1648 lines
70 KiB
Plaintext
1648 lines
70 KiB
Plaintext
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PostgreSQL Installation Guide
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by The PostgreSQL Development Team
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PostgreSQL is © 1998-9 by the Postgres Global Development Group.
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Table of Contents
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Summary
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1. Introduction
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2. Ports
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Currently Supported Platforms
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Unsupported Platforms
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3. Installation
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Requirements to Run Postgres
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Installation Procedure
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Playing with Postgres
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The Next Step
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Porting Notes
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4. Configuration Options
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Parameters for Configuration (configure)
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Parameters for Building (make)
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Locale Support
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What are the Benefits?
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What are the Drawbacks?
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Kerberos Authentication
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Availability
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Installation
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Operation
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5. Release Notes
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Release 6.5.1
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Migration to v6.5.1
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Detailed Change List
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Release 6.5
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Migration to v6.5
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Multi-Version Concurrency Control
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Detailed Change List
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Summary
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Postgres, developed originally in the UC Berkeley
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Computer Science Department, pioneered many of the
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object-relational concepts now becoming available in
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some commercial databases. It provides SQL92/SQL3
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language support, transaction integrity, and type
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extensibility. PostgreSQL is a public-domain, open
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source descendant of this original Berkeley code.
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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This installation procedure makes some assumptions
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about the desired configuration and runtime
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environment for your system. This may be adequate for
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many installations, and is almost certainly adequate
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for a first installation. But you may want to do an
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initial installation up to the point of unpacking the
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source tree and installing documentation, and then
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print or browse the Administrator's Guide.
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Chapter 2. Ports
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This manual describes version 6.5.1 of Postgres. The
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Postgres developer community has compiled and tested
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Postgres on a number of platforms. Check the web site
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(http://www.postgresql.org/docs/admin/ports.htm) for
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the latest information.
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Currently Supported Platforms
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At the time of publication, the following platforms
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have been tested:
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Table 2-1. Supported Platforms
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OS Processor Version Reported Remarks
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AIX 4.3.2 RS6000 v6.5 1999-05-26 (Andreas Zeugswetter
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(mailto:Andreas.Zeugswetter@telecom.at))
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BSDI x86 v6.5 1999-05-25 (Bruce Momjian
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(mailto:maillist@candle.pha.pa.us)
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FreeBSD x86 v6.5 1999-05-25 (Tatsuo Ishii
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2.2.x-4.0 (mailto:t-ishii@sra.co.jp),
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Marc Fournier
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(mailto:scrappy@hub.org))
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DGUX m88k v6.3 1998-03-01 v6.4 probably OK.
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5.4R4.11 Needs new maintainer.
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(Brian E Gallew
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(mailto:geek+@cmu.edu))
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Digital Alpha v6.4 1998-10-29 Minor patchable problems
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Unix 4.0 (Pedro J. Lobo
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(mailto:pjlobo@euitt.upm.es))
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HPUX PA-RISC v6.4 1998-10-25 Both 9.0x and 10.20
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(Tom Lane (mailto:tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us),
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Stan Brown (mailto:stanb@awod.com))
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IRIX 6.5 MIPS v6.4 1998-12-29 IRIX 5.x is different
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(Mark Dalphin (mdalphin@amgen.com))
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linux Alpha v6.3.2 1998-04-16 Mostly successful. Needs
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2.0.x work for v6.4.
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(Ryan Kirkpatrick
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(mailto:rkirkpat@nag.cs.colorado.edu))
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linux x86 v6.4 1998-10-27 (Thomas Lockhart
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2.0.x/libc5 (mailto:lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu))
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linux x86 v6.4 1999-05-24 (Thomas Lockhart
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2.0.x/glibc2 (mailto:lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu))
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linux MIPS v6.4 1998-12-16 Cobalt Qube (Tatsuo Ishii
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2.0.x (mailto:t-ishii@sra.co.jp))
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linux Sparc v6.4 1998-10-25 (Tom Szybist
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2.0.x (mailto:szybist@boxhill.com))
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linuxPPC PPC603e v6.4 1998-10-26 Powerbook 2400c
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2.1.24 (Tatsuo Ishii
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(mailto:t-ishii@sra.co.jp))
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mklinux PPC750 v6.4 1998-09-16 PowerMac 7600
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DR3 (Tatsuo Ishii
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(mailto:t-ishii@sra.co.jp))
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NetBSD arm32 v6.5 1999-04-14 (Andrew McMurry
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(mailto:a.mcmurry1@physics.oxford.ac.uk))
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NetBSD/i3- x86 v6.4 1998-10-25 (Brook Milligan
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86 1.3.2 (mailto:brook@trillium.NMSU.Edu))
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NetBSD m68k v6.4.2 1998-12-28 Mac SE/30 (Mr. Mutsuki
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Nakajima, Tatsuo Ishii
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(mailto:t-ishii@sra.co.jp))
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NetBSD- NS32532 v6.4 1998-10-27 small problems
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current in date/time math (Jon Buller
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(mailto:jonb@metronet.com))
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NetBSD/sp- Sparc v6.4 1998-10-27 (Tom I Helbekkmo
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arc 1.3H (mailto:tih@hamartun.priv.no))
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NetBSD 1.3 VAX v6.3 1998-03-01 (Tom I Helbekkmo
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(mailto:tih@hamartun.priv.no))
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SCO x86 v6.5 1999-05-25 (Andrew Merrill
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OpenServer 5 (mailto:andrew@compclass.com))
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SCO x86 v6.5 1999-05-25 (Andrew Merrill
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UnixWare 7 (mailto:andrew@compclass.com))
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Solaris x86 v6.4 1998-10-28 (Marc Fournier
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(mailto:scrappy@hub.org))
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Solaris Sparc v6.4 1998-10-28 (Tom Szybist
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2.6-2.7 (mailto:szybist@boxhill.com),
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Frank Ridderbusch
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(mailto:ridderbusch.pad@sni.de))
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SunOS Sparc v6.3 1998-03-01 Patches submitted
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4.1.4 (Tatsuo Ishii
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(mailto:t-ishii@sra.co.jp))
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SVR4 MIPS v6.4 1998-10-28 No 64-bit int compiler
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support (Frank Ridderbusch
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(mailto:ridderbusch.pad@sni.de))
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Windows x86 v6.4 1999-01-06 Client-side libraries
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or ODBC/JDBC. No server yet.
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(Magnus Hagander
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(mha@sollentuna.net)
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Windows NT x86 v6.5 1999-05-26 Working with the Cygwin
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library. (Daniel Horak
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(mailto:Dan.Horak@email.cz))
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Platforms listed for v6.3.x and v6.4.x should also
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work with v6.5.1, but we did not receive explicit
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confirmation of such at the time this list was
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compiled.
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Note: For Windows NT, the server-side port of
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Postgres has recently been accomplished. The
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Cygnus library is required to compile it.
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Unsupported Platforms
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There are a few platforms which have been attempted
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and which have been reported to not work with the
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standard distribution. Others listed here do not
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provide sufficient library support for an attempt.
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Table 2-2. Possibly Incompatible Platforms
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OS Processor Version Reported Remarks
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MacOS all v6.3 1998-03-01 Not library compatible;
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use ODBC/JDBC
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NextStep x86 v6.x 1998-03-01 Client-only support;
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v1.0.9 worked with patches
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(David Wetzel
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(mailto:dave@turbocat.de))
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SVR4 4.4 m88k v6.2.1 1998-03-01 Confirmed
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with patching;
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v6.4.x will need TAS
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spinlock code (Doug
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Winterburn
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(mailto:dlw@seavme.xroads.com))
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Ultrix MIPS,VAX? v6.x 1998-03-01 No recent reports;
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obsolete?
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Chapter 3. Installation
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Complete installation instructions for Postgres
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v6.5.1.
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Before installing Postgres, you may wish to visit
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www.postgresql.org (http://www.postgresql.org) for up
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to date information, patches, etc.
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These installation instructions assume:
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o Commands are Unix-compatible. See note below.
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o Defaults are used except where noted.
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o User postgres is the Postgres superuser.
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o The source path is /usr/src/pgsql (other paths are
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possible).
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o The runtime path is /usr/local/pgsql (other paths
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are possible).
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Commands were tested on RedHat Linux version 5.2
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using the tcsh shell. Except where noted, they will
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probably work on most systems. Commands like ps and
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tar may vary wildly between platforms on what options
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you should use. Use common sense before typing in
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these commands.
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Our Makefiles require GNU make (called ?gmake? in this
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document). They will not work with non-GNU make
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programs. If you have GNU make installed under the
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name ?make? instead of ?gmake?, then you will use the
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command make instead. That's OK, but you need to have
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the GNU form of make to succeed with an installation.
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Requirements to Run Postgres
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Up to date information on supported platforms is at
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http://www.postgresql.org/docs/admin/install.htm
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(http://www.postgresql.org/docs/admin/install.htm).
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In general, most Unix-compatible platforms with
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modern libraries should be able to run Postgres.
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Although the minimum required memory for running
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Postgres is as little as 8MB, there are noticable
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improvements in runtimes for the regression tests
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when expanding memory up to 96MB on a relatively fast
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dual-processor system running X-Windows. The rule is
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you can never have too much memory.
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Check that you have sufficient disk space. You will
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need about 30 Mbytes for /usr/src/pgsql, about 5
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Mbytes for /usr/local/pgsql (excluding your database)
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and 1 Mbyte for an empty database. The database will
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temporarily grow to about 20 Mbytes during the
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regression tests. You will also need about 3 Mbytes
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for the distribution tar file.
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We therefore recommend that during installation and
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testing you have well over 20 Mbytes free under
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/usr/local and another 25 Mbytes free on the disk
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partition containing your database. Once you delete
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the source files, tar file and regression database,
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you will need 2 Mbytes for /usr/local/pgsql, 1 Mbyte
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for the empty database, plus about five times the
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space you would require to store your database data
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in a flat file.
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To check for disk space, use
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$ df -k
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Installation Procedure
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Postgres Installation
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For a fresh install or upgrading from previous
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releases of Postgres:
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1. Read any last minute information and platform
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specific porting notes. There are some platform
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specific notes at the end of this file for
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Ultrix4.x, Linux, BSD/OS and NeXT. There are other
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files in directory /usr/src/pgsql/doc, including
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files FAQ-Irix and FAQ-Linux. Also look in
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directory ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub. If there
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is a file called INSTALL in this directory then
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this file will contain the latest installation
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information.
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Please note that a "tested" platform in the list
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given earlier simply means that someone went to
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the effort at some point of making sure that a
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Postgres distribution would compile and run on
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this platform without modifying the code. Since
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the current developers will not have access to all
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of these platforms, some of them may not compile
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cleanly and pass the regression tests in the
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current release due to minor problems. Any such
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known problems and their solutions will be posted
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in ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/INSTALL.
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2. Create the Postgres superuser account (postgres is
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commonly used) if it does not already exist.
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The owner of the Postgres files can be any
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unprivileged user account. It must not be root,
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bin, or any other account with special access
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rights, as that would create a security risk.
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3. Log in to the Postgres superuser account. Most of
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the remaining steps in the installation will
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happen in this account.
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4. Ftp file
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ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz
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from the Internet. Store it in your home
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directory.
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5. Some platforms use flex. If your system uses flex
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then make sure you have a good version. To check,
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type
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$ flex --version
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If the flex command is not found then you
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probably do not need it. If the version is 2.5.2
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or 2.5.4 or greater then you are okay. If it is
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2.5.3 or before 2.5.2 then you will have to
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upgrade flex. You may get it at
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ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz.
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If you need flex and don't have it or have the
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wrong version, then you will be told so when you
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attempt to compile the program. Feel free to skip
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this step if you aren't sure you need it. If you
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do need it then you will be told to
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install/upgrade flex when you try to compile
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Postgres.
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You may want to do the entire flex installation
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from the root account, though that is not
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absolutely necessary. Assuming that you want the
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installation to place files in the usual default
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areas, type the following:
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$ su -
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$ cd /usr/local/src
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ftp prep.ai.mit.edu
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ftp> cd /pub/gnu/
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ftp> binary
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ftp> get flex-2.5.4.tar.gz
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ftp> quit
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$ gunzip -c flex-2.5.4.tar.gz | tar xvf -
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$ cd flex-2.5.4
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$ configure --prefix=/usr
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$ gmake
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$ gmake check
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# You must be root when typing the next line:
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$ gmake install
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$ cd /usr/local/src
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$ rm -rf flex-2.5.4
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This will update files /usr/man/man1/flex.1,
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/usr/bin/flex, /usr/lib/libfl.a,
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/usr/include/FlexLexer.h and will add a link
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/usr/bin/flex++ which points to flex.
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6. If you are not upgrading an existing system then
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skip to step 9. If you are upgrading from 6.5, you
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do not need to dump/reload or initdb. Simply
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compile the source code, stop the postmaster, do a
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"make install", and restart the postmaster.
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If you are upgrading from 6.4.* or earlier,
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back up your database. For alpha- and
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beta-level releases, the database format is liable
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to change, often every few weeks, with no notice
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besides a quick comment in the HACKERS mailing
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list. Full releases always require a dump/reload
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from previous releases. It is therefore a bad idea
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to skip this step.
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Tip: Do not use the pg_dumpall script from v6.0
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or everything will be owned by the Postgres
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super user.
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To dump your fairly recent post-v6.0 database
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installation, type
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$ pg_dumpall > db.out
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To use the latest pg_dumpall script on your
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existing older database before upgrading Postgres,
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pull the most recent version of pg_dumpall from
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the new distribution:
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$ cd
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$ gunzip -c postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz \
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| tar xvf - src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
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$ chmod a+x src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
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$ src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall > db.out
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$ rm -rf src
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If you wish to preserve object id's (oids), then
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use the -o option when running pg_dumpall.
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However, unless you have a special reason for
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doing this (such as using OIDs as keys in tables),
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don't do it.
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If the pg_dumpall command seems to take a long
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time and you think it might have died, then, from
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another terminal, type
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$ ls -l db.out
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several times to see if the size of the file is
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growing.
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Please note that if you are upgrading from a
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version prior to Postgres95 v1.09 then you must
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back up your database, install Postgres95 v1.09,
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restore your database, then back it up again. You
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should also read the release notes which should
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cover any release-specific issues.
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Caution
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You must make sure that your database is not
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updated in the middle of your backup. If
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necessary, bring down postmaster, edit the
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permissions in file
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/usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf to allow
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only you on, then bring postmaster back up.
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7. If you are upgrading an existing system then kill
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the postmaster. Type
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$ ps -ax | grep postmaster
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This should list the process numbers for a number
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of processes. Type the following line, with pid
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replaced by the process id for process postmaster.
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(Do not use the id for process "grep postmaster".)
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Type
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$ kill pid
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to actually stop the process.
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Tip: On systems which have Postgres started at
|
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boot time, there is probably a startup file
|
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which will accomplish the same thing. For
|
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example, on my Linux system I can type
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$ /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgres.init stop
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to halt Postgres.
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8. If you are upgrading an existing system then move
|
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the old directories out of the way. If you are
|
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short of disk space then you may have to back up
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and delete the directories instead. If you do
|
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this, save the old database in the
|
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/usr/local/pgsql/data directory tree. At a
|
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minimum, save file
|
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/usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf.
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Type the following:
|
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$ su -
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$ cd /usr/src
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$ mv pgsql pgsql_6_0
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$ cd /usr/local
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$ mv pgsql pgsql_6_0
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$ exit
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If you are not using /usr/local/pgsql/data as
|
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your data directory (check to see if environment
|
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variable PGDATA is set to something else) then you
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will also want to move this directory in the same
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manner.
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9. Make new source and install directories. The
|
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actual paths can be different for your
|
|
installation but you must be consistent throughout
|
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this procedure.
|
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|
|
Note: There are two places in this installation
|
|
procedure where you will have an opportunity to
|
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specify installation locations for programs,
|
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libraries, documentation, and other files.
|
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Usually it is sufficient to specify these at the
|
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gmake install stage of installation.
|
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Type
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$ su
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$ cd /usr/src
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$ mkdir pgsql
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$ chown postgres:postgres pgsql
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$ cd /usr/local
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$ mkdir pgsql
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$ chown postgres:postgres pgsql
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$ exit
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10. Unzip and untar the new source file. Type
|
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$ cd /usr/src/pgsql
|
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$ gunzip -c ~/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz | tar xvf -
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11. Configure the source code for your system. It
|
|
is this step at which you can specify your actual
|
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installation path for the build process (see the
|
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--prefix option below). Type
|
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$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src
|
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$ ./configure [ options ]
|
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a. Among other chores, the configure script
|
|
selects a system-specific "template" file
|
|
from the files provided in the template
|
|
subdirectory. If it cannot guess which one to
|
|
use for your system, it will say so and exit.
|
|
In that case you'll need to figure out which
|
|
one to use and run configure again, this time
|
|
giving the --with-template=TEMPLATE option to
|
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make the right file be chosen.
|
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|
|
Please Report Problems: If your system is not
|
|
automatically recognized by configure and
|
|
you have to do this, please send email to
|
|
scrappy@hub.org (mailto:scrappy@hub.org)
|
|
with the output of the program
|
|
./config.guess. Indicate what the template
|
|
file should be.
|
|
|
|
b. Choose configuration options. Check
|
|
Configuration Options for details. However,
|
|
for a plain-vanilla first installation with
|
|
no extra options like multi-byte character
|
|
support or locale collation support it may be
|
|
adequate to have chosen the installation
|
|
areas and to run configure without extra
|
|
options specified. The configure script
|
|
accepts many additional options that you can
|
|
use if you don't like the default
|
|
configuration. To see them all, type
|
|
./configure --help
|
|
Some of the more commonly used ones are:
|
|
--prefix=BASEDIR Selects a different
|
|
base directory for the
|
|
installation of the
|
|
Postgres configuration.
|
|
The default is
|
|
/usr/local/pgsql.
|
|
--with-template=TEMPLATE
|
|
Use template file
|
|
TEMPLATE - the template
|
|
files are assumed
|
|
to be in the directory
|
|
src/template, so
|
|
look there for proper values.
|
|
--with-tcl Build interface
|
|
libraries and programs requiring
|
|
Tcl/Tk, including
|
|
libpgtcl, pgtclsh, and pgtksh.
|
|
--with-perl Build the Perl
|
|
interface library.
|
|
--with-odbc Build the ODBC
|
|
driver package.
|
|
--enable-hba Enables Host Based
|
|
Authentication (DEFAULT)
|
|
--disable-hba Disables Host Based
|
|
Authentication
|
|
--enable-locale Enables USE_LOCALE
|
|
--enable-cassert Enables
|
|
ASSERT_CHECKING
|
|
--with-CC=compiler
|
|
Use a specific C
|
|
compiler that the configure
|
|
script cannot find.
|
|
--with-CXX=compiler
|
|
--without-CXX
|
|
Use a specific C++
|
|
compiler that the configure
|
|
script cannot find,
|
|
or exclude C++ compilation
|
|
altogether. (This
|
|
only affects libpq++ at
|
|
present.)
|
|
c. Here is the configure script used on a Sparc
|
|
Solaris 2.5 system with /opt/postgres
|
|
specified as the installation base directory:
|
|
$ ./configure --prefix=/opt/postgres \
|
|
--with-template=sparc_solaris-gcc
|
|
--with-pgport=5432 \
|
|
--enable-hba --disable-locale
|
|
|
|
Tip: Of course, you may type these three
|
|
lines all on the same line.
|
|
|
|
12. Install the man and HTML documentation. Type
|
|
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/doc
|
|
$ gmake install
|
|
The documentation is also available in Postscript
|
|
format. Look for files ending with .ps.gz in the
|
|
same directory.
|
|
13. Compile the program. Type
|
|
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src
|
|
$ gmake all >& make.log &
|
|
$ tail -f make.log
|
|
The last line displayed will hopefully be
|
|
All of PostgreSQL is successfully made. Ready to
|
|
install.
|
|
Remember, ?gmake? may be called ?make? on your system.
|
|
At this point, or earlier if you wish, type
|
|
control-C to get out of tail. (If you have
|
|
problems later on you may wish to examine file
|
|
make.log for warning and error messages.)
|
|
|
|
Note: You will probably find a number of warning
|
|
messages in make.log. Unless you have problems
|
|
later on, these messages may be safely ignored.
|
|
|
|
If the compiler fails with a message stating that
|
|
the flex command cannot be found then install flex
|
|
as described earlier. Next, change directory back
|
|
to this directory, type
|
|
$ gmake clean
|
|
then recompile again.
|
|
Compiler options, such as optimization and
|
|
debugging, may be specified on the command line
|
|
using the COPT variable. For example, typing
|
|
$ gmake COPT="-g" all >& make.log &
|
|
would invoke your compiler's -g option in all
|
|
steps of the build. See src/Makefile.global.in for
|
|
further details.
|
|
14. Install the program. Type
|
|
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src
|
|
$ gmake install >& make.install.log &
|
|
$ tail -f make.install.log
|
|
The last line displayed will be
|
|
gmake[1]: Leaving directory
|
|
`/usr/src/pgsql/src/man'
|
|
At this point, or earlier if you wish, type
|
|
control-C to get out of tail. Remember, ?gmake? may
|
|
be called ?make? on your system.
|
|
15. If necessary, tell your system how to find
|
|
the new shared libraries. You can do one of the
|
|
following, preferably the first:
|
|
a. As root, edit file /etc/ld.so.conf. Add a
|
|
line
|
|
/usr/local/pgsql/lib
|
|
to the file. Then run command /sbin/ldconfig.
|
|
b. In a bash shell, type
|
|
export
|
|
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
|
|
c. In a csh shell, type
|
|
setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH
|
|
/usr/local/pgsql/lib
|
|
Please note that the above commands may vary
|
|
wildly for different operating systems. Check the
|
|
platform specific notes, such as those for
|
|
Ultrix4.x or and for non-ELF Linux.
|
|
If, when you create the database, you get the
|
|
message
|
|
pg_id: can't load library 'libpq.so'
|
|
then the above step was necessary. Simply do this
|
|
step, then try to create the database again.
|
|
16. If you used the --with-perl option to
|
|
configure, check the install log to see whether
|
|
the Perl module was actually installed. If you've
|
|
followed our advice to make the Postgres files be
|
|
owned by an unprivileged userid, then the Perl
|
|
module won't have been installed, for lack of
|
|
write privileges on the Perl library directories.
|
|
You can complete its installation, either now or
|
|
later, by becoming the user that does own the Perl
|
|
library (often root) (via su) and doing
|
|
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/interfaces/perl5
|
|
$ gmake install
|
|
|
|
|
|
17. If it has not already been done, then prepare
|
|
account postgres for using Postgres. Any account
|
|
that will use Postgres must be similarly prepared.
|
|
There are several ways to influence the runtime
|
|
environment of the Postgres server. Refer to the
|
|
Administrator's Guide for more information.
|
|
|
|
Note: The following instructions are for a
|
|
bash/sh shell. Adapt accordingly for other
|
|
shells.
|
|
|
|
|
|
a. Add the following lines to your login
|
|
environment: shell, ~/.bash_profile:
|
|
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/bin
|
|
MANPATH=$MANPATH:/usr/local/pgsql/man
|
|
PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
|
|
PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data
|
|
export PATH MANPATH PGLIB PGDATA
|
|
|
|
|
|
b. Several regression tests could fail if the
|
|
user's locale collation scheme is different
|
|
from that of standard C locale.
|
|
If you configure and compile Postgres with
|
|
the --enable-locale option then set locale
|
|
environment to C (or unset all LC_*
|
|
variables) by putting these additional lines
|
|
to your login environment before starting
|
|
postmaster:
|
|
LC_COLLATE=C
|
|
LC_CTYPE=C
|
|
LC_COLLATE=C
|
|
export LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c. Make sure that you have defined these
|
|
variables before continuing with the
|
|
remaining steps. The easiest way to do this
|
|
is to type:
|
|
$ source ~/.bash_profile
|
|
|
|
|
|
18. Create the database installation from your
|
|
Postgres superuser account (typically account
|
|
postgres). Do not do the following as root! This
|
|
would be a major security hole. Type
|
|
$ initdb
|
|
19. Set up permissions to access the database
|
|
system. Do this by editing file
|
|
/usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf. The
|
|
instructions are included in the file. (If your
|
|
database is not located in the default location,
|
|
i.e. if PGDATA is set to point elsewhere, then the
|
|
location of this file will change accordingly.)
|
|
This file should be made read only again once you
|
|
are finished. If you are upgrading from v6.0 or
|
|
later you can copy file pg_hba.conf from your old
|
|
database on top of the one in your new database,
|
|
rather than redoing the file from scratch.
|
|
20. Briefly test that the backend will start and
|
|
run by running it from the command line.
|
|
a. Start the postmaster daemon running in the
|
|
background by typing
|
|
$ cd
|
|
$ nohup postmaster -i > pgserver.log 2>&1 &
|
|
b. Create a database by typing
|
|
$ createdb
|
|
c. Connect to the new database:
|
|
$ psql
|
|
d. And run a sample query:
|
|
postgres=> SELECT datetime 'now';
|
|
e. Exit psql:
|
|
postgres=> \q
|
|
f. Remove the test database (unless you will
|
|
want to use it later for other tests):
|
|
$ destroydb
|
|
21. Run postmaster in the background from your
|
|
Postgres superuser account (typically account
|
|
postgres). Do not run postmaster from the root
|
|
account!
|
|
Usually, you will want to modify your computer so
|
|
that it will automatically start postmaster
|
|
whenever it boots. It is not required; the
|
|
Postgres server can be run successfully from
|
|
non-privileged accounts without root intervention.
|
|
Here are some suggestions on how to do this,
|
|
contributed by various users.
|
|
Whatever you do, postmaster must be run by the
|
|
Postgres superuser (postgres?) and not by root.
|
|
This is why all of the examples below start by
|
|
switching user (su) to postgres. These commands
|
|
also take into account the fact that environment
|
|
variables like PATH and PGDATA may not be set
|
|
properly. The examples are as follows. Use them
|
|
with extreme caution.
|
|
o If you are installing from a non-privileged
|
|
account and have no root access, then start the
|
|
postmaster and send it to the background:
|
|
$ cd
|
|
$ nohup postmaster > regress.log 2>&1 &
|
|
o Edit file rc.local on NetBSD or file rc2.d on
|
|
SPARC Solaris 2.5.1 to contain the following
|
|
single line:
|
|
su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster
|
|
-S -D /usr/local/pgsql/data"
|
|
o In FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE edit
|
|
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/pgsql.sh to contain the
|
|
following lines and make it chmod 755 and chown
|
|
root:bin.
|
|
#!/bin/sh
|
|
[ -x /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster ] && {
|
|
su -l pgsql -c 'exec
|
|
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster
|
|
-D/usr/local/pgsql/data
|
|
-S -o -F > /usr/local/pgsql/errlog' &
|
|
echo -n ' pgsql'
|
|
}
|
|
You may put the line breaks as shown above. The
|
|
shell is smart enough to keep parsing beyond
|
|
end-of-line if there is an expression unfinished.
|
|
The exec saves one layer of shell under the
|
|
postmaster process so the parent is init.
|
|
o In RedHat Linux add a file
|
|
/etc/rc.d/init.d/postgres.init which is based on
|
|
the example in contrib/linux/. Then make a
|
|
softlink to this file from
|
|
/etc/rc.d/rc5.d/S98postgres.init.
|
|
o In RedHat Linux edit file /etc/inittab to add the
|
|
following as a single line:
|
|
pg:2345:respawn:/bin/su - postgres -c
|
|
"/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster
|
|
-D/usr/local/pgsql/data
|
|
>> /usr/local/pgsql/server.log 2>&1
|
|
</dev/null"
|
|
(The author of this example says this example
|
|
will revive the postmaster if it dies, but he
|
|
doesn't know if there are other side effects.)
|
|
22. Run the regression tests. The file
|
|
/usr/src/pgsql/src/test/regress/README has
|
|
detailed instructions for running and interpreting
|
|
the regression tests. A short version follows
|
|
here:
|
|
a. Type
|
|
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/test/regress
|
|
$ gmake clean
|
|
$ gmake all runtest
|
|
You do not need to type gmake clean if this
|
|
is the first time you are running the tests.
|
|
You should get on the screen (and also
|
|
written to file ./regress.out) a series of
|
|
statements stating which tests passed and
|
|
which tests failed. Please note that it can
|
|
be normal for some tests to "fail" on some
|
|
platforms. The script says a test has failed
|
|
if there is any difference at all between the
|
|
actual output of the test and the expected
|
|
output. Thus, tests may "fail" due to minor
|
|
differences in wording of error messages,
|
|
small differences in floating-point roundoff,
|
|
etc, between your system and the regression
|
|
test reference platform. "Failures" of this
|
|
type do not indicate a problem with Postgres.
|
|
The file ./regression.diffs contains the
|
|
textual differences between the actual test
|
|
output on your machine and the "expected"
|
|
output (which is simply what the reference
|
|
system produced). You should carefully
|
|
examine each difference listed to see whether
|
|
it appears to be a significant issue.
|
|
For example,
|
|
o For a i686/Linux-ELF platform, no tests
|
|
failed since this is the v6.5 regression
|
|
testing reference platform.
|
|
Even if a test result clearly indicates a
|
|
real failure, it may be a localized problem
|
|
that will not affect you. An example is that
|
|
the int8 test will fail, producing obviously
|
|
incorrect output, if your machine and C
|
|
compiler do not provide a 64-bit integer data
|
|
type (or if they do but configure didn't
|
|
discover it). This is not something to worry
|
|
about unless you need to store 64-bit
|
|
integers.
|
|
Conclusion? If you do see failures, try to
|
|
understand the nature of the differences and
|
|
then decide if those differences will affect
|
|
your intended use of Postgres. The regression
|
|
tests are a helpful tool, but they may
|
|
require some study to be useful.
|
|
After running the regression tests, type
|
|
$ destroydb regression
|
|
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/test/regress
|
|
$ gmake clean
|
|
to recover the disk space used for the
|
|
tests. (You may want to save the
|
|
regression.diffs file in another place before
|
|
doing this.)
|
|
23. If you haven't already done so, this would be
|
|
a good time to modify your computer to do regular
|
|
maintainence. The following should be done at
|
|
regular intervals:
|
|
|
|
Minimal Backup Procedure
|
|
1. Run the SQL command VACUUM. This will clean
|
|
up your database.
|
|
2. Back up your system. (You should probably
|
|
keep the last few backups on hand.) Preferably,
|
|
no one else should be using the system at the
|
|
time.
|
|
|
|
Ideally, the above tasks should be done by a
|
|
shell script that is run nightly or weekly by
|
|
cron. Look at the man page for crontab for a
|
|
starting point on how to do this. (If you do it,
|
|
please e-mail us a copy of your shell script. We
|
|
would like to set up our own systems to do this
|
|
too.)
|
|
24. If you are upgrading an existing system then
|
|
reinstall your old database. Type
|
|
$ cd
|
|
$ psql -e template1 < db.out
|
|
If your pre-v6.2 database uses either path or
|
|
polygon geometric data types, then you will need
|
|
to upgrade any columns containing those types. To
|
|
do so, type (from within psql)
|
|
UPDATE FirstTable SET PathCol =
|
|
UpgradePath(PathCol);
|
|
UPDATE SecondTable SET PathCol =
|
|
UpgradePath(PathCol);
|
|
...
|
|
VACUUM;
|
|
UpgradePath() checks to see that a path value is
|
|
consistant with the old syntax, and will not
|
|
update a column which fails that examination.
|
|
UpgradePoly() cannot verify that a polygon is in
|
|
fact from an old syntax, but RevertPoly() is
|
|
provided to reverse the effects of a mis-applied
|
|
upgrade.
|
|
25. If you are a new user, you may wish to play
|
|
with Postgres as described below.
|
|
26. Clean up after yourself. Type
|
|
$ rm -rf /usr/src/pgsql_6_5
|
|
$ rm -rf /usr/local/pgsql_6_5
|
|
# Also delete old database directory tree if it is
|
|
not in
|
|
# /usr/local/pgsql_6_5/data
|
|
$ rm ~/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz
|
|
27. You will probably want to print out the
|
|
documentation. If you have a Postscript printer,
|
|
or have your machine already set up to accept
|
|
Postscript files using a print filter, then to
|
|
print the User's Guide simply type
|
|
$ cd /usr/local/pgsql/doc
|
|
$ gunzip user.ps.tz | lpr
|
|
Here is how you might do it if you have
|
|
Ghostscript on your system and are writing to a
|
|
laserjet printer.
|
|
$ alias gshp='gs -sDEVICE=laserjet -r300
|
|
-dNOPAUSE'
|
|
$ export
|
|
GS_LIB=/usr/share/ghostscript:/usr/share/ghostscr-
|
|
ipt/fonts
|
|
$ gunzip user.ps.gz
|
|
$ gshp -sOUTPUTFILE=user.hp user.ps
|
|
$ gzip user.ps
|
|
$ lpr -l -s -r manpage.hp
|
|
28. The Postgres team wants to keep Postgres
|
|
working on all of the supported platforms. We
|
|
therefore ask you to let us know if you did or did
|
|
not get Postgres to work on you system. Please
|
|
send a mail message to pgsql-ports@postgresql.org
|
|
(mailto:pgsql-ports@postgresql.org) telling us the
|
|
following:
|
|
o The version of Postgres (v6.5.1, 6.5, beta
|
|
990318, etc.).
|
|
o Your operating system (i.e. RedHat v5.2 Linux
|
|
v2.0.36).
|
|
o Your hardware (SPARC, i486, etc.).
|
|
o Did you compile, install and run the regression
|
|
tests cleanly? If not, what source code did you
|
|
change (i.e. patches you applied, changes you
|
|
made, etc.), what tests failed, etc. It is normal
|
|
to get many warning when you compile. You do not
|
|
need to report these.
|
|
29. Now create, access and manipulate databases
|
|
as desired. Write client programs to access the
|
|
database server. In other words, enjoy!
|
|
|
|
Playing with Postgres
|
|
|
|
After Postgres is installed, a database system is
|
|
created, a postmaster daemon is running, and the
|
|
regression tests have passed, you'll want to see
|
|
Postgres do something. That's easy. Invoke the
|
|
interactive interface to Postgres, psql:
|
|
|
|
% psql template1
|
|
|
|
(psql has to open a particular database, but at this
|
|
point the only one that exists is the template1
|
|
database, which always exists. We will connect to it
|
|
only long enough to create another one and switch to
|
|
it.)
|
|
The response from psql is:
|
|
|
|
Welcome to the POSTGRESQL interactive sql monitor:
|
|
Please read the file COPYRIGHT for copyright terms
|
|
of POSTGRESQL
|
|
|
|
type \? for help on slash commands
|
|
type \q to quit
|
|
type \g or terminate with semicolon to execute
|
|
query
|
|
You are currently connected to the database:
|
|
template1
|
|
|
|
template1=>
|
|
|
|
Create the database foo:
|
|
|
|
template1=> create database foo;
|
|
CREATEDB
|
|
|
|
(Get in the habit of including those SQL semicolons.
|
|
Psql won't execute anything until it sees the
|
|
semicolon or a "\g" and the semicolon is required to
|
|
delimit multiple statements.)
|
|
Now connect to the new database:
|
|
|
|
template1=> \c foo
|
|
connecting to new database: foo
|
|
|
|
("slash" commands aren't SQL, so no semicolon. Use \?
|
|
to see all the slash commands.)
|
|
And create a table:
|
|
|
|
foo=> create table bar (i int4, c char(16));
|
|
CREATE
|
|
|
|
Then inspect the new table:
|
|
|
|
foo=> \d bar
|
|
|
|
Table = bar
|
|
+----------------------------------+-----------------
|
|
------------------+-------+
|
|
| Field |
|
|
Type | Length|
|
|
+----------------------------------+-----------------
|
|
------------------+-------+
|
|
| i | int4
|
|
| 4 |
|
|
| c | (bp)char
|
|
| 16 |
|
|
+----------------------------------+-----------------
|
|
------------------+-------+
|
|
|
|
And so on. You get the idea.
|
|
|
|
The Next Step
|
|
|
|
Questions? Bugs? Feedback? First, read the files in
|
|
directory /usr/src/pgsql/doc/. The FAQ in this
|
|
directory may be particularly useful.
|
|
If Postgres failed to compile on your computer then
|
|
fill out the form in file
|
|
/usr/src/pgsql/doc/bug.template and mail it to the
|
|
location indicated at the top of the form.
|
|
Check on the web site at http://www.postgresql.org
|
|
For more information on the various support mailing
|
|
lists.
|
|
|
|
Porting Notes
|
|
|
|
Check for any platform-specific FAQs in the doc/
|
|
directory of the source distribution.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 4. Configuration Options
|
|
|
|
Parameters for Configuration (configure)
|
|
|
|
The full set of parameters available in configure
|
|
can be obtained by typing
|
|
|
|
$ ./configure --help
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following parameters may be of interest to
|
|
installers:
|
|
|
|
Directory and file names:
|
|
--prefix=PREFIX install
|
|
architecture-independent files in PREFIX
|
|
[/usr/local/pgsql]
|
|
--bindir=DIR user executables in DIR
|
|
[EPREFIX/bin]
|
|
--libdir=DIR object code libraries in
|
|
DIR [EPREFIX/lib]
|
|
--includedir=DIR C header files in DIR
|
|
[PREFIX/include]
|
|
--mandir=DIR man documentation in DIR
|
|
[PREFIX/man]
|
|
Features and packages:
|
|
--disable-FEATURE do not include FEATURE
|
|
(same as --enable-FEATURE=no)
|
|
--enable-FEATURE[=ARG] include FEATURE [ARG=yes]
|
|
--with-PACKAGE[=ARG] use PACKAGE [ARG=yes]
|
|
--without-PACKAGE do not use PACKAGE (same as
|
|
--with-PACKAGE=no)
|
|
--enable and --with options recognized:
|
|
--with-template=template
|
|
use operating system
|
|
template file
|
|
see template directory
|
|
--with-includes=incdir site header files for
|
|
tk/tcl, etc in DIR
|
|
--with-libs=incdir also search for libraries
|
|
in DIR
|
|
--with-libraries=libdir also search for libraries
|
|
in DIR
|
|
--enable-locale enable locale support
|
|
--enable-recode enable cyrillic recode
|
|
support
|
|
--with-mb=encoding enable multi-byte support
|
|
--with-pgport=portnum change default startup port
|
|
--with-maxbackends=n set default maximum number of
|
|
server processes
|
|
--with-tcl build Tcl interfaces and
|
|
pgtclsh
|
|
--with-tclconfig=tcldir tclConfig.sh and
|
|
tkConfig.sh are in DIR
|
|
--with-perl build Perl interface
|
|
--with-odbc build ODBC driver package
|
|
--with-odbcinst=odbcdir change default directory
|
|
for odbcinst.ini
|
|
--enable-cassert enable assertion checks
|
|
(debugging)
|
|
--with-CC=compiler use specific C compiler
|
|
--with-CXX=compiler use specific C++ compiler
|
|
--without-CXX prevent building C++ code
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some systems may have trouble building a specific
|
|
feature of Postgres. For example, systems with a
|
|
damaged C++ compiler may need to specify
|
|
--without-CXX to instruct the build procedure to skip
|
|
construction of libpq++.
|
|
|
|
Parameters for Building (make)
|
|
|
|
Many installation-related parameters can be set in
|
|
the building stage of Postgres installation.
|
|
In most cases, these parameters should be placed in
|
|
a file, Makefile.custom, intended just for that
|
|
purpose. The default distribution does not contain
|
|
this optional file, so you will create it using a
|
|
text editor of your choice. When upgrading
|
|
installations, you can simply copy your old
|
|
Makefile.custom to the new installation before doing
|
|
the build.
|
|
|
|
make [ variable=value [,...] ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A few of the many variables which can be specified
|
|
are:
|
|
|
|
POSTGRESDIR
|
|
Top of the installation tree.
|
|
|
|
BINDIR
|
|
Location of applications and utilities.
|
|
|
|
LIBDIR
|
|
Location of object libraries, including shared
|
|
libraries.
|
|
|
|
HEADERDIR
|
|
Location of include files.
|
|
|
|
ODBCINST
|
|
Location of installation-wide psqlODBC (ODBC)
|
|
configuration file.
|
|
|
|
There are other optional parameters which are not as
|
|
commonly used. Many of those listed below are
|
|
appropriate when doing Postgres server code
|
|
development.
|
|
|
|
CFLAGS
|
|
Set flags for the C compiler. Should be assigned
|
|
with "+=" to retain relevant default parameters.
|
|
|
|
YFLAGS
|
|
Set flags for the yacc/bison parser. -v might be
|
|
used to help diagnose problems building a new
|
|
parser. Should be assigned with "+=" to retain
|
|
relevant default parameters.
|
|
|
|
USE_TCL
|
|
Enable Tcl interface building.
|
|
|
|
HSTYLE
|
|
DocBook HTML style sheets for building the
|
|
documentation from scratch. Not used unless you
|
|
are developing new documentation from the
|
|
DocBook-compatible SGML source documents in
|
|
doc/src/sgml/.
|
|
|
|
PSTYLE
|
|
DocBook style sheets for building printed
|
|
documentation from scratch. Not used unless you
|
|
are developing new documentation from the
|
|
DocBook-compatible SGML source documents in
|
|
doc/src/sgml/.
|
|
|
|
Here is an example Makefile.custom for a PentiumPro
|
|
Linux system:
|
|
|
|
# Makefile.custom
|
|
# Thomas Lockhart 1998-03-01
|
|
|
|
POSTGRESDIR= /opt/postgres/current
|
|
CFLAGS+= -m486 # -g -O0
|
|
USE_TCL= true
|
|
TCL_LIB= -ltcl
|
|
X_LIBS= -L/usr/X11/lib
|
|
TK_LIB= -ltk
|
|
|
|
# documentation
|
|
|
|
HSTYLE= /home/tgl/SGML/db118.d/docbook/html
|
|
PSTYLE= /home/tgl/SGML/db118.d/docbook/print
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Locale Support
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: Written by Oleg Bartunov. See Oleg's web
|
|
page (http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/) for
|
|
additional information on locale and Russian
|
|
language support.
|
|
|
|
While doing a project for a company in Moscow,
|
|
Russia, I encountered the problem that postgresql had
|
|
no support of national alphabets. After looking for
|
|
possible workarounds I decided to develop support of
|
|
locale myself. I'm not a C-programer but already had
|
|
some experience with locale programming when I work
|
|
with perl (debugging) and glimpse. After several days
|
|
of digging through the Postgres source tree I made
|
|
very minor corections to
|
|
src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c and
|
|
src/backend/main/main.c and got what I needed! I did
|
|
support only for LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE, but later
|
|
LC_MONETARY was added by others. I got many messages
|
|
from people about this patch so I decided to send it
|
|
to developers and (to my surprise) it was
|
|
incorporated into the Postgres distribution.
|
|
People often complain that locale doesn't work for
|
|
them. There are several common mistakes:
|
|
o Didn't properly configure postgresql before
|
|
compilation. You must run configure with
|
|
--enable-locale option to enable locale support.
|
|
Didn't setup environment correctly when starting
|
|
postmaster. You must define environment variables
|
|
LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE before running postmaster
|
|
because backend gets information about locale from
|
|
environment. I use following shell script
|
|
(runpostgres):
|
|
#!/bin/sh
|
|
|
|
export LC_CTYPE=koi8-r
|
|
export LC_COLLATE=koi8-r
|
|
postmaster -B 1024 -S
|
|
-D/usr/local/pgsql/data/ -o '-Fe'
|
|
|
|
and run it from rc.local as
|
|
/bin/su - postgres -c
|
|
"/home/postgres/runpostgres"
|
|
|
|
|
|
o Broken locale support in OS (for example, locale
|
|
support in libc under Linux several times has
|
|
changed and this caused a lot of problems). Latest
|
|
perl has also support of locale and if locale is
|
|
broken perl -v will complain something like:
|
|
8:17[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>setenv LC_CTYPE
|
|
not_exist
|
|
8:18[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>perl -v
|
|
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
|
|
perl: warning: Please check that your locale
|
|
settings:
|
|
LC_ALL = (unset),
|
|
LC_CTYPE = "not_exist",
|
|
LANG = (unset)
|
|
are supported and installed on your system.
|
|
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard
|
|
locale ("C").
|
|
|
|
|
|
o Wrong location of locale files! Possible locations
|
|
include: /usr/lib/locale (Linux, Solaris),
|
|
/usr/share/locale (Linux), /usr/lib/nls/loc (DUX
|
|
4.0). Check man locale to find the correct
|
|
location. Under Linux I did a symbolic link between
|
|
/usr/lib/locale and /usr/share/locale to be sure
|
|
that the next libc will not break my locale.
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the Benefits?
|
|
|
|
You can use ~* and order by operators for strings
|
|
contain characters from national alphabets.
|
|
Non-english users definitely need that. If you won't
|
|
use locale stuff just undefine the USE_LOCALE
|
|
variable.
|
|
|
|
What are the Drawbacks?
|
|
|
|
There is one evident drawback of using locale - its
|
|
speed! So, use locale only if you really need it.
|
|
|
|
Kerberos Authentication
|
|
|
|
Kerberos is an industry-standard secure
|
|
authentication system suitable for distributed
|
|
computing over a public network.
|
|
|
|
Availability
|
|
|
|
The Kerberos authentication system is not
|
|
distributed with Postgres. Versions of Kerberos are
|
|
typically available as optional software from
|
|
operating system vendors. In addition, a source code
|
|
distribution may be obtained through MIT Project
|
|
Athena (ftp://athena-dist.mit.edu).
|
|
|
|
Note: You may wish to obtain the MIT version even
|
|
if your vendor provides a version, since some
|
|
vendor ports have been deliberately crippled or
|
|
rendered non-interoperable with the MIT version.
|
|
|
|
Users located outside the United States of America
|
|
and Canada are warned that distribution of the actual
|
|
encryption code in Kerberos is restricted by U. S.
|
|
Government export regulations.
|
|
Inquiries regarding your Kerberos should be directed
|
|
to your vendor or MIT Project Athena
|
|
(info-kerberos@athena.mit.edu). Note that FAQLs
|
|
(Frequently-Asked Questions Lists) are periodically
|
|
posted to the Kerberos mailing list
|
|
(mailto:kerberos@ATHENA.MIT.EDU) (send mail to
|
|
subscribe (mailto:kerberos-request@ATHENA.MIT.EDU)),
|
|
and USENET news group (news:comp.protocols.kerberos).
|
|
|
|
Installation
|
|
|
|
Installation of Kerberos itself is covered in detail
|
|
in the Kerberos Installation Notes . Make sure that
|
|
the server key file (the srvtab or keytab) is somehow
|
|
readable by the Postgres account.
|
|
Postgres and its clients can be compiled to use
|
|
either Version 4 or Version 5 of the MIT Kerberos
|
|
protocols by setting the KRBVERS variable in the file
|
|
src/Makefile.global to the appropriate value. You can
|
|
also change the location where Postgres expects to
|
|
find the associated libraries, header files and its
|
|
own server key file.
|
|
After compilation is complete, Postgres must be
|
|
registered as a Kerberos service. See the Kerberos
|
|
Operations Notes and related manual pages for more
|
|
details on registering services.
|
|
|
|
Operation
|
|
|
|
After initial installation, Postgres should operate
|
|
in all ways as a normal Kerberos service. For details
|
|
on the use of authentication, see the PostgreSQL
|
|
User's Guide reference sections for postmaster and
|
|
psql.
|
|
In the Kerberos Version 5 hooks, the following
|
|
assumptions are made about user and service naming:
|
|
o User principal names (anames) are assumed to
|
|
contain the actual Unix/Postgres user name in the
|
|
first component.
|
|
o The Postgres service is assumed to be have two
|
|
components, the service name and a hostname,
|
|
canonicalized as in Version 4 (i.e., with all
|
|
domain suffixes removed).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 4-1. Kerberos Parameter Examples
|
|
Parameter Example
|
|
user frew@S2K.ORG
|
|
user aoki/HOST=miyu.S2K.Berkeley.EDU@S2K.ORG
|
|
host postgres_dbms/ucbvax@S2K.ORG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Support for Version 4 will disappear sometime after
|
|
the production release of Version 5 by MIT.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 5. Release Notes
|
|
|
|
Release 6.5
|
|
|
|
This release marks a major step in the development
|
|
team's mastery of the source code we inherited from
|
|
Berkeley. You will see we are now easily adding major
|
|
features, thanks to the increasing size and
|
|
experience of our world-wide development team.
|
|
Here is a brief summary of some of the more
|
|
noticable changes:
|
|
|
|
Multi-version concurrency control(MVCC)
|
|
This removes our old table-level locking, and
|
|
replaces it with a locking system that is superior
|
|
to most commercial database systems. In a
|
|
traditional system, each row that is modified is
|
|
locked until committed, preventing reads by other
|
|
users. MVCC uses the natural multi-version nature
|
|
of PostgreSQL to allow readers to continue reading
|
|
consistent data during writer activity. Writers
|
|
continue to use the compact pg_log transaction
|
|
system. This is all performed without having to
|
|
allocate a lock for every row like traditional
|
|
database systems. So, basically, we no longer are
|
|
restricted by simple table-level locking; we have
|
|
something better than row-level locking.
|
|
|
|
Numeric data type
|
|
We now have a true numeric data type, with
|
|
user-specified precision.
|
|
|
|
Temporary tables
|
|
Temporary tables are guaranteed to have unique
|
|
names within a database session, and are destroyed
|
|
on session exit.
|
|
|
|
New SQL features
|
|
We now have CASE, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT statement
|
|
support. We have new LIMIT/OFFSET, SET TRANSACTION
|
|
ISOLATION LEVEL, SELECT ... FOR UPDATE, and an
|
|
improved LOCK command.
|
|
|
|
Speedups
|
|
We continue to speed up PostgreSQL, thanks to the
|
|
variety of talents within our team. We have sped
|
|
up memory allocation, optimization, table joins,
|
|
and row transfer routines.
|
|
|
|
Ports
|
|
We continue to expand our port list, this time
|
|
including WinNT/ix86 and NetBSD/arm32.
|
|
|
|
Interfaces
|
|
Most interfaces have new versions, and existing
|
|
functionality has been improved.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Migration to v6.5
|
|
|
|
A dump/restore using pg_dump or pg_dumpall is
|
|
required for those wishing to migrate data from any
|
|
previous release of Postgres.
|
|
The new Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC)
|
|
features can give somewhat different behaviors in
|
|
multi-user environments. Read and understand the
|
|
following section to ensure that your existing
|
|
applications will give you the behavior you need.
|
|
|
|
Multi-Version Concurrency Control
|
|
Because readers in 6.5 don't lock data, regardless
|
|
of transaction isolation level, data read by one
|
|
transaction can be overwritten by another. In the
|
|
other words, if a row is returned by SELECT it
|
|
doesn't mean that this row really exists at the time
|
|
it is returned (i.e. sometime after the statement or
|
|
transaction began) nor that the row is protected from
|
|
deletion or updation by concurrent transactions
|
|
before the current transaction does a commit or
|
|
rollback.
|
|
To ensure the actual existance of a row and protect
|
|
it against concurrent updates one must use SELECT FOR
|
|
UPDATE or an appropriate LOCK TABLE statement. This
|
|
should be taken into account when porting
|
|
applications from previous releases of Postgres and
|
|
other environments.
|
|
Keep above in mind if you are using contrib/refint.*
|
|
triggers for referential integrity. Additional
|
|
technics are required now. One way is to use LOCK
|
|
parent_table IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE command if a
|
|
transaction is going to update/delete a primary key
|
|
and use LOCK parent_table IN SHARE MODE command if a
|
|
transaction is going to update/insert a foreign key.
|
|
|
|
Note: Note that if you run a transaction in
|
|
SERIALIZABLE mode then you must execute LOCK
|
|
commands above before execution of any DML
|
|
statement
|
|
(SELECT/INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/FETCH/COPY_TO) in the
|
|
transaction.
|
|
|
|
|
|
These inconveniences will disappear in the future
|
|
when the ability to read dirty (uncommitted) data
|
|
(regardless of isolation level) and true referential
|
|
integrity will be implemented.
|
|
|
|
Detailed Change List
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bug Fixes
|
|
---------
|
|
Fix text<->float8 and text<->float4 conversion
|
|
functions(Thomas)
|
|
Fix for creating tables with mixed-case
|
|
constraints(Billy)
|
|
Change exp()/pow() behavior to generate error on
|
|
underflow/overflow(Jan)
|
|
Fix bug in pg_dump -z
|
|
Memory overrun cleanups(Tatsuo)
|
|
Fix for lo_import crash(Tatsuo)
|
|
Adjust handling of data type names to suppress double
|
|
quotes(Thomas)
|
|
Use type coersion for matching columns and
|
|
DEFAULT(Thomas)
|
|
Fix deadlock so it only checks once after one second
|
|
of sleep(Bruce)
|
|
Fixes for aggregates and PL/pgsql(Hiroshi)
|
|
Fix for subquery crash(Vadim)
|
|
Fix for libpq function PQfnumber and case-insensitive
|
|
names(Bahman Rafatjoo)
|
|
Fix for large object write-in-middle, no extra block,
|
|
memory consumption(Tatsuo)
|
|
Fix for pg_dump -d or -D and quote special
|
|
characters in INSERT
|
|
Repair serious problems with dynahash(Tom)
|
|
Fix INET/CIDR portability problems
|
|
Fix problem with selectivity error in ALTER TABLE ADD
|
|
COLUMN(Bruce)
|
|
Fix executor so mergejoin of different column types
|
|
works(Tom)
|
|
Fix for Alpha OR selectivity bug
|
|
Fix OR index selectivity problem(Bruce)
|
|
Fix so \d shows proper length for
|
|
char()/varchar()(Ryan)
|
|
Fix tutorial code(Clark)
|
|
Improve destroyuser checking(Oliver)
|
|
Fix for Kerberos(Rodney McDuff)
|
|
Fix for dropping database while dirty buffers(Bruce)
|
|
Fix so sequence nextval() can be
|
|
case-sensitive(Bruce)
|
|
Fix !!= operator
|
|
Drop buffers before destroying database files(Bruce)
|
|
Fix case where executor evaluates functions
|
|
twice(Tatsuo)
|
|
Allow sequence nextval actions to be
|
|
case-sensitive(Bruce)
|
|
Fix optimizer indexing not working for negative
|
|
numbers(Bruce)
|
|
Fix for memory leak in executor with fjIsNull
|
|
Fix for aggregate memory leaks(Erik Riedel)
|
|
Allow username containing a dash GRANT permissions
|
|
Cleanup of NULL in inet types
|
|
Clean up system table bugs(Tom)
|
|
Fix problems of PAGER and \? command(Masaaki Sakaida)
|
|
Reduce default multi-segment file size limit to
|
|
1GB(Peter)
|
|
Fix for dumping of CREATE OPERATOR(Tom)
|
|
Fix for backward scanning of cursors(Hiroshi Inoue)
|
|
Fix for COPY FROM STDIN when using \i(Tom)
|
|
Fix for subselect is compared inside an
|
|
expression(Jan)
|
|
Fix handling of error reporting while returning
|
|
rows(Tom)
|
|
Fix problems with reference to array types(Tom,Jan)
|
|
Prevent UPDATE SET oid(Jan)
|
|
Fix pg_dump so -t option can handle case-sensitive
|
|
tablenames
|
|
Fixes for GROUP BY in special cases(Tom, Jan)
|
|
Fix for memory leak in failed queries(Tom)
|
|
DEFAULT now supports mixed-case identifiers(Tom)
|
|
Fix for multi-segment uses of DROP/RENAME table,
|
|
indexes(Ole Gjerde)
|
|
|
|
Enhancements
|
|
------------
|
|
Add "vacuumdb" utility
|
|
Speed up libpq by allocating memory better(Tom)
|
|
EXPLAIN all indices used(Tom)
|
|
Implement CASE, COALESCE, NULLIF expression(Thomas)
|
|
New pg_dump table output format(Constantin)
|
|
Add string min()/max() functions(Thomas)
|
|
Extend new type coersion techniques to
|
|
aggregates(Thomas)
|
|
New moddatetime contrib(Terry)
|
|
Update to pgaccess 0.96(Constantin)
|
|
Add routines for single-byte "char" type(Thomas)
|
|
Improved substr() function(Thomas)
|
|
Improved multi-byte handling(Tatsuo)
|
|
Multi-version concurrency control/MVCC(Vadim)
|
|
New Serialized mode(Vadim)
|
|
Fix for tables over 2gigs(Peter)
|
|
New SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL(Vadim)
|
|
New LOCK TABLE IN ... MODE(Vadim)
|
|
Update ODBC driver(Byron)
|
|
New NUMERIC data type(Jan)
|
|
New SELECT FOR UPDATE(Vadim)
|
|
Handle "NaN" and "Infinity" for input values(Jan)
|
|
Improved date/year handling(Thomas)
|
|
Improved handling of backend connections(Magnus)
|
|
New options ELOG_TIMESTAMPS and USE_SYSLOG options
|
|
for log files(Massimo)
|
|
New TCL_ARRAYS option(Massimo)
|
|
New INTERSECT and EXCEPT(Stefan)
|
|
New pg_index.indisprimary for primary key
|
|
tracking(D'Arcy)
|
|
New pg_dump option to allow dropping of tables before
|
|
creation(Brook)
|
|
Speedup of row output routines(Tom)
|
|
New READ COMMITTED isolation level(Vadim)
|
|
New TEMP tables/indexes(Bruce)
|
|
Prevent sorting if result is already sorted(Jan)
|
|
New memory allocation optimization(Jan)
|
|
Allow psql to do \p\g(Bruce)
|
|
Allow multiple rule actions(Jan)
|
|
Added LIMIT/OFFSET functionality(Jan)
|
|
Improve optimizer when joining a large number of
|
|
tables(Bruce)
|
|
New intro to SQL from S. Simkovics' Master's Thesis
|
|
(Stefan, Thomas)
|
|
New intro to backend processing from S. Simkovics'
|
|
Master's Thesis (Stefan)
|
|
Improved int8 support(Ryan Bradetich, Thomas, Tom)
|
|
New routines to convert between int8 and text/varchar
|
|
types(Thomas)
|
|
New bushy plans, where meta-tables are joined(Bruce)
|
|
Enable right-hand queries by default(Bruce)
|
|
Allow reliable maximum number of backends to be set
|
|
at configure time
|
|
(--with-maxbackends and postmaster switch (-N
|
|
backends))(Tom)
|
|
GEQO default now 10 tables because of optimizer
|
|
speedups(Tom)
|
|
Allow NULL=Var for MS-SQL portability(Michael, Bruce)
|
|
Modify contrib check_primary_key() so either
|
|
"automatic" or "dependent"(Anand)
|
|
Allow psql \d on a view show query(Ryan)
|
|
Speedup for LIKE(Bruce)
|
|
Ecpg fixes/features, see
|
|
src/interfaces/ecpg/ChangeLog file(Michael)
|
|
JDBC fixes/features, see
|
|
src/interfaces/jdbc/CHANGELOG(Peter)
|
|
Make % operator have precedence like /(Bruce)
|
|
Add new postgres -O option to allow system table
|
|
structure changes(Bruce)
|
|
Update contrib/pginterface/findoidjoins script(Tom)
|
|
Major speedup in vacuum of deleted rows with
|
|
indexes(Vadim)
|
|
Allow non-SQL functions to run different versions
|
|
based on arguments(Tom)
|
|
Add -E option that shows actual queries sent by \dt
|
|
and friends(Masaaki Sakaida)
|
|
Add version number in startup banners for
|
|
psql(Masaaki Sakaida)
|
|
New contrib/vacuumlo removes large objects not
|
|
referenced(Peter)
|
|
New initialization for table sizes so non-vacuumed
|
|
tables perform better(Tom)
|
|
Improve error messages when a connection is
|
|
rejected(Tom)
|
|
Support for arrays of char() and varchar()
|
|
fields(Massimo)
|
|
Overhaul of hash code to increase reliability and
|
|
performance(Tom)
|
|
Update to PyGreSQL 2.4(D'Arcy)
|
|
Changed debug options so -d4 and -d5 produce
|
|
different node displays(Jan)
|
|
New pg_options: pretty_plan, pretty_parse,
|
|
pretty_rewritten(Jan)
|
|
Better optimization statistics for system table
|
|
access(Tom)
|
|
Better handling of non-default block sizes(Massimo)
|
|
Improve GEQO optimizer memory consumption(Tom)
|
|
UNION now suppports ORDER BY of columns not in target
|
|
list(Jan)
|
|
Major libpq++ improvements(Vince Vielhaber)
|
|
|
|
Source Tree Changes
|
|
-------------------
|
|
Improve port matching(Tom)
|
|
Portability fixes for SunOS
|
|
Add NT/Win32 backend port and enable dynamic
|
|
loading(Magnus and Daniel Horak)
|
|
New port to Cobalt Qube(Mips) running Linux(Tatsuo)
|
|
Port to NetBSD/m68k(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
|
|
Port to NetBSD/sun3(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
|
|
Port to NetBSD/macppc(Toshimi Aoki)
|
|
Fix for tcl/tk configuration(Vince)
|
|
Removed CURRENT keyword for rule queries(Jan)
|
|
NT dynamic loading now works(Daniel Horak)
|
|
Add ARM32 support(Andrew McMurry)
|
|
Better support for HPUX 11 and Unixware
|
|
Improve file handling to be more uniform, prevent
|
|
file descriptor leak(Tom)
|
|
New install commands for plpgsql(Jan)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|