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<!-- doc/src/sgml/release-9.4.sgml -->
<!-- See header comment in release.sgml about typical markup -->
<sect1 id="release-9-4-1">
<title>Release 9.4.1</title>
<note>
<title>Release Date</title>
<simpara>2015-02-05</simpara>
</note>
<para>
This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.4.0.
For information about new features in the 9.4 major release, see
<xref linkend="release-9-4">.
</para>
<sect2>
<title>Migration to Version 9.4.1</title>
<para>
A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.4.X.
</para>
<para>
However, if you are a Windows user and are using the <quote>Norwegian
(Bokm&aring;l)</> locale, manual action is needed after the upgrade to
replace any <quote>Norwegian (Bokm&aring;l)_Norway</>
or <quote>norwegian-bokmal</> locale names stored
in <productname>PostgreSQL</> system catalogs with the plain-ASCII
alias <quote>Norwegian_Norway</>. For details see
<ulink url="http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Changes_To_Norwegian_Locale"></>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>
<itemizedlist>
<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [0150ab567] 2015-02-02 10:00:44 -0500
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Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [9241c84cb] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
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-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix buffer overruns in <function>to_char()</>
(Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
When <function>to_char()</> processes a numeric formatting template
calling for a large number of digits, <productname>PostgreSQL</>
would read past the end of a buffer. When processing a crafted
timestamp formatting template, <productname>PostgreSQL</> would write
past the end of a buffer. Either case could crash the server.
We have not ruled out the possibility of attacks that lead to
privilege escalation, though they seem unlikely.
(CVE-2015-0241)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Branch: master [29725b3db] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Fix buffer overrun in replacement <function>*printf()</> functions
(Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
<productname>PostgreSQL</> includes a replacement implementation
of <function>printf</> and related functions. This code will overrun
a stack buffer when formatting a floating point number (conversion
specifiers <literal>e</>, <literal>E</>, <literal>f</>, <literal>F</>,
<literal>g</> or <literal>G</>) with requested precision greater than
about 500. This will crash the server, and we have not ruled out the
possibility of attacks that lead to privilege escalation.
A database user can trigger such a buffer overrun through
the <function>to_char()</> SQL function. While that is the only
affected core <productname>PostgreSQL</> functionality, extension
modules that use printf-family functions may be at risk as well.
</para>
<para>
This issue primarily affects <productname>PostgreSQL</> on Windows.
<productname>PostgreSQL</> uses the system implementation of these
functions where adequate, which it is on other modern platforms.
(CVE-2015-0242)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [1dc755158] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [ce6f261cd] 2015-02-02 10:00:52 -0500
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [8b59672d8] 2015-02-02 10:00:45 -0500
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-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix buffer overruns in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>
(Marko Tiikkaja, Noah Misch)
</para>
<para>
Errors in memory size tracking within the <filename>pgcrypto</>
module permitted stack buffer overruns and improper dependence on the
contents of uninitialized memory. The buffer overrun cases can
crash the server, and we have not ruled out the possibility of
attacks that lead to privilege escalation.
(CVE-2015-0243)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [2b3a8b20c] 2015-02-02 17:09:53 +0200
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-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix possible loss of frontend/backend protocol synchronization after
an error
(Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
If any error occurred while the server was in the middle of reading a
protocol message from the client, it could lose synchronization and
incorrectly try to interpret part of the message's data as a new
protocol message. An attacker able to submit crafted binary data
within a command parameter might succeed in injecting his own SQL
commands this way. Statement timeout and query cancellation are the
most likely sources of errors triggering this scenario. Particularly
vulnerable are applications that use a timeout and also submit
arbitrary user-crafted data as binary query parameters. Disabling
statement timeout will reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of
exploit. Our thanks to Emil Lenngren for reporting this issue.
(CVE-2015-0244)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Branch: master [804b6b6db] 2015-01-28 12:31:30 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Fix information leak via constraint-violation error messages
(Stephen Frost)
</para>
<para>
Some server error messages show the values of columns that violate
a constraint, such as a unique constraint. If the user does not have
<literal>SELECT</> privilege on all columns of the table, this could
mean exposing values that the user should not be able to see. Adjust
the code so that values are displayed only when they came from the SQL
command or could be selected by the user.
(CVE-2014-8161)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [f6dc6dd5b] 2014-12-17 22:48:40 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [6b87d423d] 2014-12-17 22:48:45 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Lock down regression testing's temporary installations on Windows
(Noah Misch)
</para>
<para>
Use SSPI authentication to allow connections only from the OS user
who launched the test suite. This closes on Windows the same
vulnerability previously closed on other platforms, namely that other
users might be able to connect to the test postmaster.
(CVE-2014-0067)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [8f80dcf3c] 2014-10-24 19:59:49 +0300
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Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [2a1b34959] 2014-10-24 19:36:28 +0300
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [737ae3fc7] 2014-10-24 19:53:27 +0300
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [aa1d2fc5e] 2015-01-16 13:28:19 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2049a7d82] 2015-01-16 13:10:06 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1619442a1] 2015-01-16 13:10:15 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [6bf343c6e] 2015-01-16 13:10:23 +0200
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<listitem>
<para>
Cope with the Windows locale named <quote>Norwegian (Bokm&aring;l)</>
(Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
Non-ASCII locale names are problematic since it's not clear what
encoding they should be represented in. Map the troublesome locale
name to a plain-ASCII alias, <quote>Norwegian_Norway</>.
</para>
<para>
9.4.0 mapped the troublesome name to <quote>norwegian-bokmal</>,
but that turns out not to work on all Windows configurations.
<quote>Norwegian_Norway</> is now recommended instead.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [c480cb9d2] 2015-01-15 18:52:58 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b75d18bd4] 2015-01-15 18:53:05 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [34668c8ec] 2015-01-15 18:52:28 -0500
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [0acb32efb] 2015-01-15 18:52:31 -0500
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [5308e085b] 2015-01-15 18:52:38 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix use-of-already-freed-memory problem in EvalPlanQual processing
(Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
In <literal>READ COMMITTED</> mode, queries that lock or update
recently-updated rows could crash as a result of this bug.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [0e5680f47] 2014-12-26 13:52:27 -0300
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-->
<listitem>
<para>
Avoid possible deadlock while trying to acquire tuple locks
in EvalPlanQual processing (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera, Mark Kirkwood)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Branch: master [d5e3d1e96] 2015-01-04 15:48:29 -0300
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Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [54a8abc2b] 2015-01-04 15:48:29 -0300
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<listitem>
<para>
Fix failure to wait when a transaction tries to acquire a <literal>FOR
NO KEY EXCLUSIVE</> tuple lock, while multiple other transactions
currently hold <literal>FOR SHARE</> locks (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [a5cd70dcb] 2015-01-15 13:18:12 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d25192892] 2015-01-15 13:18:16 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Improve performance of <command>EXPLAIN</> with large range tables
(Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [451d28081] 2015-01-30 14:44:56 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4cbf390d5] 2015-01-30 14:44:49 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Fix <type>jsonb</> Unicode escape processing, and in consequence
disallow <literal>\u0000</> (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Previously, the JSON Unicode escape <literal>\u0000</> was accepted
and was stored as those six characters; but that is indistinguishable
from what is stored for the input <literal>\\u0000</>, resulting in
ambiguity. Moreover, in cases where de-escaped textual output is
expected, such as the <literal>-&gt;&gt;</> operator, the sequence was
printed as <literal>\u0000</>, which does not meet the expectation
that JSON escaping would be removed. (Consistent behavior would
require emitting a zero byte, but <productname>PostgreSQL</> does not
support zero bytes embedded in text strings.) 9.4.0 included an
ill-advised attempt to improve this situation by adjusting JSON output
conversion rules; but of course that could not fix the fundamental
ambiguity, and it turned out to break other usages of Unicode escape
sequences. Revert that, and to avoid the core problem,
reject <literal>\u0000</> in <type>jsonb</> input.
</para>
<para>
If a <type>jsonb</> column contains a <literal>\u0000</> value stored
with 9.4.0, it will henceforth read out as though it
were <literal>\\u0000</>, which is the other valid interpretation of
the data stored by 9.4.0 for this case.
</para>
<para>
The <type>json</> type did not have the storage-ambiguity problem, but
it did have the problem of inconsistent de-escaped textual output.
Therefore <literal>\u0000</> will now also be rejected
in <type>json</> values when conversion to de-escaped form is
required. This change does not break the ability to
store <literal>\u0000</> in <type>json</> columns so long as no
processing is done on the values. This is exactly parallel to the
cases in which non-ASCII Unicode escapes are allowed when the database
encoding is not UTF8.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Peter Eisentraut <peter_e@gmx.net>
Branch: master [79af9a1d2] 2015-01-06 23:06:13 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Fix namespace handling in <function>xpath()</> (Ali Akbar)
</para>
<para>
Previously, the <type>xml</> value resulting from
an <function>xpath()</> call would not have namespace declarations if
the namespace declarations were attached to an ancestor element in the
input <type>xml</> value, rather than to the specific element being
returned. Propagate the ancestral declaration so that the result is
correct when considered in isolation.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [3d660d33a] 2015-01-30 12:30:59 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b6a164e5c] 2015-01-30 12:31:08 -0500
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-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix assorted oversights in range-operator selectivity estimation
(Emre Hasegeli)
</para>
<para>
This patch fixes corner-case <quote>unexpected operator NNNN</> planner
errors, and improves the selectivity estimates for some other cases.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [930fd6845] 2014-12-30 14:53:11 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4e241f7cd] 2014-12-30 14:53:03 +0200
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Revert unintended reduction in maximum size of a GIN index item
(Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
9.4.0 could fail with <quote>index row size exceeds maximum</> errors
for data that previous versions would accept.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [68fa75f31] 2015-01-30 17:58:23 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [dc40ca696] 2015-01-30 17:59:17 +0100
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix query-duration memory leak during repeated GIN index rescans
(Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [31ed42b9a] 2015-01-29 19:35:55 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [28a37deab] 2015-01-29 19:37:29 +0200
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [1c2774f37] 2015-01-29 19:37:27 +0200
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [61729e99d] 2015-01-29 19:37:25 +0200
Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [37e0f13f2] 2015-01-29 19:37:22 +0200
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix possible crash when using
nonzero <varname>gin_fuzzy_search_limit</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [3fabed070] 2015-01-07 00:19:37 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7da102154] 2015-01-07 00:24:58 +0100
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [31912d01d] 2015-01-07 00:18:00 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [84911ff51] 2015-01-07 00:24:47 +0100
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Assorted fixes for logical decoding (Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [49b04188f] 2015-01-15 20:52:41 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [b337d9657] 2015-01-15 20:52:18 +0200
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<listitem>
<para>
Fix incorrect replay of WAL parameter change records that report
changes in the <varname>wal_log_hints</> setting (Petr Jelinek)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [75b48e1ff] 2015-01-19 23:01:33 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Change <quote>pgstat wait timeout</> warning message to be LOG level,
and rephrase it to be more understandable (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
This message was originally thought to be essentially a can't-happen
case, but it occurs often enough on our slower buildfarm members to be
a nuisance. Reduce it to LOG level, and expend a bit more effort on
the wording: it now reads <quote>using stale statistics instead of
current ones because stats collector is not responding</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Branch: master [894459e59] 2015-01-07 22:35:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [83fb1ca5c] 2015-01-07 22:36:35 -0500
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Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [8dc83104e] 2015-01-07 22:42:42 -0500
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [2e4946169] 2015-01-07 22:46:20 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Warn if OS X's <function>setlocale()</> starts an unwanted extra
thread inside the postmaster (Noah Misch)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [080eabe2e] 2015-01-11 12:35:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [733728ff3] 2015-01-11 12:35:47 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix <application>libpq</>'s behavior when <filename>/etc/passwd</>
isn't readable (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
While doing <function>PQsetdbLogin()</>, <application>libpq</>
attempts to ascertain the user's operating system name, which on most
Unix platforms involves reading <filename>/etc/passwd</>. As of 9.4,
failure to do that was treated as a hard error. Restore the previous
behavior, which was to fail only if the application does not provide a
database role name to connect as. This supports operation in chroot
environments that lack an <filename>/etc/passwd</> file.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [28551797a] 2014-12-31 12:18:50 -0500
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Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [64c506535] 2014-12-31 12:17:04 -0500
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-->
<listitem>
<para>
Improve consistency of parsing of <application>psql</>'s special
variables (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Allow variant spellings of <literal>on</> and <literal>off</> (such
as <literal>1</>/<literal>0</>) for <literal>ECHO_HIDDEN</>
and <literal>ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</>. Report a warning for unrecognized
values for <literal>COMP_KEYWORD_CASE</>, <literal>ECHO</>,
<literal>ECHO_HIDDEN</>, <literal>HISTCONTROL</>,
<literal>ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</>, and <literal>VERBOSITY</>. Recognize
all values for all these variables case-insensitively; previously
there was a mishmash of case-sensitive and case-insensitive behaviors.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [adfc157dd] 2015-01-05 19:27:04 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c99e41f68] 2015-01-05 19:27:06 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [bb1e2426b] 2015-01-05 19:27:09 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Fix <application>pg_dump</> to handle comments on event triggers
without failing (Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Kevin Grittner <kgrittn@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [cff1bd2a3] 2015-01-30 08:57:24 -0600
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [cb0168528] 2015-01-30 08:57:53 -0600
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<listitem>
<para>
Allow parallel <application>pg_dump</> to
use <option>--serializable-deferrable</> (Kevin Grittner)
</para>
</listitem>
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Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [2c0a48589] 2015-01-03 20:54:12 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [90e4a2bf9] 2015-01-03 20:54:13 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [f6cea4502] 2015-01-03 20:54:13 +0100
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<listitem>
<para>
Prevent WAL files created by <literal>pg_basebackup -x/-X</> from
being archived again when the standby is promoted (Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [37507962c] 2015-01-29 20:18:33 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Handle unexpected query results, especially NULLs, safely in
<filename>contrib/tablefunc</>'s <function>connectby()</>
(Michael Paquier)
</para>
<para>
<function>connectby()</> previously crashed if it encountered a NULL
key value. It now prints that row but doesn't recurse further.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [a59ee8819] 2015-01-30 13:05:30 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [70da7aeba] 2015-01-30 13:04:59 -0500
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Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [8824bae87] 2014-11-18 13:28:13 -0500
Author: Robert Haas <rhaas@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [0b49642b9] 2015-01-15 09:26:03 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7b65f194e] 2015-01-15 09:29:41 -0500
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [0a67c0018] 2015-01-15 09:42:47 -0500
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>
Branch: master [e37d474f9] 2015-01-13 14:33:05 +0200
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [4ebb3494e] 2015-01-13 16:01:04 +0200
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [8cadeb792] 2015-01-04 15:44:49 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [7ced1b6c5] 2015-01-04 15:52:52 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [a68b8aec7] 2015-01-04 15:53:08 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [6f9b84a40] 2015-01-04 15:55:00 +0100
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [58bc4747b] 2015-01-04 15:35:46 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [2d8411a0a] 2015-01-04 15:35:46 +0100
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Branch: REL9_1_STABLE [39cdf365a] 2015-01-04 15:35:47 +0100
Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [17797e18d] 2015-01-04 15:35:48 +0100
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Branch: master [0398ece4c] 2015-01-04 14:36:21 +0100
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [ff7d46b85] 2015-01-04 14:36:21 +0100
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [ec14f1601] 2015-01-04 14:36:22 +0100
Branch: REL9_2_STABLE [f4060db11] 2015-01-04 14:36:22 +0100
Author: Tatsuo Ishii <ishii@postgresql.org>
Branch: master [3b5a89c48] 2014-12-30 20:33:01 +0900
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [458e8bc65] 2014-12-30 20:27:26 +0900
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [9b74f3574] 2014-12-30 19:37:55 +0900
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [66709133c] 2014-12-16 15:35:33 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [383d224a0] 2014-12-16 15:35:36 -0500
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Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [d38e8d30c] 2014-12-16 13:31:42 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [6c75384ee] 2014-12-16 13:31:57 -0500
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [961df1853] 2014-12-16 13:32:38 -0500
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [586dd5d6a] 2015-01-24 13:05:42 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [d51d4ff31] 2015-01-24 13:05:45 -0500
Branch: REL9_3_STABLE [7240f9200] 2015-01-24 13:05:49 -0500
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [3a3ee655c] 2015-01-24 13:05:58 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Numerous cleanups of warnings from Coverity static code analyzer
(Andres Freund, Tatsuo Ishii, Marko Kreen, Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
</para>
<para>
These changes are mostly cosmetic but in some cases fix corner-case
bugs, for example a crash rather than a proper error report after an
out-of-memory failure. None are believed to represent security
issues.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [85a2a8903] 2015-01-14 11:08:13 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [adb355106] 2015-01-14 11:08:17 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <varname>CFLAGS</> from <application>configure</>'s environment
to override automatically-supplied <varname>CFLAGS</> (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Previously, <application>configure</> would add any switches that it
chose of its own accord to the end of the
user-specified <varname>CFLAGS</> string. Since most compilers
process switches left-to-right, this meant that configure's choices
would override the user-specified flags in case of conflicts. That
should work the other way around, so adjust the logic to put the
user's string at the end not the beginning.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [aa719391d] 2015-01-19 23:44:19 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [3de9f22ac] 2015-01-19 23:44:22 -0500
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Branch: REL9_0_STABLE [338ff75fc] 2015-01-19 23:44:33 -0500
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<listitem>
<para>
Make <application>pg_regress</> remove any temporary installation it
created upon successful exit (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
This results in a very substantial reduction in disk space usage
during <literal>make check-world</>, since that sequence involves
creation of numerous temporary installations.
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [5b89473d8] 2014-12-24 16:35:23 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [068024719] 2014-12-24 16:35:34 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Add CST (China Standard Time) to our lists of timezone abbreviations
(Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<!--
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Branch: master [08bd0c581] 2015-01-30 22:45:44 -0500
Branch: REL9_4_STABLE [c2b06ab17] 2015-01-30 22:45:58 -0500
-->
<listitem>
<para>
Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2015a
for DST law changes in Chile and Mexico, plus historical changes in
Iceland.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="release-9-4">
<title>Release 9.4</title>
<note>
<title>Release Date</title>
<simpara>2014-12-18</simpara>
</note>
<sect2>
<title>Overview</title>
<para>
Major enhancements in <productname>PostgreSQL</> 9.4 include:
</para>
<!-- This list duplicates items below, but without authors or details-->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="datatype-json"><type>jsonb</></link>, a more
capable and efficient data type for storing <acronym>JSON</> data
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add new <acronym>SQL</> command <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERSYSTEM">
for changing <filename>postgresql.conf</> configuration file entries
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce lock strength for some <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE">
commands
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <link linkend="rules-materializedviews">materialized views</>
to be refreshed without blocking concurrent reads
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add support for <link linkend="logicaldecoding">logical decoding</>
of WAL data, to allow database changes to be streamed out in a
customizable format
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <link linkend="bgworker">background worker processes</>
to be dynamically registered, started and terminated
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Migration to Version 9.4</title>
<para>
A dump/restore using <xref linkend="app-pg-dumpall">, or use
of <xref linkend="pgupgrade">, is required for those wishing to migrate
data from any previous release.
</para>
<para>
Version 9.4 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility
with previous releases. Observe the following incompatibilities:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Tighten checks for multidimensional <link
linkend="arrays">array</link> input (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
Previously, an input array string that started with a single-element
sub-array could later contain multi-element sub-arrays,
e.g. <literal>'{{1}, {2,3}}'::int[]</> would be accepted.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
When converting values of type <type>date</>, <type>timestamp</>
or <type>timestamptz</>
to <link linkend="datatype-json"><type>JSON</type></link>, render the
values in a format compliant with ISO 8601 (Andrew Dunstan)
</para>
<para>
Previously such values were rendered according to the current
<xref linkend="guc-datestyle"> setting; but many JSON processors
require timestamps to be in ISO 8601 format. If necessary, the
previous behavior can be obtained by explicitly casting the datetime
value to <type>text</> before passing it to the JSON conversion
function.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The <link linkend="functions-json-op-table"><type>json</type>
<literal>#&gt;</> <type>text[]</></link> path extraction operator now
returns its lefthand input, not NULL, if the array is empty (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
This is consistent with the notion that this represents zero
applications of the simple field/element extraction
operator <literal>-&gt;</>. Similarly, <type>json</type>
<literal>#&gt;&gt;</> <type>text[]</> with an empty array merely
coerces its lefthand input to text.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Corner cases in
the <link linkend="functions-json-op-table"><type>JSON</type>
field/element/path extraction operators</link> now return NULL rather
than raising an error (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
For example, applying field extraction to a JSON array now yields NULL
not an error. This is more consistent (since some comparable cases such
as no-such-field already returned NULL), and it makes it safe to create
expression indexes that use these operators, since they will now not
throw errors for any valid JSON input.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Cause consecutive whitespace in <link
linkend="functions-formatting-table"><function>to_timestamp()</></link>
and <function>to_date()</> format strings to consume a corresponding
number of characters in the input string (whitespace or not), then
conditionally consume adjacent whitespace, if not in <literal>FX</>
mode (Jeevan Chalke)
</para>
<para>
Previously, consecutive whitespace characters in a non-<literal>FX</>
format string behaved like a single whitespace character and consumed
all adjacent whitespace in the input string. For example, previously
a format string of three spaces would consume only the first space in
<literal>' 12'</>, but it will now consume all three characters.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Fix <link
linkend="textsearch-functions-table"><function>ts_rank_cd()</></link>
to ignore stripped lexemes (Alex Hill)
</para>
<para>
Previously, stripped lexemes were treated as if they had a default
location, producing a rank of dubious usefulness.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
For functions declared to
take <link linkend="xfunc-sql-variadic-functions"><literal>VARIADIC
"any"</></link>, an actual parameter marked as <literal>VARIADIC</>
must be of a determinable array type (Pavel Stehule)
</para>
<para>
Such parameters can no longer be written as an undecorated string
literal or <literal>NULL</>; a cast to an appropriate array data type
will now be required. Note that this does not affect parameters not
marked <literal>VARIADIC</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Ensure that whole-row variables expose the expected column names
to functions that pay attention to column names within composite
arguments (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Constructs like <literal>row_to_json(tab.*)</> now always emit column
names that match the column aliases visible for table <literal>tab</>
at the point of the call. In previous releases the emitted column
names would sometimes be the table's actual column names regardless
of any aliases assigned in the query.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="sql-discard"> now also discards sequence-related state
(Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello, Robert Haas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Rename <link linkend="SQL-EXPLAIN"><command>EXPLAIN
ANALYZE</></link>'s <quote>total runtime</quote> output
to <quote>execution time</quote> (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Now that planning time is also reported, the previous name was
confusing.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<link linkend="SQL-SHOW"><command>SHOW TIME ZONE</></link> now
outputs simple numeric UTC offsets in <acronym>POSIX</> timezone
format (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Previously, such timezone settings were displayed as <link
linkend="datatype-interval-output"><type>interval</></link> values.
The new output is properly interpreted by <command>SET TIME ZONE</>
when passed as a simple string, whereas the old output required
special treatment to be re-parsed correctly.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Foreign data wrappers that support updating foreign tables must
consider the possible presence of <literal>AFTER ROW</> triggers
(Noah Misch)
</para>
<para>
When an <literal>AFTER ROW</> trigger is present, all columns of the
table must be returned by updating actions, since the trigger might
inspect any or all of them. Previously, foreign tables never had
triggers, so the FDW might optimize away fetching columns not mentioned
in the <literal>RETURNING</> clause (if any).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Prevent <link
linkend="ddl-constraints-check-constraints"><literal>CHECK</></link>
constraints from referencing system columns, except
<structfield>tableoid</> (Amit Kapila)
</para>
<para>
Previously such check constraints were allowed, but they would often
cause errors during restores.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the last specified <link linkend="recovery-target-settings">recovery
target parameter</link> if multiple target parameters are specified
(Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
Previously, there was an undocumented precedence order among
the <literal>recovery_target_<replaceable>xxx</></literal> parameters.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
On Windows, automatically preserve quotes in command strings supplied
by the user (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
User commands that did their own quote preservation might need
adjustment. This is likely to be an issue for commands used in
<xref linkend="guc-archive-command">, <xref linkend="restore-command">,
and <link linkend="sql-copy"><command>COPY TO/FROM PROGRAM</></link>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove catalog column <link
linkend="catalog-pg-class"><structfield>pg_class.reltoastidxid</></link>
(Michael Paquier)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove catalog column <link
linkend="catalog-pg-rewrite"><structfield>pg_rewrite.ev_attr</></link>
(Kevin Grittner)
</para>
<para>
Per-column rules have not been supported since
<application>PostgreSQL</> 7.3.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove native support for <application>Kerberos</> authentication
(<option>--with-krb5</>, etc)
(Magnus Hagander)
</para>
<para>
The supported way to use <application>Kerberos</> authentication is
with <acronym>GSSAPI</>. The native code has been deprecated since
<productname>PostgreSQL</> 8.3.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
In <application>PL/Python</>, handle domains over arrays like the
underlying array type (Rodolfo Campero)
</para>
<para>
Previously such values were treated as strings.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make libpq's <link
linkend="libpq-pqconnectdbparams"><function>PQconnectdbParams()</></link>
and <link
linkend="libpq-pqpingparams"><function>PQpingParams()</></link>
functions process zero-length strings as defaults (Adrian
Vondendriesch)
</para>
<para>
Previously, these functions treated zero-length string values as
selecting the default in only some cases.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Change empty arrays returned by the <xref linkend="intarray"> module
to be zero-dimensional arrays (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
Previously, empty arrays were returned as zero-length one-dimensional
arrays, whose text representation looked the same as zero-dimensional
arrays (<literal>{}</>), but they acted differently in array
operations. <application>intarray</>'s behavior in this area now
matches the built-in array operators.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="pgupgrade"> now uses <option>-U</>
or <option>--username</> to specify the user name (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
Previously this option was spelled <option>-u</> or <option>--user</>,
but that was inconsistent with other tools.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>
<para>
Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.4 and the previous major
release.
</para>
<sect3>
<title>Server</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <link linkend="bgworker">background worker processes</link>
to be dynamically registered, started and terminated (Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
The new <filename>worker_spi</> module shows an example of use
of this feature.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow dynamic allocation of shared memory segments (Robert Haas,
Amit Kapila)
</para>
<para>
This feature is illustrated in the <filename>test_shm_mq</filename>
module.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
During crash recovery or immediate shutdown, send uncatchable
termination signals (<systemitem>SIGKILL</>) to child processes
that do not shut down promptly (MauMau, &Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
</para>
<para>
This reduces the likelihood of leaving orphaned child processes
behind after <xref linkend="app-postmaster"> shutdown, as well
as ensuring that crash recovery can proceed if some child processes
have become <quote>stuck</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve randomness of the database system identifier (Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <xref linkend="SQL-VACUUM"> properly report dead but
not-yet-removable rows to the statistics collector (Hari Babu)
</para>
<para>
Previously these were reported as live rows.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title>Indexes</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</></link> index size
(Alexander Korotkov, Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
Indexes upgraded via <xref linkend="pgupgrade"> will work fine
but will still be in the old, larger <acronym>GIN</> format.
Use <xref linkend="SQL-REINDEX"> to recreate old GIN indexes in the
new format.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve speed of multi-key <link
linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</></link> lookups (Alexander Korotkov,
Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</></link> index support
for <link linkend="datatype-inet"><type>inet</></link> and
<link linkend="datatype-cidr"><type>cidr</></link> data types
(Emre Hasegeli)
</para>
<para>
Such indexes improve <link
linkend="cidr-inet-operators-table">subnet and supernet</link>
lookups and ordering comparisons.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Fix rare race condition in B-tree page deletion (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make the handling of interrupted B-tree page splits more robust
(Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>General Performance</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow multiple backends to insert
into <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</></link> buffers
concurrently (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
This improves parallel write performance.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Conditionally write only the modified portion of updated rows to
<link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</></link> (Amit Kapila)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve performance of aggregate functions used as <link
linkend="syntax-window-functions">window functions</link>
(David Rowley, Florian Pflug, Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve speed of aggregates that
use <link linkend="datatype-numeric"><type>numeric</></link> state
values (Hadi Moshayedi)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Attempt to <link linkend="vacuum-for-wraparound">freeze</link>
tuples when tables are rewritten with <xref
linkend="SQL-CLUSTER"> or <link
linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM FULL</></link> (Robert Haas,
Andres Freund)
</para>
<para>
This can avoid the need to freeze the tuples in the future.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve speed of <xref linkend="SQL-COPY"> with default <link
linkend="functions-sequence-table"><function>nextval()</></link>
columns (Simon Riggs)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve speed of accessing many different <link
linkend="SQL-CREATESEQUENCE">sequences</link> in the same session
(David Rowley)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Raise hard limit on the number of tuples held in memory during sorting
and B-tree index builds (Noah Misch)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce memory allocated by <application>PL/pgSQL</>
<xref linkend="SQL-DO"> blocks (Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make the planner more aggressive about extracting restriction clauses
from mixed <literal>AND</>/<literal>OR</> clauses (Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Disallow pushing volatile <literal>WHERE</> clauses down
into <literal>DISTINCT</> subqueries (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Pushing down a <literal>WHERE</> clause can produce a more
efficient plan overall, but at the cost of evaluating the clause
more often than is implied by the text of the query; so don't do it
if the clause contains any volatile functions.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Auto-resize the catalog caches (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
This reduces memory consumption for sessions accessing only a few
tables, and improves performance for sessions accessing many tables.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Monitoring</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="pg-stat-archiver-view"> system view to
report <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</></link> archiver activity
(Gabriele Bartolini)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <structfield>n_mod_since_analyze</> columns to
<xref linkend="pg-stat-all-tables-view"> and related system views
(Mark Kirkwood)
</para>
<para>
These columns expose the system's estimate of the number of changed
tuples since the table's last <xref linkend="sql-analyze">. This
estimate drives decisions about when to auto-analyze.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <structfield>backend_xid</> and <structfield>backend_xmin</>
columns to the system view <xref linkend="pg-stat-activity-view">,
and a <structfield>backend_xmin</> column to
<xref linkend="pg-stat-replication-view"> (Christian Kruse)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title><acronym>SSL</></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add support for <acronym>SSL</> <acronym>ECDH</> key exchange
(Marko Kreen)
</para>
<para>
This allows use of Elliptic Curve keys for server authentication.
Such keys are faster and have better security than <acronym>RSA</>
keys. The new configuration parameter
<xref linkend="guc-ssl-ecdh-curve">
controls which curve is used for <acronym>ECDH</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve the default <xref linkend="guc-ssl-ciphers"> setting
(Marko Kreen)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
By default, the server not the client now controls the preference
order of <acronym>SSL</> ciphers
(Marko Kreen)
</para>
<para>
Previously, the order specified by <xref linkend="guc-ssl-ciphers">
was usually ignored in favor of client-side defaults, which are not
configurable in most <productname>PostgreSQL</> clients. If
desired, the old behavior can be restored via the new configuration
parameter <xref linkend="guc-ssl-prefer-server-ciphers">.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <xref linkend="guc-log-connections"> show <acronym>SSL</>
encryption information (Andreas Kunert)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve <acronym>SSL</> renegotiation handling (&Aacute;lvaro
Herrera)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Server Settings</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add new <acronym>SQL</> command <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERSYSTEM">
for changing <filename>postgresql.conf</> configuration file entries
(Amit Kapila)
</para>
<para>
Previously such settings could only be changed by manually
editing <filename>postgresql.conf</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-work-mem"> configuration parameter
to control the amount of memory used by autovacuum workers
(Peter Geoghegan)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="guc-huge-pages"> parameter to allow using huge
memory pages on Linux (Christian Kruse, Richard Poole, Abhijit
Menon-Sen)
</para>
<para>
This can improve performance on large-memory systems.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="guc-max-worker-processes"> parameter
to limit the number of background workers (Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
This is helpful in configuring a standby server to have the
required number of worker processes (the same as the primary).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add superuser-only <xref linkend="guc-session-preload-libraries">
parameter to load libraries at session start (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
In contrast to <xref linkend="guc-local-preload-libraries">, this
parameter can load any shared library, not just those in
the <filename>$libdir/plugins</> directory.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="guc-wal-log-hints"> parameter to enable WAL
logging of hint-bit changes (Sawada Masahiko)
</para>
<para>
Hint bit changes are not normally logged, except when checksums are
enabled. This is useful for external tools
like <application>pg_rewind</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Increase the default settings of <xref linkend="guc-work-mem">
and <xref linkend="guc-maintenance-work-mem"> by four times (Bruce
Momjian)
</para>
<para>
The new defaults are 4MB and 64MB respectively.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Increase the default setting of <xref
linkend="guc-effective-cache-size">
to 4GB (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <function>printf</function>-style space padding to be
specified in <xref linkend="guc-log-line-prefix"> (David Rowley)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow terabyte units (<literal>TB</>) to be used when specifying
configuration variable values (Simon Riggs)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Show <acronym>PID</>s of lock holders and waiters and improve
information about relations in <xref linkend="guc-log-lock-waits">
log messages (Christian Kruse)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce server logging level when loading shared libraries (Peter
Geoghegan)
</para>
<para>
The previous level was <literal>LOG</>, which was too verbose
for libraries loaded per-session.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
On Windows, make <literal>SQL_ASCII</>-encoded databases and server
processes (e.g., <xref linkend="app-postmaster">) emit messages in
the character encoding of the server's Windows user locale
(Alexander Law, Noah Misch)
</para>
<para>
Previously these messages were output in the Windows
<acronym>ANSI</> code page.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Replication and Recovery</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="streaming-replication-slots">replication
slots</link> to coordinate activity on streaming standbys with the
node they are streaming from (Andres Freund, Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
Replication slots allow preservation of resources like
<acronym>WAL</> files on the primary until they are no longer
needed by standby servers.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add recovery parameter <xref linkend="recovery-min-apply-delay">
to delay replication (Robert Haas, Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello,
Simon Riggs)
</para>
<para>
Delaying replay on standby servers can be useful for recovering
from user errors.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="recovery-target">
option <option>immediate</> to stop <link
linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</></link> recovery as soon as a
consistent state is reached (MauMau, Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve recovery target processing (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
The timestamp reported
by <link linkend="functions-recovery-info-table"><function>pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()</></link>
now reflects already-committed records, not transactions about to
be committed. Recovering to a restore point now replays the restore
point, rather than stopping just before the restore point.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<link
linkend="functions-admin-backup-table"><function>pg_switch_xlog()</></link>
now clears any unused trailing space in the old <acronym>WAL</> file
(Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
This improves the compression ratio for <acronym>WAL</> files.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Report failure return codes from <link
linkend="archive-recovery-settings">external recovery commands</>
(Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce spinlock contention during <acronym>WAL</> replay (Heikki
Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Write <acronym>WAL</> records of running transactions more
frequently (Andres Freund)
</para>
<para>
This allows standby servers to start faster and clean up resources
more aggressively.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title><link linkend="logicaldecoding">Logical Decoding</></title>
<para>
Logical decoding allows database changes to be streamed in a
configurable format. The data is read from
the <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</></link> and transformed into the
desired target format. To implement this feature, the following changes
were made:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add support for <link linkend="logicaldecoding">logical decoding</>
of WAL data, to allow database changes to be streamed out in a
customizable format
(Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add new <xref linkend="guc-wal-level"> setting <option>logical</>
to enable logical change-set encoding in <acronym>WAL</> (Andres
Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add table-level parameter <link
linkend="catalog-pg-class"><literal>REPLICA IDENTITY</></link>
to control logical replication (Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add relation option <link
linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE-storage-parameters"><option>user_catalog_table</></link>
to identify user-created tables involved in logical change-set
encoding (Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="app-pgrecvlogical"> application to receive
logical-decoding data (Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="test-decoding"> module to illustrate logical
decoding at the <acronym>SQL</> level (Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Queries</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="queries-tablefunctions"><literal>WITH
ORDINALITY</></link> syntax to number the rows returned from a
set-returning function in the <literal>FROM</> clause
(Andrew Gierth, David Fetter)
</para>
<para>
This is particularly useful for functions like
<function>unnest()</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="queries-tablefunctions"><literal>ROWS
FROM()</></link> syntax to allow horizontal concatenation of
set-returning functions in the <literal>FROM</> clause (Andrew Gierth)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <xref linkend="SQL-SELECT"> to have
an empty target list (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
This was added so that views that select from a table with zero
columns can be dumped and restored correctly.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Ensure that <link linkend="SQL-SELECT"><literal>SELECT ... FOR UPDATE
NOWAIT</></link> does not wait in corner cases involving
already-concurrently-updated tuples (Craig Ringer and Thomas Munro)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Utility Commands</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="SQL-DISCARD"><command>DISCARD
SEQUENCES</></link> command to discard cached sequence-related state
(Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello, Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
<command>DISCARD ALL</> will now also discard such information.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <literal>FORCE NULL</> option
to <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY FROM</></link>, which
causes quoted strings matching the specified null string to be
converted to NULLs in <literal>CSV</> mode (Ian Barwick, Michael
Paquier)
</para>
<para>
Without this option, only unquoted matching strings will be imported
as null values.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Issue warnings for commands used outside of transaction blocks
when they can have no effect (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
New warnings are issued for <command>SET
LOCAL</>, <command>SET CONSTRAINTS</>, <command>SET TRANSACTION</> and
<command>ABORT</> when used outside a transaction block.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title><xref linkend="SQL-EXPLAIN"></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> show planning time (Andreas
Karlsson)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <command>EXPLAIN</> show the grouping columns in Agg and
Group nodes (Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> show exact and lossy
block counts in bitmap heap scans (Etsuro Fujita)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Views</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow a <link linkend="rules-materializedviews">materialized view</>
to be refreshed without blocking other sessions from reading the view
meanwhile (Kevin Grittner)
</para>
<para>
This is done with <link
linkend="SQL-REFRESHMATERIALIZEDVIEW"><command>REFRESH MATERIALIZED
VIEW CONCURRENTLY</></link>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow views to be <link
linkend="SQL-CREATEVIEW-updatable-views">automatically
updated</link> even if they contain some non-updatable columns
(Dean Rasheed)
</para>
<para>
Previously the presence of non-updatable output columns such as
expressions, literals, and function calls prevented automatic
updates. Now <command>INSERT</>s, <command>UPDATE</>s and
<command>DELETE</>s are supported, provided that they do not
attempt to assign new values to any of the non-updatable columns.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow control over whether <command>INSERT</>s and
<command>UPDATE</>s can add rows to an auto-updatable view that
would not appear in the view (Dean Rasheed)
</para>
<para>
This is controlled with the new <xref linkend="SQL-CREATEVIEW">
clause <literal>WITH CHECK OPTION</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <link linkend="rules-privileges">security barrier views</>
to be automatically updatable (Dean Rasheed)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Object Manipulation</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Support triggers on <link linkend="SQL-CREATEFOREIGNTABLE">foreign
tables</> (Ronan Dunklau)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow moving groups of objects from one tablespace to another
using the <literal>ALL IN TABLESPACE ... SET TABLESPACE</> form of
<xref linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE">, <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERINDEX">, or
<xref linkend="SQL-ALTERMATERIALIZEDVIEW"> (Stephen Frost)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow changing foreign key constraint deferrability
via <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"> ... <literal>ALTER
CONSTRAINT</> (Simon Riggs)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce lock strength for some <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE">
commands
(Simon Riggs, Noah Misch, Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
Specifically, <literal>VALIDATE CONSTRAINT</>, <literal>CLUSTER
ON</>, <literal>SET WITHOUT CLUSTER</>, <literal>ALTER COLUMN
SET STATISTICS</>, <literal>ALTER COLUMN</> <literal>SET</>
<option>(attribute_option)</>, <literal>ALTER COLUMN RESET</>
<option>(attribute_option)</> no longer require <literal>ACCESS
EXCLUSIVE</> locks.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow tablespace options to be set
in <xref linkend="SQL-CREATETABLESPACE"> (Vik Fearing)
</para>
<para>
Formerly these options could only be set
via <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLESPACE">.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <xref linkend="SQL-CREATEAGGREGATE"> to define the estimated
size of the aggregate's transition state data (Hadi Moshayedi)
</para>
<para>
Proper use of this feature allows the planner to better estimate
how much memory will be used by aggregates.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Fix <command>DROP IF EXISTS</> to avoid errors for non-existent
objects in more cases (Pavel Stehule, Dean Rasheed)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve how system relations are identified (Andres Freund,
Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
Previously, relations once moved into the <literal>pg_catalog</>
schema could no longer be modified or dropped.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Data Types</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Fully implement the <link
linkend="datatype-line"><type>line</></link> data type (Peter
Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
The line <emphasis>segment</> data type (<link
linkend="datatype-lseg"><type>lseg</></link>) has always been
fully supported. The previous <type>line</> data type (which was
enabled only via a compile-time option) is not binary or
dump-compatible with the new implementation.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="datatype-pg-lsn"><type>pg_lsn</></link>
data type to represent a <acronym>WAL</> log sequence number
(<acronym>LSN</>) (Robert Haas, Michael Paquier)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow single-point <link
linkend="datatype-polygon"><type>polygon</></link>s to be converted
to <link linkend="datatype-circle"><type>circle</></link>s
(Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Support time zone abbreviations that change UTC offset from time to
time (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Previously, <productname>PostgreSQL</> assumed that the UTC offset
associated with a time zone abbreviation (such as <literal>EST</>)
never changes in the usage of any particular locale. However this
assumption fails in the real world, so introduce the ability for a
zone abbreviation to represent a UTC offset that sometimes changes.
Update the zone abbreviation definition files to make use of this
feature in timezone locales that have changed the UTC offset of their
abbreviations since 1970 (according to the IANA timezone database).
In such timezones, <productname>PostgreSQL</> will now associate the
correct UTC offset with the abbreviation depending on the given date.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow 5+ digit years for non-<acronym>ISO</> <link
linkend="datatype-datetime"><type>timestamp</></link> and
<type>date</> strings, where appropriate (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add checks for overflow/underflow of <link
linkend="datatype-datetime"><type>interval</></link> values
(Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title><link linkend="datatype-json"><acronym>JSON</></link></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link linkend="datatype-json"><type>jsonb</></link>, a more
capable and efficient data type for storing <acronym>JSON</> data
(Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Alexander
Korotkov, Peter Geoghegan, Andrew Dunstan)
</para>
<para>
This new type allows faster access to values within a JSON
document, and faster and more useful indexing of JSON columns.
Scalar values in <type>jsonb</> documents are stored as appropriate
scalar SQL types, and the JSON document structure is pre-parsed
rather than being stored as text as in the original <type>json</>
data type.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add new JSON functions to allow for the construction
of arbitrarily complex JSON trees (Andrew Dunstan, Laurence Rowe)
</para>
<para>
New functions include <link
linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>json_array_elements_text()</></link>,
<function>json_build_array()</>, <function>json_object()</>,
<function>json_object_agg()</>, <function>json_to_record()</>,
and <function>json_to_recordset()</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link
linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>json_typeof()</></link>
to return the data type of a <type>json</> value (Andrew Tipton)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Functions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link
linkend="functions-datetime-delay"><function>pg_sleep_for(interval)</></link>
and <function>pg_sleep_until(timestamp)</> to specify
delays more flexibly (Vik Fearing, Julien Rouhaud)
</para>
<para>
The existing <function>pg_sleep()</> function only supports delays
specified in seconds.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <link
linkend="array-functions-table"><function>cardinality()</></link>
function for arrays (Marko Tiikkaja)
</para>
<para>
This returns the total number of elements in the array, or zero
for an array with no elements.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <acronym>SQL</> functions to allow <link linkend="lo-funcs">large
object reads/writes</link> at arbitrary offsets (Pavel Stehule)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <link
linkend="array-functions-table"><function>unnest()</></link>
to take multiple arguments, which are individually unnested then
horizontally concatenated (Andrew Gierth)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add functions to construct <type>time</>s, <type>date</>s,
<type>timestamp</>s, <type>timestamptz</>s, and <type>interval</>s
from individual values, rather than strings (Pavel Stehule)
</para>
<para>
These functions' names are prefixed with <literal>make_</>,
e.g. <link linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>make_date()</></link>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <link
linkend="functions-formatting-table"><function>to_char()</></link>'s
<literal>TZ</> format specifier return a useful value for simple
numeric time zone offsets (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
Previously, <literal>to_char(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 'TZ')</> returned
an empty string if the <literal>timezone</> was set to a constant
like <literal>-4</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add timezone offset format specifier <literal>OF</> to <link
linkend="functions-formatting-table"><function>to_char()</></link>
(Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve the random seed used for <link
linkend="functions-math-random-table"><function>random()</></link>
(Honza Horak)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Tighten validity checking for Unicode code points in <link
linkend="functions-string-other"><function>chr(int)</></link>
(Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
This function now only accepts values that are valid UTF8 characters
according to RFC 3629.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title>System Information Functions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add functions for looking up objects in <structname>pg_class</>,
<structname>pg_proc</>, <structname>pg_type</>, and
<structname>pg_operator</> that do not generate errors for
non-existent objects (Yugo Nagata, Nozomi Anzai,
Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
For example, <link
linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>to_regclass()</></link>
does a lookup in <structname>pg_class</> similarly to
the <type>regclass</> input function, but it returns NULL for a
non-existent object instead of failing.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add function <link
linkend="functions-admin-dblocation"><function>pg_filenode_relation()</></link>
to allow for more efficient lookup of relation names from filenodes
(Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <structfield>parameter_default</> column to <link
linkend="infoschema-parameters"><structname>information_schema.parameters</></link>
view (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <link
linkend="infoschema-schemata"><structname>information_schema.schemata</></link>
show all accessible schemas (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
Previously it only showed schemas owned by the current user.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Aggregates</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add control over which rows are passed
into aggregate functions via the <link
linkend="syntax-aggregates"><literal>FILTER</></link> clause
(David Fetter)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Support ordered-set (<link
linkend="syntax-aggregates"><literal>WITHIN GROUP</></link>)
aggregates (Atri Sharma, Andrew Gierth, Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add standard ordered-set aggregates <link
linkend="functions-orderedset-table"><function>percentile_cont()</></link>,
<function>percentile_disc()</>, <function>mode()</>, <link
linkend="functions-hypothetical-table"><function>rank()</></link>,
<function>dense_rank()</>, <function>percent_rank()</>, and
<function>cume_dist()</>
(Atri Sharma, Andrew Gierth)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Support <link
linkend="xfunc-sql-variadic-functions"><literal>VARIADIC</></link>
aggregate functions (Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow polymorphic aggregates to have non-polymorphic state data
types (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
This allows proper declaration in SQL of aggregates like the built-in
aggregate <function>array_agg()</>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Server-Side Languages</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add event trigger support to <link linkend="plperl">PL/Perl</>
and <link linkend="pltcl">PL/Tcl</> (Dimitri Fontaine)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Convert <link linkend="datatype-numeric"><type>numeric</></link>
values to <type>decimal</> in <link linkend="plpython">PL/Python</link>
(Szymon Guz, Ronan Dunklau)
</para>
<para>
Previously such values were converted to Python <type>float</> values,
risking loss of precision.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title><link linkend="plpgsql">PL/pgSQL</link> Server-Side Language</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add ability to retrieve the current PL/PgSQL call stack
using <link linkend="plpgsql-get-diagnostics-context"><command>GET
DIAGNOSTICS</></link>
(Pavel Stehule, Stephen Frost)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add option <link
linkend="plpgsql-statements-sql-onerow"><option>print_strict_params</></link>
to display the parameters passed to a query that violated a
<literal>STRICT</> constraint (Marko Tiikkaja)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add variables <link
linkend="plpgsql-extra-checks"><varname>plpgsql.extra_warnings</></link>
and <varname>plpgsql.extra_errors</> to enable additional PL/pgSQL
warnings and errors (Marko Tiikkaja, Petr Jelinek)
</para>
<para>
Currently only warnings/errors about shadowed variables are available.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Make libpq's <link
linkend="libpq-pqconndefaults"><function>PQconndefaults()</></link>
function ignore invalid service files (Steve Singer, Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
Previously it returned NULL if an incorrect service file was
encountered.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Accept <acronym>TLS</> protocol versions beyond <literal>TLSv1</>
in libpq (Marko Kreen)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Client Applications</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="APP-CREATEUSER"> option <option>-g</>
to specify role membership (Chistopher Browne)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="APP-VACUUMDB">
option <option>--analyze-in-stages</> to analyze in stages of
increasing granularity (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
This allows minimal statistics to be created quickly.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <xref linkend="APP-PGRESETXLOG"> with option <option>-n</>
output current and potentially changed values (Rajeev Rastogi)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <xref linkend="app-initdb"> throw error for incorrect locale
settings, rather than silently falling back to a default choice
(Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <xref linkend="app-pg-ctl"> return exit code <literal>4</> for
an inaccessible data directory (Amit Kapila, Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
This behavior more closely matches the Linux Standard Base
(<acronym>LSB</>) Core Specification.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
On Windows, ensure that a non-absolute <option>-D</> path
specification is interpreted relative
to <xref linkend="app-pg-ctl">'s current directory
(Kumar Rajeev Rastogi)
</para>
<para>
Previously it would be interpreted relative to whichever directory
the underlying Windows service was started in.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <function>sizeof()</> in <link linkend="ecpg">ECPG</link>
C array definitions (Michael Meskes)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <link linkend="ecpg">ECPG</link> properly handle nesting
of C-style comments in both C and <acronym>SQL</> text
(Michael Meskes)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title><xref linkend="APP-PSQL"></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Suppress <quote>No rows</quote> output in <application>psql</> <link
linkend="APP-PSQL-meta-commands"><option>expanded</></link>
mode when the footer is disabled (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow Control-C to abort <application>psql</> when it's hung at
connection startup (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect5>
<title><link linkend="APP-PSQL-meta-commands">Backslash Commands</link></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <application>psql</>'s <command>\db+</> show tablespace options
(Magnus Hagander)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <command>\do+</> display the functions
that implement the operators (Marko Tiikkaja)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <command>\d+</> output an
<literal>OID</> line only if an <literal>oid</literal> column
exists in the table (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
<para>
Previously, the presence or absence of an <literal>oid</literal>
column was always reported.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <command>\d</> show disabled system triggers (Bruce
Momjian)
</para>
<para>
Previously, if you disabled all triggers, only user triggers
would show as disabled.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Fix <command>\copy</> to no longer require
a space between <literal>stdin</> and a semicolon (Etsuro Fujita)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Output the row count at the end of <command>\copy</>, just
like <command>COPY</> already did (Kumar Rajeev Rastogi)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Fix <command>\conninfo</> to display the
server's <acronym>IP</> address for connections using
<literal>hostaddr</> (Fujii Masao)
</para>
<para>
Previously <command>\conninfo</> could not display the server's
<acronym>IP</> address in such cases.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Show the <acronym>SSL</> protocol version in
<command>\conninfo</> (Marko Kreen)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add tab completion for <command>\pset</>
(Pavel Stehule)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <command>\pset</> with no arguments
to show all settings (Gilles Darold)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <command>\s</> display the name of the history file it wrote
without converting it to an absolute path (Tom Lane)
</para>
<para>
The code previously attempted to convert a relative file name to
an absolute path for display, but frequently got it wrong.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect5>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title><xref linkend="APP-PGDUMP"></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <xref linkend="APP-PGRESTORE"> options
<option>-I</>, <option>-P</>, <option>-T</> and <option>-n</>
to be specified multiple times (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
<para>
This allows multiple objects to be restored in one operation.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Optionally add <literal>IF EXISTS</> clauses to the <command>DROP</>
commands emitted when removing old objects during a restore (Pavel
Stehule)
</para>
<para>
This change prevents unnecessary errors when removing old objects.
The new <option>--if-exists</> option
for <xref linkend="APP-PGDUMP">, <xref linkend="APP-PG-DUMPALL">,
and <xref linkend="APP-PGRESTORE"> is only available
when <option>--clean</> is also specified.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title><xref linkend="app-pgbasebackup"></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <application>pg_basebackup</> option <option>--xlogdir</>
to specify the <filename>pg_xlog</> directory location (Haribabu
Kommi)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <application>pg_basebackup</> to relocate tablespaces in
the backup copy (Steeve Lennmark)
</para>
<para>
This is particularly useful for using <application>pg_basebackup</>
on the same machine as the primary.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow network-stream base backups to be throttled (Antonin Houska)
</para>
<para>
This can be controlled with the <application>pg_basebackup</>
<option>--max-rate</> parameter.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Source Code</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve the way tuples are frozen to preserve forensic information
(Robert Haas, Andres Freund)
</para>
<para>
This change removes the main objection to freezing tuples as soon
as possible. Code that inspects tuple flag bits will need to be
modified.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
No longer require function prototypes for functions marked with the
<link linkend="xfunc-c"><function>PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1</></link>
macro (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
This change eliminates the need to write boilerplate prototypes.
Note that the <function>PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1</> macro must appear
before the corresponding function definition to avoid compiler
warnings.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove <varname>SnapshotNow</> and
<function>HeapTupleSatisfiesNow()</> (Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
All existing uses have been switched to more appropriate snapshot
types. Catalog scans now use <acronym>MVCC</> snapshots.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add an <acronym>API</> to allow memory allocations over one gigabyte
(Noah Misch)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <function>psprintf()</> to simplify memory allocation during
string composition (Peter Eisentraut, Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Support <function>printf()</> size modifier <literal>z</> to
print <type>size_t</> values (Andres Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Change <acronym>API</> of <function>appendStringInfoVA()</>
to better use <function>vsnprintf()</> (David Rowley, Tom Lane)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow new types of external toast datums to be created (Andres
Freund)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add single-reader, single-writer, lightweight shared message queue
(Robert Haas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve spinlock speed on x86_64 <acronym>CPU</>s (Heikki
Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove spinlock support for unsupported platforms
<productname>SINIX</>, <productname>Sun3</>, and
<productname>NS32K</> (Robert Haas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove <acronym>IRIX</> port (Robert Haas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce the number of semaphores required by
<option>--disable-spinlocks</> builds (Robert Haas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Rewrite <application>duplicate_oids</> Unix shell script in
<application>Perl</> (Andrew Dunstan)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add Test Anything Protocol (<acronym>TAP</>) tests for client
programs (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
Currently, these tests are run by <literal>make check-world</>
only if the <option>--enable-tap-tests</> option was given
to <application>configure</>.
This might become the default behavior in some future release.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add make targets <option>check-tests</> and
<option>installcheck-tests</>, which allow selection of individual
tests to be run (Andrew Dunstan)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove <option>maintainer-check</> makefile rule (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
The default build rules now include all the formerly-optional tests.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve support for <envar>VPATH</> builds of <acronym>PGXS</>
modules (C&eacute;dric Villemain, Andrew Dunstan, Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Upgrade to Autoconf 2.69 (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add a <application>configure</> flag that appends custom text to the
<envar>PG_VERSION</> string (Oskari Saarenmaa)
</para>
<para>
This is useful for packagers building custom binaries.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve DocBook <acronym>XML</> validity (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Fix various minor security and sanity issues reported by the
<productname>Coverity</> scanner (Stephen Frost)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve detection of invalid memory usage when testing
<productname>PostgreSQL</> with <application>Valgrind</>
(Noah Misch)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve sample <application>Emacs</> configuration file
<filename>emacs.samples</> (Peter Eisentraut)
</para>
<para>
Also add <filename>.dir-locals.el</> to the top of the source tree.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <application>pgindent</> to accept a command-line list
of typedefs (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <application>pgindent</> smarter about blank lines
around preprocessor conditionals (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Avoid most uses of <command>dlltool</command>
in <productname>Cygwin</> and
<productname>Mingw</> builds (Marco Atzeri, Hiroshi Inoue)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Support client-only installs in <acronym>MSVC</> (Windows) builds
(MauMau)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Additional Modules</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <xref linkend="pgprewarm"> extension to preload relation data
into the shared buffer cache at server start (Robert Haas)
</para>
<para>
This allows reaching full operating performance more quickly.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <acronym>UUID</> random number generator
<function>gen_random_uuid()</> to <xref linkend="pgcrypto">
(Oskari Saarenmaa)
</para>
<para>
This allows creation of version 4 <acronym>UUID</>s without
requiring installation of <xref linkend="uuid-ossp">.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <xref linkend="uuid-ossp"> to work with
the <systemitem>BSD</> or <systemitem>e2fsprogs</> UUID libraries,
not only the <systemitem>OSSP</> UUID library (Matteo Beccati)
</para>
<para>
This improves the <application>uuid-ossp</> module's portability
since it no longer has to have the increasingly-obsolete OSSP
library. The module's name is now rather a misnomer, but we won't
change it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add option to <xref linkend="auto-explain"> to include trigger
execution time (Horiguchi Kyotaro)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Fix <xref linkend="pgstattuple"> to not report rows from
uncommitted transactions as dead (Robert Haas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <xref linkend="pgstattuple"> functions
use <type>regclass</type>-type arguments (Satoshi Nagayasu)
</para>
<para>
While <type>text</type>-type arguments are still supported, they
may be removed in a future major release.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve consistency of <xref linkend="pgrowlocks"> output to honor
snapshot rules more consistently (Robert Haas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Improve <xref linkend="pgtrgm">'s choice of trigrams for indexed
regular expression searches (Alexander Korotkov)
</para>
<para>
This change discourages use of trigrams containing whitespace, which
are usually less selective.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow <xref linkend="pgxlogdump"> to report a live log stream
with <option>--follow</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Store <xref linkend="cube"> data more compactly (Stas Kelvich)
</para>
<para>
Existing data must be dumped/restored to use the new format.
The old format can still be read.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Reduce <xref linkend="vacuumlo"> client-side memory usage by using
a cursor (Andrew Dunstan)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Dramatically reduce memory consumption
in <xref linkend="pgupgrade"> (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Pass <xref linkend="pgupgrade">'s user name (<option>-U</>) option to
generated analyze scripts (Bruce Momjian)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect4>
<title><xref linkend="pgbench"></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Remove line length limit for <application>pgbench</> scripts (Sawada
Masahiko)
</para>
<para>
The previous line limit was <envar>BUFSIZ</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add long option names to <application>pgbench</> (Fabien Coelho)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <application>pgbench</> option <option>--rate</> to control
the transaction rate (Fabien Coelho)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add <application>pgbench</> option <option>--progress</> to
print periodic progress reports
(Fabien Coelho)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title><xref linkend="pgstatstatements"></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <application>pg_stat_statements</> use a file, rather than
shared memory, for query text storage (Peter Geoghegan)
</para>
<para>
This removes the previous limitation on query text length, and
allows a higher number of unique statements to be tracked by default.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow reporting of <application>pg_stat_statements</>'s internal
query hash identifier (Daniel Farina, Sameer Thakur, Peter
Geoghegan)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Add the ability to retrieve all <application>pg_stat_statements</>
information except the query text (Peter Geoghegan)
</para>
<para>
This allows monitoring tools to fetch query text only for
just-created entries, improving performance during repeated querying
of the statistics.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Make <application>pg_stat_statements</> ignore <command>DEALLOCATE</>
commands (Fabien Coelho)
</para>
<para>
It already ignored <command>PREPARE</>, as well as planning time in
general, so this seems more consistent.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Save the statistics file into <filename>$PGDATA/pg_stat</> at server
shutdown, rather than <filename>$PGDATA/global</> (Fujii Masao)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
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