijn van Oosterhout" <kleptog@svana.org>,
|
|
"Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
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Martin,
|
|
|
|
On 12/19/05 3:37 AM, "Martijn van Oosterhout" <kleptog@svana.org> wrote:
|
|
|
|
> I'm not sure whether we have a conclusion here, but I do have one
|
|
> question: is there a significant difference in the number of times the
|
|
> comparison routines are called? Comparisons in PostgreSQL are fairly
|
|
> expensive given the fmgr overhead and when comparing tuples it's even
|
|
> worse.
|
|
|
|
It would be interesting to note the comparison count of the different
|
|
routines.
|
|
|
|
Something that really grabbed me about the results though is that the
|
|
relative performance of the routines dramatically shifted when the indirect
|
|
references in the comparators went in. The first test I did sorted an array
|
|
of int4 - these tests that Qingqing did sorted arrays using an indirect
|
|
pointer list, at which point the same distributions performed very
|
|
differently.
|
|
|
|
I suspect that it is the number of comparisons that caused this, and further
|
|
that the indirection has disabled the compiler optimizations for memory
|
|
prefetch and other things that it could normally recognize. Given the usage
|
|
pattern in Postgres, where sorted things are a mix of strings and intrinsic
|
|
types, I'm not sure those optimizations could be done by one routine.
|
|
|
|
I haven't verified this, but it certainly seems that the NetBSD routine is
|
|
the overall winner for the type of use that Postgres has (sorting the using
|
|
a pointer list).
|
|
|
|
- Luke
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81165@postgresql.org Thu Mar 16 18:37:28 2006
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To: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
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cc: "Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org,
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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In-Reply-To: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D67F@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D67F@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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Comments: In-reply-to "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
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message dated "Thu, 16 Mar 2006 13:27:33 -0800"
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MIME-Version: 1.0
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Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----- =_aaaaaaaaaa0"
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Content-ID: <23060.1142551929.0@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2006 18:36:42 -0500
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Message-ID: <23077.1142552202@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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X-Virus-Scanned: by amavisd-new at hub.org
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Status: OR
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------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
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Content-ID: <23060.1142551929.1@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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>> So at least on randomized data, the swap_cnt thing is a serious loser.
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>> Need to run some tests on special-case inputs though. Anyone have a
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>> test suite they like?
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> Here is a distribution maker that will create some torture tests for
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> sorting programs.
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I fleshed out the sort tester that Bentley & McIlroy give pseudocode for
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in their paper (attached below in case anyone wants to hack on it). Not
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very surprisingly, it shows the unmodified B&M algorithm as
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significantly better than the BSD-lite version:
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Our current BSD qsort:
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distribution SAWTOOTH: max cratio 12.9259, average 0.870261 over 252 tests
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distribution RAND: max cratio 1.07917, average 0.505924 over 252 tests
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distribution STAGGER: max cratio 12.9259, average 1.03706 over 252 tests
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distribution PLATEAU: max cratio 12.9259, average 0.632514 over 252 tests
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distribution SHUFFLE: max cratio 12.9259, average 1.21631 over 252 tests
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method COPY: max cratio 3.87533, average 0.666927 over 210 tests
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method REVERSE: max cratio 5.6248, average 0.710284 over 210 tests
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method FREVERSE: max cratio 12.9259, average 1.58323 over 210 tests
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method BREVERSE: max cratio 5.72661, average 1.13674 over 210 tests
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method SORT: max cratio 0.758625, average 0.350092 over 210 tests
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method DITHER: max cratio 3.13417, average 0.667222 over 210 tests
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Overall: average cratio 0.852415 over 1260 tests
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without the swap_cnt code:
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distribution SAWTOOTH: max cratio 5.6248, average 0.745818 over 252 tests
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distribution RAND: max cratio 1.07917, average 0.510097 over 252 tests
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distribution STAGGER: max cratio 5.6248, average 1.0494 over 252 tests
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distribution PLATEAU: max cratio 3.57655, average 0.411549 over 252 tests
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distribution SHUFFLE: max cratio 5.72661, average 1.05988 over 252 tests
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method COPY: max cratio 3.87533, average 0.712122 over 210 tests
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method REVERSE: max cratio 5.6248, average 0.751011 over 210 tests
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method FREVERSE: max cratio 4.80869, average 0.690224 over 210 tests
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method BREVERSE: max cratio 5.72661, average 1.13673 over 210 tests
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method SORT: max cratio 0.806618, average 0.539829 over 210 tests
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method DITHER: max cratio 3.13417, average 0.702174 over 210 tests
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Overall: average cratio 0.755348 over 1260 tests
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("cratio" is the ratio of the actual number of comparison function calls
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to the theoretical expectation of N*lg2(N).) The insertion sort
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switchover is a loser for both average and worst-case measurements.
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I tried Dann's distributions too, with N = 100000:
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Our current BSD qsort:
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dist fib: cratio 0.0694229
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dist camel: cratio 0.0903228
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dist constant: cratio 0.0602126
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dist five: cratio 0.132288
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dist ramp: cratio 4.29937
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dist random: cratio 1.09286
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dist reverse: cratio 0.5663
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dist sorted: cratio 0.18062
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dist ten: cratio 0.174781
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dist twenty: cratio 0.238098
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dist two: cratio 0.090365
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dist perverse: cratio 0.334503
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dist trig: cratio 0.679846
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Overall: max cratio 4.29937, average cratio 0.616076 over 13 tests
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without the swap_cnt code:
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dist fib: cratio 0.0694229
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dist camel: cratio 0.0903228
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dist constant: cratio 0.0602126
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dist five: cratio 0.132288
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dist ramp: cratio 4.29937
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dist random: cratio 1.09286
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dist reverse: cratio 0.89184
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dist sorted: cratio 0.884907
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dist ten: cratio 0.174781
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dist twenty: cratio 0.238098
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dist two: cratio 0.090365
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dist perverse: cratio 0.334503
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dist trig: cratio 0.679846
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Overall: max cratio 4.29937, average cratio 0.695293 over 13 tests
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In this set of tests the behavior is just about identical, except for
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the case of already-sorted input, where the BSD coding runs in O(N)
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instead of O(N lg2 N) time. So that evidently is why some unknown
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person put in the special case.
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Some further experimentation destroys my original proposal to limit the
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size of subfile we'll use the swap_cnt code for: it turns out that that
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eliminates the BSD code's advantage for presorted input (at least for
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inputs bigger than the limit) without doing anything much in return.
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So my feeling is we should just remove the swap_cnt code and return to
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the original B&M algorithm. Being much faster than expected for
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presorted input doesn't justify being far slower than expected for
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other inputs, IMHO. In the context of Postgres I doubt that perfectly
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sorted input shows up very often anyway.
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Comments?
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regards, tom lane
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------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0
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Content-Type: application/octet-stream
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Content-ID: <23060.1142551929.2@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Content-Description: sorttester.c
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81167@postgresql.org Thu Mar 16 18:48:37 2006
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Thu, 16 Mar 2006 18:48:09 -0500 (EST)
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To: Darcy Buskermolen <darcy@wavefire.com>
|
|
cc: pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org, "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>,
|
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"Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>,
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
|
In-Reply-To: <200603161541.25929.darcy@wavefire.com>
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D67D@postal.corporate.connx.com> <19646.1142539750@sss.pgh.pa.us> <200603161541.25929.darcy@wavefire.com>
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Comments: In-reply-to Darcy Buskermolen <darcy@wavefire.com>
|
|
message dated "Thu, 16 Mar 2006 15:41:24 -0800"
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Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2006 18:48:09 -0500
|
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Message-ID: <23198.1142552889@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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Darcy Buskermolen <darcy@wavefire.com> writes:
|
|
> On Thursday 16 March 2006 12:09, Tom Lane wrote:
|
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>> So we still have a problem of software archaeology: who added the
|
|
>> insertion sort switch to the NetBSD version, and on what grounds?
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> This is when that particular code was pushed in, as to why exactly, you'll
|
|
> have to ask mycroft.
|
|
> http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/lib/libc/stdlib/qsort.c.diff?r1=1.3&r2=1.4&only_with_tag=MAIN
|
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Interesting. It looks to me like he replaced the former
|
|
vaguely-Knuth-based coding with B&M's code, but kept the insertion-
|
|
sort-after-no-swap special case that was in the previous code. I'll
|
|
betcha he didn't test to see whether this was actually such a great
|
|
idea ...
|
|
|
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regards, tom lane
|
|
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 1: if posting/reading through Usenet, please send an appropriate
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subscribe-nomail command to majordomo@postgresql.org so that your
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81168@postgresql.org Thu Mar 16 19:42:51 2006
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2006 16:42:20 -0800
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Message-ID: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D688@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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Thread-Topic: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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Thread-Index: AcZJUnwKofAzJ+OKTcqF67UTsFWJEQACP7AA
|
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From: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
|
To: "Tom Lane" <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
cc: "Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>,
|
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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> So my feeling is we should just remove the swap_cnt code and return to
|
|
> the original B&M algorithm. Being much faster than expected for
|
|
> presorted input doesn't justify being far slower than expected for
|
|
> other inputs, IMHO. In the context of Postgres I doubt that perfectly
|
|
> sorted input shows up very often anyway.
|
|
>
|
|
> Comments?
|
|
|
|
Checking for presorted input is O(n).
|
|
If the input is random, an average of 3 elements will be tested.
|
|
So adding an in-order check of the data should not be too expensive.
|
|
|
|
I would benchmark several approaches and see which one is best when used
|
|
in-place.
|
|
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 3: Have you checked our extensive FAQ?
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http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81169@postgresql.org Thu Mar 16 20:13:08 2006
|
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
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Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2006 17:12:35 -0800
|
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Message-ID: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D68B@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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Thread-Topic: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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Thread-Index: AcZJUnwKofAzJ+OKTcqF67UTsFWJEQACP7AAAADU8dA=
|
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From: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
|
To: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>, "Tom Lane" <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
cc: "Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>,
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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Status: OR
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> -----Original Message-----
|
|
> From: pgsql-hackers-owner@postgresql.org [mailto:pgsql-hackers-
|
|
> owner@postgresql.org] On Behalf Of Dann Corbit
|
|
> Sent: Thursday, March 16, 2006 4:42 PM
|
|
> To: Tom Lane
|
|
> Cc: Jonah H. Harris; pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org; Jerry Sievers
|
|
> Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
|
>
|
|
> > So my feeling is we should just remove the swap_cnt code and return
|
|
to
|
|
> > the original B&M algorithm. Being much faster than expected for
|
|
> > presorted input doesn't justify being far slower than expected for
|
|
> > other inputs, IMHO. In the context of Postgres I doubt that
|
|
perfectly
|
|
> > sorted input shows up very often anyway.
|
|
> >
|
|
> > Comments?
|
|
>
|
|
> Checking for presorted input is O(n).
|
|
> If the input is random, an average of 3 elements will be tested.
|
|
> So adding an in-order check of the data should not be too expensive.
|
|
>
|
|
> I would benchmark several approaches and see which one is best when
|
|
used
|
|
> in-place.
|
|
|
|
Even if "hunks" of the input are sorted, the test is a very good idea.
|
|
|
|
Recall that we are sorting recursively and so we divide the data into
|
|
chunks.
|
|
|
|
Consider an example...
|
|
|
|
Quicksort of a field that contains Sex as 'M' for male, 'F' for female,
|
|
or NULL for unknown.
|
|
|
|
The median selection is going to pick one of 'M', 'F', or NULL.
|
|
After pass 1 of qsort we will have two partitions. One partition will
|
|
have all of one type and the other partition will have the other two
|
|
types.
|
|
|
|
An in-order check will tell us that the monotone partition is sorted and
|
|
we are done with it.
|
|
|
|
Imagine also a table that was clustered but for which we have not
|
|
updated statistics. Perhaps it is 98% sorted. Checking for order in
|
|
our partitions is probably a good idea.
|
|
|
|
I think you could also get a good optimization if you are checking for
|
|
partitions and find a big section of the partition is not ordered (even
|
|
though the whole thing is not). If you could perk the ordered size up
|
|
the tree, you could just add another partition to the merge list and
|
|
sort the unordered part.
|
|
|
|
In "C Unleashed" I call this idea partition discovery mergesort.
|
|
|
|
---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 5: don't forget to increase your free space map settings
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81172@postgresql.org Fri Mar 17 00:27:41 2006
|
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Return-path: <pgsql-hackers-owner+M81172@postgresql.org>
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To: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
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cc: "Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org,
|
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
|
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
|
In-Reply-To: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D68B@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D68B@postal.corporate.connx.com>
|
|
Comments: In-reply-to "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
|
message dated "Thu, 16 Mar 2006 17:12:35 -0800"
|
|
Date: Fri, 17 Mar 2006 00:27:05 -0500
|
|
Message-ID: <25294.1142573225@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
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"Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com> writes:
|
|
>> So my feeling is we should just remove the swap_cnt code and return
|
|
>> to the original B&M algorithm.
|
|
|
|
> Even if "hunks" of the input are sorted, the test is a very good idea.
|
|
|
|
Yah know, guys, Bentley and McIlroy are each smarter than any five of
|
|
us, and I'm quite certain it occurred to them to try prechecking for
|
|
sorted input. If that case is not in their code then it's probably
|
|
because it's a net loss. Unless you have reason to think that sorted
|
|
input is *more* common than other cases for the Postgres environment,
|
|
which is certainly a fact not in evidence.
|
|
|
|
(Bentley was my thesis adviser for awhile before he went to Bell Labs,
|
|
so my respect for him is based on direct personal experience. McIlroy
|
|
I only know by reputation, but he's sure got a ton of that.)
|
|
|
|
> Imagine also a table that was clustered but for which we have not
|
|
> updated statistics. Perhaps it is 98% sorted. Checking for order in
|
|
> our partitions is probably a good idea.
|
|
|
|
If we are using the sort code rather than the recently-clustered index
|
|
for such a case, then we have problems elsewhere. This scenario is not
|
|
a good argument that the sort code needs to be specialized to handle
|
|
this case at the expense of other cases; the place to be fixing it is
|
|
the planner or the statistics-management code.
|
|
|
|
regards, tom lane
|
|
|
|
---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
|
|
TIP 9: In versions below 8.0, the planner will ignore your desire to
|
|
choose an index scan if your joining column's datatypes do not
|
|
match
|
|
|
|
From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81173@postgresql.org Fri Mar 17 00:29:24 2006
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Return-path: <pgsql-hackers-owner+M81173@postgresql.org>
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
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Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2006 21:28:52 -0800
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Message-ID: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D6A1@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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Thread-Topic: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
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Thread-Index: AcZJg2/Nvc2IdeFUT0id8WtNczZvGQAACfYw
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From: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
|
To: "Tom Lane" <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
cc: "Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>,
|
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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Status: OR
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Well, my point was that it is a snap to implement and test.
|
|
|
|
It will be better, worse, or the same.
|
|
|
|
I agree that Bentley is a bloody genius.
|
|
|
|
> -----Original Message-----
|
|
> From: Tom Lane [mailto:tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us]
|
|
> Sent: Thursday, March 16, 2006 9:27 PM
|
|
> To: Dann Corbit
|
|
> Cc: Jonah H. Harris; pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org; Jerry Sievers
|
|
> Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
|
>
|
|
> "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com> writes:
|
|
> >> So my feeling is we should just remove the swap_cnt code and return
|
|
> >> to the original B&M algorithm.
|
|
>
|
|
> > Even if "hunks" of the input are sorted, the test is a very good
|
|
idea.
|
|
>
|
|
> Yah know, guys, Bentley and McIlroy are each smarter than any five of
|
|
> us, and I'm quite certain it occurred to them to try prechecking for
|
|
> sorted input. If that case is not in their code then it's probably
|
|
> because it's a net loss. Unless you have reason to think that sorted
|
|
> input is *more* common than other cases for the Postgres environment,
|
|
> which is certainly a fact not in evidence.
|
|
>
|
|
> (Bentley was my thesis adviser for awhile before he went to Bell Labs,
|
|
> so my respect for him is based on direct personal experience. McIlroy
|
|
> I only know by reputation, but he's sure got a ton of that.)
|
|
>
|
|
> > Imagine also a table that was clustered but for which we have not
|
|
> > updated statistics. Perhaps it is 98% sorted. Checking for order
|
|
in
|
|
> > our partitions is probably a good idea.
|
|
>
|
|
> If we are using the sort code rather than the recently-clustered index
|
|
> for such a case, then we have problems elsewhere. This scenario is
|
|
not
|
|
> a good argument that the sort code needs to be specialized to handle
|
|
> this case at the expense of other cases; the place to be fixing it is
|
|
> the planner or the statistics-management code.
|
|
>
|
|
> regards, tom lane
|
|
|
|
---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
|
|
TIP 2: Don't 'kill -9' the postmaster
|
|
|
|
From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81277@postgresql.org Tue Mar 21 13:53:08 2006
|
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Return-path: <pgsql-hackers-owner+M81277@postgresql.org>
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To: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
|
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cc: "Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org,
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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In-Reply-To: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D6A1@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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Comments: In-reply-to "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>
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Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2006 13:52:17 -0500
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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"Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com> writes:
|
|
> Well, my point was that it is a snap to implement and test.
|
|
|
|
Well, having done this, I have to eat my words: it does seem to be a
|
|
pretty good idea.
|
|
|
|
The following test numbers are using Bentley & McIlroy's test framework,
|
|
but modified to test only the case N=10000 rather than the four smaller
|
|
N values they originally used. I did that because it exposes quadratic
|
|
behavior more obviously, and the variance in N made it harder to compare
|
|
comparison ratios for different cases. I also added a "NEARSORT" test
|
|
method, which sorts the input distribution and then exchanges two
|
|
elements chosen at random. I did that because I was concerned that
|
|
nearly sorted input would be the worst case for the presorted-input
|
|
check, as it would waste the most cycles before failing on such input.
|
|
|
|
With our existing qsort code, the results look like
|
|
|
|
distribution SAWTOOTH: max cratio 94.17, min 0.08, average 1.56 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution RAND: max cratio 1.06, min 0.08, average 0.51 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution STAGGER: max cratio 6.08, min 0.23, average 1.01 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution PLATEAU: max cratio 94.17, min 0.08, average 2.12 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution SHUFFLE: max cratio 94.17, min 0.23, average 1.92 over 105 tests
|
|
method COPY: max cratio 6.08, min 0.08, average 0.72 over 75 tests
|
|
method REVERSE: max cratio 5.34, min 0.08, average 0.69 over 75 tests
|
|
method FREVERSE: max cratio 94.17, min 0.08, average 5.71 over 75 tests
|
|
method BREVERSE: max cratio 3.86, min 0.08, average 1.41 over 75 tests
|
|
method SORT: max cratio 0.82, min 0.08, average 0.31 over 75 tests
|
|
method NEARSORT: max cratio 0.82, min 0.08, average 0.36 over 75 tests
|
|
method DITHER: max cratio 5.52, min 0.18, average 0.77 over 75 tests
|
|
Overall: average cratio 1.42 over 525 tests
|
|
|
|
("cratio" is the ratio of the actual number of comparison function calls
|
|
to the theoretical expectation, N log2(N))
|
|
|
|
That's pretty awful: there are several test cases that make it use
|
|
nearly 100 times the expected number of comparisons.
|
|
|
|
Removing the swap_cnt test to bring it close to B&M's original
|
|
recommendations, we get
|
|
|
|
distribution SAWTOOTH: max cratio 3.85, min 0.08, average 0.70 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution RAND: max cratio 1.06, min 0.08, average 0.52 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution STAGGER: max cratio 6.08, min 0.58, average 1.12 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution PLATEAU: max cratio 3.70, min 0.08, average 0.34 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution SHUFFLE: max cratio 3.86, min 0.86, average 1.24 over 105 tests
|
|
method COPY: max cratio 6.08, min 0.08, average 0.76 over 75 tests
|
|
method REVERSE: max cratio 5.34, min 0.08, average 0.75 over 75 tests
|
|
method FREVERSE: max cratio 4.56, min 0.08, average 0.73 over 75 tests
|
|
method BREVERSE: max cratio 3.86, min 0.08, average 1.41 over 75 tests
|
|
method SORT: max cratio 0.86, min 0.08, average 0.56 over 75 tests
|
|
method NEARSORT: max cratio 0.86, min 0.08, average 0.56 over 75 tests
|
|
method DITHER: max cratio 3.73, min 0.18, average 0.72 over 75 tests
|
|
Overall: average cratio 0.78 over 525 tests
|
|
|
|
which is a whole lot better as to both average and worst cases.
|
|
|
|
I then added some code to check for presorted input (just after the
|
|
n<7 insertion sort code):
|
|
|
|
#ifdef CHECK_SORTED
|
|
presorted = 1;
|
|
for (pm = (char *) a + es; pm < (char *) a + n * es; pm += es)
|
|
{
|
|
if (cmp(pm - es, pm) > 0)
|
|
{
|
|
presorted = 0;
|
|
break;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
if (presorted)
|
|
return;
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
This gives
|
|
|
|
distribution SAWTOOTH: max cratio 3.88, min 0.08, average 0.62 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution RAND: max cratio 1.06, min 0.08, average 0.46 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution STAGGER: max cratio 6.15, min 0.08, average 0.98 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution PLATEAU: max cratio 3.79, min 0.08, average 0.31 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution SHUFFLE: max cratio 3.91, min 0.08, average 1.09 over 105 tests
|
|
method COPY: max cratio 6.15, min 0.08, average 0.72 over 75 tests
|
|
method REVERSE: max cratio 5.34, min 0.08, average 0.76 over 75 tests
|
|
method FREVERSE: max cratio 4.58, min 0.08, average 0.73 over 75 tests
|
|
method BREVERSE: max cratio 3.91, min 0.08, average 1.44 over 75 tests
|
|
method SORT: max cratio 0.08, min 0.08, average 0.08 over 75 tests
|
|
method NEARSORT: max cratio 0.89, min 0.08, average 0.39 over 75 tests
|
|
method DITHER: max cratio 3.73, min 0.18, average 0.72 over 75 tests
|
|
Overall: average cratio 0.69 over 525 tests
|
|
|
|
So the worst case seems only very marginally worse, and there is a
|
|
definite improvement in the average case, even for inputs that aren't
|
|
entirely sorted. Importantly, the "near sorted" case that I thought
|
|
might send it into quadratic behavior doesn't seem to do that.
|
|
|
|
So, unless anyone wants to do further testing, I'll go ahead and commit
|
|
these changes.
|
|
|
|
regards, tom lane
|
|
|
|
PS: Just as a comparison point, here are the results when testing HPUX's
|
|
library qsort:
|
|
|
|
distribution SAWTOOTH: max cratio 7.00, min 0.08, average 0.76 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution RAND: max cratio 1.11, min 0.08, average 0.53 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution STAGGER: max cratio 7.05, min 0.58, average 1.24 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution PLATEAU: max cratio 7.00, min 0.08, average 0.43 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution SHUFFLE: max cratio 7.00, min 0.86, average 1.54 over 105 tests
|
|
method COPY: max cratio 6.70, min 0.08, average 0.79 over 75 tests
|
|
method REVERSE: max cratio 7.05, min 0.08, average 0.78 over 75 tests
|
|
method FREVERSE: max cratio 7.00, min 0.08, average 0.77 over 75 tests
|
|
method BREVERSE: max cratio 7.00, min 0.08, average 2.11 over 75 tests
|
|
method SORT: max cratio 0.86, min 0.08, average 0.56 over 75 tests
|
|
method NEARSORT: max cratio 0.86, min 0.08, average 0.56 over 75 tests
|
|
method DITHER: max cratio 4.06, min 0.16, average 0.74 over 75 tests
|
|
Overall: average cratio 0.90 over 525 tests
|
|
|
|
and here are the results using glibc's qsort, which of course isn't
|
|
quicksort at all but some kind of merge sort:
|
|
|
|
distribution SAWTOOTH: max cratio 0.90, min 0.49, average 0.65 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution RAND: max cratio 0.91, min 0.49, average 0.76 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution STAGGER: max cratio 0.92, min 0.49, average 0.70 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution PLATEAU: max cratio 0.84, min 0.49, average 0.54 over 105 tests
|
|
distribution SHUFFLE: max cratio 0.64, min 0.49, average 0.52 over 105 tests
|
|
method COPY: max cratio 0.92, min 0.49, average 0.66 over 75 tests
|
|
method REVERSE: max cratio 0.92, min 0.49, average 0.68 over 75 tests
|
|
method FREVERSE: max cratio 0.92, min 0.49, average 0.67 over 75 tests
|
|
method BREVERSE: max cratio 0.92, min 0.49, average 0.68 over 75 tests
|
|
method SORT: max cratio 0.49, min 0.49, average 0.49 over 75 tests
|
|
method NEARSORT: max cratio 0.55, min 0.49, average 0.51 over 75 tests
|
|
method DITHER: max cratio 0.92, min 0.50, average 0.74 over 75 tests
|
|
Overall: average cratio 0.63 over 525 tests
|
|
|
|
PPS: final version of test framework attached for the archives.
|
|
|
|
|
|
------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0
|
|
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
|
|
Content-ID: <18685.1142966822.2@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
Content-Description: sorttester.c
|
|
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
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TIP 5: don't forget to increase your free space map settings
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------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0--
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81283@postgresql.org Tue Mar 21 15:18:07 2006
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Return-path: <pgsql-hackers-owner+M81283@postgresql.org>
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To: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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cc: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>,
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D6A1@postal.corporate.connx.com>
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<18732.1142967137@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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In-Reply-To: <18732.1142967137@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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From: Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu>
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Organization: The Emacs Conspiracy; member since 1992
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Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us> writes:
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> and here are the results using glibc's qsort, which of course isn't
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> quicksort at all but some kind of merge sort:
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> ...
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> Overall: average cratio 0.63 over 525 tests
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That looks better both on average and in the worst case. Are the time
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constants that much worse that the merge sort still takes longer?
|
|
|
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--
|
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greg
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 5: don't forget to increase your free space map settings
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81285@postgresql.org Tue Mar 21 15:38:06 2006
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Tue, 21 Mar 2006 15:37:35 -0500 (EST)
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To: Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu>
|
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cc: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>,
|
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"Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org,
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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In-Reply-To: <87lkv3mu28.fsf@stark.xeocode.com>
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D6A1@postal.corporate.connx.com> <18732.1142967137@sss.pgh.pa.us> <87lkv3mu28.fsf@stark.xeocode.com>
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Comments: In-reply-to Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu>
|
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message dated "21 Mar 2006 15:17:19 -0500"
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Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2006 15:37:35 -0500
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Message-ID: <19857.1142973455@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu> writes:
|
|
> That looks better both on average and in the worst case. Are the time
|
|
> constants that much worse that the merge sort still takes longer?
|
|
|
|
Keep in mind that this is only counting the number of
|
|
comparison-function calls; it's not accounting for any other effects.
|
|
In particular, for a large sort operation quicksort might win because of
|
|
its more cache-friendly memory access patterns.
|
|
|
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The whole question of our qsort vs the system library's qsort probably
|
|
needs to be revisited, however, now that we've identified and fixed this
|
|
particular performance issue.
|
|
|
|
regards, tom lane
|
|
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 5: don't forget to increase your free space map settings
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81289@postgresql.org Tue Mar 21 16:27:30 2006
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To: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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cc: Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu>, "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>,
|
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"Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org,
|
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
|
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
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References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D6A1@postal.corporate.connx.com>
|
|
<18732.1142967137@sss.pgh.pa.us> <87lkv3mu28.fsf@stark.xeocode.com>
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<19857.1142973455@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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In-Reply-To: <19857.1142973455@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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From: Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu>
|
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Organization: The Emacs Conspiracy; member since 1992
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Date: 21 Mar 2006 16:26:55 -0500
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Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us> writes:
|
|
|
|
> Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu> writes:
|
|
> > That looks better both on average and in the worst case. Are the time
|
|
> > constants that much worse that the merge sort still takes longer?
|
|
>
|
|
> Keep in mind that this is only counting the number of
|
|
> comparison-function calls; it's not accounting for any other effects.
|
|
> In particular, for a large sort operation quicksort might win because of
|
|
> its more cache-friendly memory access patterns.
|
|
|
|
My question explicitly recognized that possibility. I'm just a little
|
|
skeptical since the comparison function in Postgres is often not some simple
|
|
bit of tightly optimized C code, but rather a complex locale sensitive
|
|
comparison function or even a bit of SQL expression to evaluate.
|
|
|
|
Cache effectiveness is may be a minimal factor anyways when the comparison is
|
|
executing more than a minimal amount of code. And one extra comparison is
|
|
going to cost a lot more too.
|
|
|
|
--
|
|
greg
|
|
|
|
|
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 9: In versions below 8.0, the planner will ignore your desire to
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choose an index scan if your joining column's datatypes do not
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match
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81290@postgresql.org Tue Mar 21 16:48:00 2006
|
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To: Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu>
|
|
cc: "Dann Corbit" <DCorbit@connx.com>,
|
|
"Jonah H. Harris" <jonah.harris@gmail.com>, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org,
|
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"Jerry Sievers" <jerry@jerrysievers.com>
|
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort, once again
|
|
In-Reply-To: <87acbjmqu8.fsf@stark.xeocode.com>
|
|
References: <D425483C2C5C9F49B5B7A41F8944154757D6A1@postal.corporate.connx.com> <18732.1142967137@sss.pgh.pa.us> <87lkv3mu28.fsf@stark.xeocode.com> <19857.1142973455@sss.pgh.pa.us> <87acbjmqu8.fsf@stark.xeocode.com>
|
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Comments: In-reply-to Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu>
|
|
message dated "21 Mar 2006 16:26:55 -0500"
|
|
Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2006 16:47:23 -0500
|
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Message-ID: <2193.1142977643@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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Greg Stark <gsstark@mit.edu> writes:
|
|
> My question explicitly recognized that possibility. I'm just a little
|
|
> skeptical since the comparison function in Postgres is often not some simple
|
|
> bit of tightly optimized C code, but rather a complex locale sensitive
|
|
> comparison function or even a bit of SQL expression to evaluate.
|
|
|
|
Yeah, I'd guess the same way, but OTOH at least a few people have
|
|
reported that our qsort code is consistently faster than glibc's (and
|
|
that was before this fix). See this thread:
|
|
http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2005-12/msg00610.php
|
|
|
|
Currently I believe that we only use our qsort on Solaris, not any other
|
|
platform, so if you think that glibc's qsort is better then you've
|
|
already got your wish. It seems to need more investigation though.
|
|
In particular, I'm thinking that the various adjustments we've made
|
|
to the sort support code over the past month probably invalidate any
|
|
previous testing of the point, and that we ought to go back and redo
|
|
those comparisons.
|
|
|
|
regards, tom lane
|
|
|
|
---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 5: don't forget to increase your free space map settings
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From pgsql-hackers-owner+M81282@postgresql.org Tue Mar 21 14:09:22 2006
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Tue, 21 Mar 2006 15:08:41 -0500 (EST)
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To: Gary Doades <gpd@gpdnet.co.uk>
|
|
cc: pgsql-performance@postgresql.org, pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
|
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] qsort again (was Re: [PERFORM] Strange Create Index behaviour)
|
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In-Reply-To: <20781.1140046109@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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References: <43F38867.6010701@gpdnet.co.uk> <19510.1140036968@sss.pgh.pa.us> <19779.1140038874@sss.pgh.pa.us> <43F39E53.1020009@gpdnet.co.uk> <20781.1140046109@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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Comments: In-reply-to Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
|
message dated "Wed, 15 Feb 2006 18:28:29 -0500"
|
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Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2006 15:08:40 -0500
|
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Message-ID: <19570.1142971720@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
|
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Last month I wrote:
|
|
> It seems clear that our qsort.c is doing a pretty awful job of picking
|
|
> qsort pivots, while glibc is mostly managing not to make that mistake.
|
|
|
|
I re-ran Gary's test script using the just-committed improvements to
|
|
qsort.c, and got pretty nice numbers (attached --- compare to
|
|
http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-performance/2006-02/msg00227.php).
|
|
So it was wrong to blame his problems on the pivot selection --- the
|
|
culprit was that ill-considered switch to insertion sort.
|
|
|
|
regards, tom lane
|
|
|
|
100 runtimes for latest port/qsort.c, sorted ascending:
|
|
|
|
Time: 335.481 ms
|
|
Time: 335.606 ms
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---------------------------(end of broadcast)---------------------------
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TIP 3: Have you checked our extensive FAQ?
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http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq
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