569 lines
22 KiB
C
569 lines
22 KiB
C
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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*
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* nbtree.h
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* header file for postgres btree access method implementation.
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*
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*
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* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2018, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
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* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
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*
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* src/include/access/nbtree.h
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*
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*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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*/
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#ifndef NBTREE_H
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#define NBTREE_H
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#include "access/amapi.h"
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#include "access/itup.h"
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#include "access/sdir.h"
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#include "access/xlogreader.h"
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#include "catalog/pg_index.h"
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#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
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#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
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#include "storage/shm_toc.h"
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/* There's room for a 16-bit vacuum cycle ID in BTPageOpaqueData */
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typedef uint16 BTCycleId;
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/*
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* BTPageOpaqueData -- At the end of every page, we store a pointer
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* to both siblings in the tree. This is used to do forward/backward
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* index scans. The next-page link is also critical for recovery when
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* a search has navigated to the wrong page due to concurrent page splits
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* or deletions; see src/backend/access/nbtree/README for more info.
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*
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* In addition, we store the page's btree level (counting upwards from
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* zero at a leaf page) as well as some flag bits indicating the page type
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* and status. If the page is deleted, we replace the level with the
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* next-transaction-ID value indicating when it is safe to reclaim the page.
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*
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* We also store a "vacuum cycle ID". When a page is split while VACUUM is
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* processing the index, a nonzero value associated with the VACUUM run is
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* stored into both halves of the split page. (If VACUUM is not running,
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* both pages receive zero cycleids.) This allows VACUUM to detect whether
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* a page was split since it started, with a small probability of false match
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* if the page was last split some exact multiple of MAX_BT_CYCLE_ID VACUUMs
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* ago. Also, during a split, the BTP_SPLIT_END flag is cleared in the left
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* (original) page, and set in the right page, but only if the next page
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* to its right has a different cycleid.
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*
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* NOTE: the BTP_LEAF flag bit is redundant since level==0 could be tested
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* instead.
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*/
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typedef struct BTPageOpaqueData
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{
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BlockNumber btpo_prev; /* left sibling, or P_NONE if leftmost */
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BlockNumber btpo_next; /* right sibling, or P_NONE if rightmost */
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union
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{
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uint32 level; /* tree level --- zero for leaf pages */
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TransactionId xact; /* next transaction ID, if deleted */
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} btpo;
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uint16 btpo_flags; /* flag bits, see below */
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BTCycleId btpo_cycleid; /* vacuum cycle ID of latest split */
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} BTPageOpaqueData;
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typedef BTPageOpaqueData *BTPageOpaque;
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/* Bits defined in btpo_flags */
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#define BTP_LEAF (1 << 0) /* leaf page, i.e. not internal page */
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#define BTP_ROOT (1 << 1) /* root page (has no parent) */
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#define BTP_DELETED (1 << 2) /* page has been deleted from tree */
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#define BTP_META (1 << 3) /* meta-page */
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#define BTP_HALF_DEAD (1 << 4) /* empty, but still in tree */
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#define BTP_SPLIT_END (1 << 5) /* rightmost page of split group */
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#define BTP_HAS_GARBAGE (1 << 6) /* page has LP_DEAD tuples */
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#define BTP_INCOMPLETE_SPLIT (1 << 7) /* right sibling's downlink is missing */
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/*
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* The max allowed value of a cycle ID is a bit less than 64K. This is
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* for convenience of pg_filedump and similar utilities: we want to use
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* the last 2 bytes of special space as an index type indicator, and
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* restricting cycle ID lets btree use that space for vacuum cycle IDs
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* while still allowing index type to be identified.
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*/
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#define MAX_BT_CYCLE_ID 0xFF7F
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/*
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* The Meta page is always the first page in the btree index.
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* Its primary purpose is to point to the location of the btree root page.
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* We also point to the "fast" root, which is the current effective root;
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* see README for discussion.
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*/
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typedef struct BTMetaPageData
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{
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uint32 btm_magic; /* should contain BTREE_MAGIC */
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uint32 btm_version; /* should contain BTREE_VERSION */
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BlockNumber btm_root; /* current root location */
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uint32 btm_level; /* tree level of the root page */
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BlockNumber btm_fastroot; /* current "fast" root location */
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uint32 btm_fastlevel; /* tree level of the "fast" root page */
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/* following fields are available since page version 3 */
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TransactionId btm_oldest_btpo_xact; /* oldest btpo_xact among of
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* deleted pages */
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float4 btm_last_cleanup_num_heap_tuples; /* number of heap tuples
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* during last cleanup */
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} BTMetaPageData;
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#define BTPageGetMeta(p) \
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((BTMetaPageData *) PageGetContents(p))
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#define BTREE_METAPAGE 0 /* first page is meta */
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#define BTREE_MAGIC 0x053162 /* magic number of btree pages */
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#define BTREE_VERSION 3 /* current version number */
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#define BTREE_MIN_VERSION 2 /* minimal supported version number */
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/*
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* Maximum size of a btree index entry, including its tuple header.
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*
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* We actually need to be able to fit three items on every page,
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* so restrict any one item to 1/3 the per-page available space.
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*/
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#define BTMaxItemSize(page) \
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MAXALIGN_DOWN((PageGetPageSize(page) - \
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MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData + 3*sizeof(ItemIdData)) - \
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MAXALIGN(sizeof(BTPageOpaqueData))) / 3)
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/*
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* The leaf-page fillfactor defaults to 90% but is user-adjustable.
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* For pages above the leaf level, we use a fixed 70% fillfactor.
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* The fillfactor is applied during index build and when splitting
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* a rightmost page; when splitting non-rightmost pages we try to
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* divide the data equally.
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*/
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#define BTREE_MIN_FILLFACTOR 10
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#define BTREE_DEFAULT_FILLFACTOR 90
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#define BTREE_NONLEAF_FILLFACTOR 70
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/*
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* Test whether two btree entries are "the same".
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*
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* Old comments:
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* In addition, we must guarantee that all tuples in the index are unique,
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* in order to satisfy some assumptions in Lehman and Yao. The way that we
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* do this is by generating a new OID for every insertion that we do in the
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* tree. This adds eight bytes to the size of btree index tuples. Note
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* that we do not use the OID as part of a composite key; the OID only
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* serves as a unique identifier for a given index tuple (logical position
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* within a page).
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*
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* New comments:
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* actually, we must guarantee that all tuples in A LEVEL
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* are unique, not in ALL INDEX. So, we can use the t_tid
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* as unique identifier for a given index tuple (logical position
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* within a level). - vadim 04/09/97
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*/
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#define BTTidSame(i1, i2) \
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((ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(i1)) == ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(i2))) && \
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(ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(i1)) == ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(i2))))
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#define BTEntrySame(i1, i2) \
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BTTidSame((i1)->t_tid, (i2)->t_tid)
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/*
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* In general, the btree code tries to localize its knowledge about
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* page layout to a couple of routines. However, we need a special
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* value to indicate "no page number" in those places where we expect
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* page numbers. We can use zero for this because we never need to
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* make a pointer to the metadata page.
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*/
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#define P_NONE 0
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/*
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* Macros to test whether a page is leftmost or rightmost on its tree level,
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* as well as other state info kept in the opaque data.
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*/
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#define P_LEFTMOST(opaque) ((opaque)->btpo_prev == P_NONE)
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#define P_RIGHTMOST(opaque) ((opaque)->btpo_next == P_NONE)
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#define P_ISLEAF(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & BTP_LEAF) != 0)
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#define P_ISROOT(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & BTP_ROOT) != 0)
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#define P_ISDELETED(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & BTP_DELETED) != 0)
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#define P_ISMETA(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & BTP_META) != 0)
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#define P_ISHALFDEAD(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & BTP_HALF_DEAD) != 0)
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#define P_IGNORE(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & (BTP_DELETED|BTP_HALF_DEAD)) != 0)
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#define P_HAS_GARBAGE(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & BTP_HAS_GARBAGE) != 0)
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#define P_INCOMPLETE_SPLIT(opaque) (((opaque)->btpo_flags & BTP_INCOMPLETE_SPLIT) != 0)
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/*
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* Lehman and Yao's algorithm requires a ``high key'' on every non-rightmost
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* page. The high key is not a data key, but gives info about what range of
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* keys is supposed to be on this page. The high key on a page is required
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* to be greater than or equal to any data key that appears on the page.
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* If we find ourselves trying to insert a key > high key, we know we need
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* to move right (this should only happen if the page was split since we
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* examined the parent page).
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*
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* Our insertion algorithm guarantees that we can use the initial least key
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* on our right sibling as the high key. Once a page is created, its high
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* key changes only if the page is split.
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*
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* On a non-rightmost page, the high key lives in item 1 and data items
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* start in item 2. Rightmost pages have no high key, so we store data
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* items beginning in item 1.
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*/
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#define P_HIKEY ((OffsetNumber) 1)
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#define P_FIRSTKEY ((OffsetNumber) 2)
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#define P_FIRSTDATAKEY(opaque) (P_RIGHTMOST(opaque) ? P_HIKEY : P_FIRSTKEY)
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/*
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* Operator strategy numbers for B-tree have been moved to access/stratnum.h,
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* because many places need to use them in ScanKeyInit() calls.
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*
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* The strategy numbers are chosen so that we can commute them by
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* subtraction, thus:
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*/
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#define BTCommuteStrategyNumber(strat) (BTMaxStrategyNumber + 1 - (strat))
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/*
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* When a new operator class is declared, we require that the user
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* supply us with an amproc procedure (BTORDER_PROC) for determining
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* whether, for two keys a and b, a < b, a = b, or a > b. This routine
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* must return < 0, 0, > 0, respectively, in these three cases. (It must
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* not return INT_MIN, since we may negate the result before using it.)
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*
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* To facilitate accelerated sorting, an operator class may choose to
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* offer a second procedure (BTSORTSUPPORT_PROC). For full details, see
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* src/include/utils/sortsupport.h.
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*
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* To support window frames defined by "RANGE offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING",
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* an operator class may choose to offer a third amproc procedure
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* (BTINRANGE_PROC), independently of whether it offers sortsupport.
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* For full details, see doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml.
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*/
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#define BTORDER_PROC 1
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#define BTSORTSUPPORT_PROC 2
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#define BTINRANGE_PROC 3
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#define BTNProcs 3
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/*
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* We need to be able to tell the difference between read and write
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* requests for pages, in order to do locking correctly.
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*/
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#define BT_READ BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE
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#define BT_WRITE BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE
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/*
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* BTStackData -- As we descend a tree, we push the (location, downlink)
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* pairs from internal pages onto a private stack. If we split a
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* leaf, we use this stack to walk back up the tree and insert data
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* into parent pages (and possibly to split them, too). Lehman and
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* Yao's update algorithm guarantees that under no circumstances can
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* our private stack give us an irredeemably bad picture up the tree.
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* Again, see the paper for details.
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*/
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typedef struct BTStackData
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{
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BlockNumber bts_blkno;
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OffsetNumber bts_offset;
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IndexTupleData bts_btentry;
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struct BTStackData *bts_parent;
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} BTStackData;
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typedef BTStackData *BTStack;
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/*
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* BTScanOpaqueData is the btree-private state needed for an indexscan.
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* This consists of preprocessed scan keys (see _bt_preprocess_keys() for
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* details of the preprocessing), information about the current location
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* of the scan, and information about the marked location, if any. (We use
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* BTScanPosData to represent the data needed for each of current and marked
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* locations.) In addition we can remember some known-killed index entries
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* that must be marked before we can move off the current page.
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*
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* Index scans work a page at a time: we pin and read-lock the page, identify
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* all the matching items on the page and save them in BTScanPosData, then
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* release the read-lock while returning the items to the caller for
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* processing. This approach minimizes lock/unlock traffic. Note that we
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* keep the pin on the index page until the caller is done with all the items
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* (this is needed for VACUUM synchronization, see nbtree/README). When we
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* are ready to step to the next page, if the caller has told us any of the
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* items were killed, we re-lock the page to mark them killed, then unlock.
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* Finally we drop the pin and step to the next page in the appropriate
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* direction.
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*
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* If we are doing an index-only scan, we save the entire IndexTuple for each
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* matched item, otherwise only its heap TID and offset. The IndexTuples go
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* into a separate workspace array; each BTScanPosItem stores its tuple's
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* offset within that array.
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*/
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typedef struct BTScanPosItem /* what we remember about each match */
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{
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ItemPointerData heapTid; /* TID of referenced heap item */
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OffsetNumber indexOffset; /* index item's location within page */
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LocationIndex tupleOffset; /* IndexTuple's offset in workspace, if any */
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} BTScanPosItem;
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typedef struct BTScanPosData
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{
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Buffer buf; /* if valid, the buffer is pinned */
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XLogRecPtr lsn; /* pos in the WAL stream when page was read */
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BlockNumber currPage; /* page referenced by items array */
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BlockNumber nextPage; /* page's right link when we scanned it */
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/*
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* moreLeft and moreRight track whether we think there may be matching
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* index entries to the left and right of the current page, respectively.
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* We can clear the appropriate one of these flags when _bt_checkkeys()
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* returns continuescan = false.
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*/
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bool moreLeft;
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bool moreRight;
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/*
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* If we are doing an index-only scan, nextTupleOffset is the first free
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* location in the associated tuple storage workspace.
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*/
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int nextTupleOffset;
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/*
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* The items array is always ordered in index order (ie, increasing
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* indexoffset). When scanning backwards it is convenient to fill the
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* array back-to-front, so we start at the last slot and fill downwards.
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* Hence we need both a first-valid-entry and a last-valid-entry counter.
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* itemIndex is a cursor showing which entry was last returned to caller.
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*/
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int firstItem; /* first valid index in items[] */
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int lastItem; /* last valid index in items[] */
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int itemIndex; /* current index in items[] */
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BTScanPosItem items[MaxIndexTuplesPerPage]; /* MUST BE LAST */
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} BTScanPosData;
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typedef BTScanPosData *BTScanPos;
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#define BTScanPosIsPinned(scanpos) \
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( \
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AssertMacro(BlockNumberIsValid((scanpos).currPage) || \
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!BufferIsValid((scanpos).buf)), \
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BufferIsValid((scanpos).buf) \
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)
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#define BTScanPosUnpin(scanpos) \
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do { \
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ReleaseBuffer((scanpos).buf); \
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(scanpos).buf = InvalidBuffer; \
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} while (0)
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#define BTScanPosUnpinIfPinned(scanpos) \
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do { \
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if (BTScanPosIsPinned(scanpos)) \
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BTScanPosUnpin(scanpos); \
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} while (0)
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#define BTScanPosIsValid(scanpos) \
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( \
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AssertMacro(BlockNumberIsValid((scanpos).currPage) || \
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!BufferIsValid((scanpos).buf)), \
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BlockNumberIsValid((scanpos).currPage) \
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)
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#define BTScanPosInvalidate(scanpos) \
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do { \
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(scanpos).currPage = InvalidBlockNumber; \
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(scanpos).nextPage = InvalidBlockNumber; \
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(scanpos).buf = InvalidBuffer; \
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(scanpos).lsn = InvalidXLogRecPtr; \
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(scanpos).nextTupleOffset = 0; \
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} while (0);
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/* We need one of these for each equality-type SK_SEARCHARRAY scan key */
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typedef struct BTArrayKeyInfo
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{
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int scan_key; /* index of associated key in arrayKeyData */
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int cur_elem; /* index of current element in elem_values */
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int mark_elem; /* index of marked element in elem_values */
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int num_elems; /* number of elems in current array value */
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Datum *elem_values; /* array of num_elems Datums */
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} BTArrayKeyInfo;
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typedef struct BTScanOpaqueData
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{
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/* these fields are set by _bt_preprocess_keys(): */
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bool qual_ok; /* false if qual can never be satisfied */
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int numberOfKeys; /* number of preprocessed scan keys */
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ScanKey keyData; /* array of preprocessed scan keys */
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/* workspace for SK_SEARCHARRAY support */
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ScanKey arrayKeyData; /* modified copy of scan->keyData */
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int numArrayKeys; /* number of equality-type array keys (-1 if
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* there are any unsatisfiable array keys) */
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int arrayKeyCount; /* count indicating number of array scan keys
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* processed */
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BTArrayKeyInfo *arrayKeys; /* info about each equality-type array key */
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MemoryContext arrayContext; /* scan-lifespan context for array data */
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/* info about killed items if any (killedItems is NULL if never used) */
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int *killedItems; /* currPos.items indexes of killed items */
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int numKilled; /* number of currently stored items */
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/*
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* If we are doing an index-only scan, these are the tuple storage
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* workspaces for the currPos and markPos respectively. Each is of size
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* BLCKSZ, so it can hold as much as a full page's worth of tuples.
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*/
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char *currTuples; /* tuple storage for currPos */
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char *markTuples; /* tuple storage for markPos */
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/*
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* If the marked position is on the same page as current position, we
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* don't use markPos, but just keep the marked itemIndex in markItemIndex
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* (all the rest of currPos is valid for the mark position). Hence, to
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* determine if there is a mark, first look at markItemIndex, then at
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* markPos.
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*/
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int markItemIndex; /* itemIndex, or -1 if not valid */
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/* keep these last in struct for efficiency */
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BTScanPosData currPos; /* current position data */
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BTScanPosData markPos; /* marked position, if any */
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} BTScanOpaqueData;
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typedef BTScanOpaqueData *BTScanOpaque;
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/*
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* We use some private sk_flags bits in preprocessed scan keys. We're allowed
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* to use bits 16-31 (see skey.h). The uppermost bits are copied from the
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* index's indoption[] array entry for the index attribute.
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*/
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#define SK_BT_REQFWD 0x00010000 /* required to continue forward scan */
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#define SK_BT_REQBKWD 0x00020000 /* required to continue backward scan */
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#define SK_BT_INDOPTION_SHIFT 24 /* must clear the above bits */
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#define SK_BT_DESC (INDOPTION_DESC << SK_BT_INDOPTION_SHIFT)
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#define SK_BT_NULLS_FIRST (INDOPTION_NULLS_FIRST << SK_BT_INDOPTION_SHIFT)
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/*
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* external entry points for btree, in nbtree.c
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*/
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extern void btbuildempty(Relation index);
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extern bool btinsert(Relation rel, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
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ItemPointer ht_ctid, Relation heapRel,
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IndexUniqueCheck checkUnique,
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struct IndexInfo *indexInfo);
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extern IndexScanDesc btbeginscan(Relation rel, int nkeys, int norderbys);
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extern Size btestimateparallelscan(void);
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extern void btinitparallelscan(void *target);
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extern bool btgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
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extern int64 btgetbitmap(IndexScanDesc scan, TIDBitmap *tbm);
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extern void btrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey scankey, int nscankeys,
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ScanKey orderbys, int norderbys);
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extern void btparallelrescan(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern void btendscan(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern void btmarkpos(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern void btrestrpos(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern IndexBulkDeleteResult *btbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info,
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IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
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IndexBulkDeleteCallback callback,
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void *callback_state);
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extern IndexBulkDeleteResult *btvacuumcleanup(IndexVacuumInfo *info,
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IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats);
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extern bool btcanreturn(Relation index, int attno);
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/*
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* prototypes for internal functions in nbtree.c
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*/
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extern bool _bt_parallel_seize(IndexScanDesc scan, BlockNumber *pageno);
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extern void _bt_parallel_release(IndexScanDesc scan, BlockNumber scan_page);
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extern void _bt_parallel_done(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern void _bt_parallel_advance_array_keys(IndexScanDesc scan);
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/*
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* prototypes for functions in nbtinsert.c
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*/
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extern bool _bt_doinsert(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup,
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IndexUniqueCheck checkUnique, Relation heapRel);
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extern Buffer _bt_getstackbuf(Relation rel, BTStack stack, int access);
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extern void _bt_finish_split(Relation rel, Buffer bbuf, BTStack stack);
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/*
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* prototypes for functions in nbtpage.c
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*/
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extern void _bt_initmetapage(Page page, BlockNumber rootbknum, uint32 level);
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extern void _bt_update_meta_cleanup_info(Relation rel,
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TransactionId oldestBtpoXact, float8 numHeapTuples);
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extern void _bt_upgrademetapage(Page page);
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extern Buffer _bt_getroot(Relation rel, int access);
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extern Buffer _bt_gettrueroot(Relation rel);
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extern int _bt_getrootheight(Relation rel);
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extern void _bt_checkpage(Relation rel, Buffer buf);
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extern Buffer _bt_getbuf(Relation rel, BlockNumber blkno, int access);
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extern Buffer _bt_relandgetbuf(Relation rel, Buffer obuf,
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BlockNumber blkno, int access);
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extern void _bt_relbuf(Relation rel, Buffer buf);
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extern void _bt_pageinit(Page page, Size size);
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extern bool _bt_page_recyclable(Page page);
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extern void _bt_delitems_delete(Relation rel, Buffer buf,
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OffsetNumber *itemnos, int nitems, Relation heapRel);
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extern void _bt_delitems_vacuum(Relation rel, Buffer buf,
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OffsetNumber *itemnos, int nitems,
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BlockNumber lastBlockVacuumed);
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extern int _bt_pagedel(Relation rel, Buffer buf);
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/*
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* prototypes for functions in nbtsearch.c
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*/
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extern BTStack _bt_search(Relation rel,
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int keysz, ScanKey scankey, bool nextkey,
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Buffer *bufP, int access, Snapshot snapshot);
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extern Buffer _bt_moveright(Relation rel, Buffer buf, int keysz,
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ScanKey scankey, bool nextkey, bool forupdate, BTStack stack,
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int access, Snapshot snapshot);
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extern OffsetNumber _bt_binsrch(Relation rel, Buffer buf, int keysz,
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ScanKey scankey, bool nextkey);
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extern int32 _bt_compare(Relation rel, int keysz, ScanKey scankey,
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Page page, OffsetNumber offnum);
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extern bool _bt_first(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
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extern bool _bt_next(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
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extern Buffer _bt_get_endpoint(Relation rel, uint32 level, bool rightmost,
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Snapshot snapshot);
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/*
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* prototypes for functions in nbtutils.c
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*/
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extern ScanKey _bt_mkscankey(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup);
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extern ScanKey _bt_mkscankey_nodata(Relation rel);
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extern void _bt_freeskey(ScanKey skey);
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extern void _bt_freestack(BTStack stack);
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extern void _bt_preprocess_array_keys(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern void _bt_start_array_keys(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
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extern bool _bt_advance_array_keys(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
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extern void _bt_mark_array_keys(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern void _bt_restore_array_keys(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern void _bt_preprocess_keys(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern IndexTuple _bt_checkkeys(IndexScanDesc scan,
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Page page, OffsetNumber offnum,
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ScanDirection dir, bool *continuescan);
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extern void _bt_killitems(IndexScanDesc scan);
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extern BTCycleId _bt_vacuum_cycleid(Relation rel);
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extern BTCycleId _bt_start_vacuum(Relation rel);
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extern void _bt_end_vacuum(Relation rel);
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extern void _bt_end_vacuum_callback(int code, Datum arg);
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extern Size BTreeShmemSize(void);
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extern void BTreeShmemInit(void);
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extern bytea *btoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate);
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extern bool btproperty(Oid index_oid, int attno,
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IndexAMProperty prop, const char *propname,
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bool *res, bool *isnull);
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/*
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* prototypes for functions in nbtvalidate.c
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*/
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extern bool btvalidate(Oid opclassoid);
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/*
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* prototypes for functions in nbtsort.c
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*/
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extern IndexBuildResult *btbuild(Relation heap, Relation index,
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struct IndexInfo *indexInfo);
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extern void _bt_parallel_build_main(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc);
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#endif /* NBTREE_H */
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