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the four functions. > Also, please justify the temp-related changes. I was not aware that we > had any breakage there. patch-tmp-schema.txt contains the following bits: *) Changes pg_namespace_aclmask() so that the superuser is always able to create objects in the temp namespace. *) Changes pg_namespace_aclmask() so that if this is a temp namespace, objects are only allowed to be created in the temp namespace if the user has TEMP privs on the database. This encompasses all object creation, not just TEMP tables. *) InitTempTableNamespace() checks to see if the current user, not the session user, has access to create a temp namespace. The first two changes are necessary to support the third change. Now it's possible to revoke all temp table privs from non-super users and limiting all creation of temp tables/schemas via a function that's executed with elevated privs (security definer). Before this change, it was not possible to have a setuid function to create a temp table/schema if the session user had no TEMP privs. patch-area-path.txt contains: *) Can now determine the area of a closed path. patch-dfmgr.txt contains: *) Small tweak to add the library path that's being expanded. I was using $lib/foo.so and couldn't easily figure out what the error message, "invalid macro name in dynamic library path" meant without looking through the source code. With the path in there, at least I know where to start looking in my config file. Sean Chittenden
8545 lines
290 KiB
Plaintext
8545 lines
290 KiB
Plaintext
<!--
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$PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/func.sgml,v 1.205 2004/05/26 18:35:31 momjian Exp $
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PostgreSQL documentation
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-->
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<chapter id="functions">
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<title>Functions and Operators</title>
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<indexterm zone="functions">
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<primary>function</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="functions">
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<primary>operator</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>
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<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> provides a large number of
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functions and operators for the built-in data types. Users can also
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define their own functions and operators, as described in
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<xref linkend="server-programming">. The
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<application>psql</application> commands <command>\df</command> and
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<command>\do</command> can be used to show the list of all actually
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available functions and operators, respectively.
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</para>
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<para>
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If you are concerned about portability then take note that most of
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the functions and operators described in this chapter, with the
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exception of the most trivial arithmetic and comparison operators
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and some explicitly marked functions, are not specified by the
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<acronym>SQL</acronym> standard. Some of the extended functionality
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is present in other <acronym>SQL</acronym> database management
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systems, and in many cases this functionality is compatible and
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consistent between the various implementations.
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</para>
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<sect1 id="functions-logical">
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<title>Logical Operators</title>
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<indexterm zone="functions-logical">
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<primary>operator</primary>
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<secondary>logical</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>Boolean</primary>
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<secondary>operators</secondary>
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<see>operators, logical</see>
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</indexterm>
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<para>
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The usual logical operators are available:
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<indexterm>
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<primary>AND (operator)</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>OR (operator)</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>NOT (operator)</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>conjunction</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>disjunction</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>negation</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<simplelist>
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<member><literal>AND</></member>
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<member><literal>OR</></member>
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<member><literal>NOT</></member>
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</simplelist>
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<acronym>SQL</acronym> uses a three-valued Boolean logic where the null value represents
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<quote>unknown</quote>. Observe the following truth tables:
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<informaltable>
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<tgroup cols="4">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable></entry>
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<entry><replaceable>b</replaceable></entry>
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<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable> AND <replaceable>b</replaceable></entry>
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<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable> OR <replaceable>b</replaceable></entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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<informaltable>
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable></entry>
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<entry>NOT <replaceable>a</replaceable></entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>FALSE</entry>
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<entry>TRUE</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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<entry>NULL</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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</para>
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<para>
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The operators <literal>AND</literal> and <literal>OR</literal> are
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commutative, that is, you can switch the left and right operand
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without affecting the result. But see <xref
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linkend="syntax-express-eval"> for more information about the
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order of evaluation of subexpressions.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="functions-comparison">
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<title>Comparison Operators</title>
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<indexterm zone="functions-comparison">
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<primary>comparison</primary>
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<secondary>operators</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>
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The usual comparison operators are available, shown in <xref
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linkend="functions-comparison-table">.
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</para>
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<table id="functions-comparison-table">
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<title>Comparison Operators</title>
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Operator</entry>
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<entry>Description</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal><</literal> </entry>
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<entry>less than</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>></literal> </entry>
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<entry>greater than</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal><=</literal> </entry>
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<entry>less than or equal to</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>>=</literal> </entry>
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<entry>greater than or equal to</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>=</literal> </entry>
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<entry>equal</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal><></literal> or <literal>!=</literal> </entry>
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<entry>not equal</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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<note>
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<para>
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The <literal>!=</literal> operator is converted to
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<literal><></literal> in the parser stage. It is not
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possible to implement <literal>!=</literal> and
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<literal><></literal> operators that do different things.
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</para>
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</note>
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<para>
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Comparison operators are available for all data types where this
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makes sense. All comparison operators are binary operators that
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return values of type <type>boolean</type>; expressions like
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<literal>1 < 2 < 3</literal> are not valid (because there is
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no <literal><</literal> operator to compare a Boolean value with
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<literal>3</literal>).
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</para>
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<para>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>BETWEEN</primary>
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</indexterm>
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In addition to the comparison operators, the special
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<token>BETWEEN</token> construct is available.<indexterm><primary>BETWEEN</primary></indexterm>
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<synopsis>
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<replaceable>a</replaceable> BETWEEN <replaceable>x</replaceable> AND <replaceable>y</replaceable>
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</synopsis>
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is equivalent to
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<synopsis>
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<replaceable>a</replaceable> >= <replaceable>x</replaceable> AND <replaceable>a</replaceable> <= <replaceable>y</replaceable>
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</synopsis>
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Similarly,
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<synopsis>
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<replaceable>a</replaceable> NOT BETWEEN <replaceable>x</replaceable> AND <replaceable>y</replaceable>
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</synopsis>
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is equivalent to
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<synopsis>
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<replaceable>a</replaceable> < <replaceable>x</replaceable> OR <replaceable>a</replaceable> > <replaceable>y</replaceable>
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</synopsis>
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There is no difference between the two respective forms apart from
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the <acronym>CPU</acronym> cycles required to rewrite the first one
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into the second one internally.
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</para>
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<para>
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To check whether a value is or is not null, use the constructs
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<synopsis>
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS NULL
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS NOT NULL
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</synopsis>
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|
or the equivalent, but nonstandard, constructs
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<synopsis>
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> ISNULL
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> NOTNULL
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</synopsis>
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<indexterm><primary>null value</primary><secondary>comparing</secondary></indexterm>
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</para>
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<para>
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Do <emphasis>not</emphasis> write
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<literal><replaceable>expression</replaceable> = NULL</literal>
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because <literal>NULL</> is not <quote>equal to</quote>
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<literal>NULL</>. (The null value represents an unknown value,
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|
and it is not known whether two unknown values are equal.) This
|
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behavior conforms to the SQL standard.
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</para>
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<para>
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Some applications may expect that
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<literal><replaceable>expression</replaceable> = NULL</literal>
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returns true if <replaceable>expression</replaceable> evaluates to
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the null value. It is highly recommended that these applications
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be modified to comply with the SQL standard. However, if that
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|
cannot be done the <xref linkend="guc-transform-null-equals">
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configuration variable is available. If it is enabled,
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<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> will convert <literal>x =
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NULL</literal> clauses to <literal>x IS NULL</literal>. This was
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the default behavior in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
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releases 6.5 through 7.1.
|
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</para>
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<para>
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Boolean values can also be tested using the constructs
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<synopsis>
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS TRUE
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS NOT TRUE
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS FALSE
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS NOT FALSE
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS UNKNOWN
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<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IS NOT UNKNOWN
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</synopsis>
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|
These are similar to <literal>IS NULL</literal> in that they will
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always return true or false, never a null value, even when the operand is null.
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|
A null input is treated as the logical value <quote>unknown</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
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<sect1 id="functions-math">
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<title>Mathematical Functions and Operators</title>
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|
|
|
<para>
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Mathematical operators are provided for many
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<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> types. For types without
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common mathematical conventions for all possible permutations
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(e.g., date/time types) we
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describe the actual behavior in subsequent sections.
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|
</para>
|
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|
|
<para>
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<xref linkend="functions-math-op-table"> shows the available mathematical operators.
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</para>
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<table id="functions-math-op-table">
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<title>Mathematical Operators</title>
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|
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<tgroup cols="4">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Operator</entry>
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<entry>Description</entry>
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<entry>Example</entry>
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<entry>Result</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
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<entry>addition</entry>
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<entry><literal>2 + 3</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>5</literal></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
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<entry>subtraction</entry>
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<entry><literal>2 - 3</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>-1</literal></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>*</literal> </entry>
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<entry>multiplication</entry>
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<entry><literal>2 * 3</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>6</literal></entry>
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</row>
|
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<row>
|
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<entry> <literal>/</literal> </entry>
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<entry>division (integer division truncates results)</entry>
|
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<entry><literal>4 / 2</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>2</literal></entry>
|
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</row>
|
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>%</literal> </entry>
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<entry>modulo (remainder)</entry>
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<entry><literal>5 % 4</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>1</literal></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>^</literal> </entry>
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<entry>exponentiation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>2.0 ^ 3.0</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
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<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>|/</literal> </entry>
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<entry>square root</entry>
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<entry><literal>|/ 25.0</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>5</literal></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry> <literal>||/</literal> </entry>
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<entry>cube root</entry>
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<entry><literal>||/ 27.0</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
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</row>
|
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|
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<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>!</literal> </entry>
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<entry>factorial</entry>
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|
<entry><literal>5 !</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>120</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
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|
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<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>!!</literal> </entry>
|
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<entry>factorial (prefix operator)</entry>
|
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<entry><literal>!! 5</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>120</literal></entry>
|
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</row>
|
|
|
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<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>@</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>absolute value</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>@ -5.0</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>&</literal> </entry>
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<entry>bitwise AND</entry>
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|
<entry><literal>91 & 15</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>11</literal></entry>
|
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</row>
|
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|
|
<row>
|
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<entry> <literal>|</literal> </entry>
|
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<entry>bitwise OR</entry>
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<entry><literal>32 | 3</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>35</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
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|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>#</literal> </entry>
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|
<entry>bitwise XOR</entry>
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<entry><literal>17 # 5</literal></entry>
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|
<entry><literal>20</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>~</literal> </entry>
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|
<entry>bitwise NOT</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>~1</literal></entry>
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<entry><literal>-2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><<</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>bitwise shift left</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>1 << 4</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>16</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>>></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>bitwise shift right</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>8 >> 2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The bitwise operators are also available for the bit
|
|
string types <type>bit</type> and <type>bit varying</type>, as
|
|
shown in <xref linkend="functions-math-bit-table">.
|
|
Bit string operands of <literal>&</literal>, <literal>|</literal>,
|
|
and <literal>#</literal> must be of equal length. When bit
|
|
shifting, the original length of the string is preserved, as shown
|
|
in the table.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-math-bit-table">
|
|
<title>Bit String Bitwise Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>B'10001' & B'01101'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>00001</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>B'10001' | B'01101'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>11101</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>B'10001' # B'01101'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>11110</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>~ B'10001'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>01110</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>B'10001' << 3</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>01000</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>B'10001' >> 2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>00100</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-math-func-table"> shows the available
|
|
mathematical functions. In the table, <literal>dp</literal>
|
|
indicates <type>double precision</type>. Many of these functions
|
|
are provided in multiple forms with different argument types.
|
|
Except where noted, any given form of a function returns the same
|
|
data type as its argument.
|
|
The functions working with <type>double precision</type> data are mostly
|
|
implemented on top of the host system's C library; accuracy and behavior in
|
|
boundary cases may therefore vary depending on the host system.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-math-func-table">
|
|
<title>Mathematical Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>abs</>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as <replaceable>x</>)</entry>
|
|
<entry>absolute value</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>abs(-17.4)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>17.4</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>cbrt</function>(<type>dp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>dp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>cube root</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cbrt(27.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>ceil</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>smallest integer not less than argument</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ceil(-42.8)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>-42</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>ceiling</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>smallest integer not less than argument (alias for <function>ceil</function>)</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ceiling(-95.3)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>-95</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>degrees</function>(<type>dp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>dp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>radians to degrees</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>degrees(0.5)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>28.6478897565412</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>exp</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>exponential</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>exp(1.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>2.71828182845905</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>floor</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>largest integer not greater than argument</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>floor(-42.8)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>-43</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>ln</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>natural logarithm</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ln(2.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>0.693147180559945</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>log</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>base 10 logarithm</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>log(100.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>log</function>(<parameter>b</parameter> <type>numeric</type>,
|
|
<parameter>x</parameter> <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>numeric</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>logarithm to base <parameter>b</parameter></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>log(2.0, 64.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>6.0000000000</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>mod</function>(<parameter>y</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>x</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as argument types)</entry>
|
|
<entry>remainder of <parameter>y</parameter>/<parameter>x</parameter></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>mod(9,4)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>1</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pi</function>()</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>dp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry><quote>π</quote> constant</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>pi()</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3.14159265358979</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>power</function>(<parameter>a</parameter> <type>dp</type>,
|
|
<parameter>b</parameter> <type>dp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>dp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry><parameter>a</> raised to the power of <parameter>b</parameter></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>power(9.0, 3.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>729</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>power</function>(<parameter>a</parameter> <type>numeric</type>,
|
|
<parameter>b</parameter> <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>numeric</type></entry>
|
|
<entry><parameter>a</> raised to the power of <parameter>b</parameter></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>power(9.0, 3.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>729</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>radians</function>(<type>dp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>dp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>degrees to radians</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>radians(45.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>0.785398163397448</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>random</function>()</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>dp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>random value between 0.0 and 1.0</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>random()</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>round</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>round to nearest integer</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>round(42.4)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>42</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>round</function>(<parameter>v</parameter> <type>numeric</type>, <parameter>s</parameter> <type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>numeric</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>round to <parameter>s</parameter> decimal places</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>round(42.4382, 2)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>42.44</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>setseed</function>(<type>dp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>int32</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>set seed for subsequent <literal>random()</literal> calls</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>setseed(0.54823)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>1177314959</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>sign</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>sign of the argument (-1, 0, +1)</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>sign(-8.4)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>-1</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>sqrt</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>square root</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>sqrt(2.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>1.4142135623731</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>trunc</function>(<type>dp</type> or <type>numeric</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>(same as input)</entry>
|
|
<entry>truncate toward zero</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trunc(42.8)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>42</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>trunc</function>(<parameter>v</parameter> <type>numeric</type>, <parameter>s</parameter> <type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>numeric</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>truncate to <parameter>s</parameter> decimal places</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trunc(42.4382, 2)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>42.43</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>width_bucket</function>(<parameter>op</parameter> <type>numeric</type>, <parameter>b1</parameter> <type>numeric</type>, <parameter>b2</parameter> <type>numeric</type>, <parameter>count</parameter> <type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>return the bucket to which <parameter>operand</> would
|
|
be assigned in an equidepth histogram with <parameter>count</>
|
|
buckets, an upper bound of <parameter>b1</>, and a lower bound
|
|
of <parameter>b2</></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>width_bucket(5.35, 0.024, 10.06, 5)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Finally, <xref linkend="functions-math-trig-table"> shows the
|
|
available trigonometric functions. All trigonometric functions
|
|
take arguments and return values of type <type>double
|
|
precision</type>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-math-trig-table">
|
|
<title>Trigonometric Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>acos</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>inverse cosine</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>asin</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>inverse sine</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>atan</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>inverse tangent</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>atan2</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,
|
|
<replaceable>y</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>inverse tangent of
|
|
<literal><replaceable>x</replaceable>/<replaceable>y</replaceable></literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>cos</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>cosine</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>cot</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>cotangent</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>sin</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>sine</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>tan</function>(<replaceable>x</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>tangent</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-string">
|
|
<title>String Functions and Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section describes functions and operators for examining and
|
|
manipulating string values. Strings in this context include values
|
|
of all the types <type>character</type>, <type>character
|
|
varying</type>, and <type>text</type>. Unless otherwise noted, all
|
|
of the functions listed below work on all of these types, but be
|
|
wary of potential effects of the automatic padding when using the
|
|
<type>character</type> type. Generally, the functions described
|
|
here also work on data of non-string types by converting that data
|
|
to a string representation first. Some functions also exist
|
|
natively for the bit-string types.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym> defines some string functions with a special syntax where
|
|
certain key words rather than commas are used to separate the
|
|
arguments. Details are in <xref linkend="functions-string-sql">.
|
|
These functions are also implemented using the regular syntax for
|
|
function invocation. (See <xref linkend="functions-string-other">.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-string-sql">
|
|
<title><acronym>SQL</acronym> String Functions and Operators</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><parameter>string</parameter> <literal>||</literal>
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry> <type>text</type> </entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
String concatenation
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>character string</primary>
|
|
<secondary>concatenation</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'Post' || 'greSQL'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>PostgreSQL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>bit_length</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Number of bits in string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>bit_length('jose')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>32</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>char_length</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal> or <literal><function>character_length</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Number of characters in string
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>character string</primary>
|
|
<secondary>length</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>length</primary>
|
|
<secondary sortas="character string">of a character string</secondary>
|
|
<see>character strings, length</see>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>char_length('jose')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>4</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>convert</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>
|
|
using <parameter>conversion_name</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Change encoding using specified conversion name. Conversions
|
|
can be defined by <command>CREATE CONVERSION</command>. Also
|
|
there are some pre-defined conversion names. See <xref
|
|
linkend="conversion-names"> for available conversion
|
|
names.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>convert('PostgreSQL' using iso_8859_1_to_utf_8)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'PostgreSQL'</literal> in Unicode (UTF-8) encoding</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>lower</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Convert string to lower case</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>lower('TOM')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>tom</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>octet_length</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Number of bytes in string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>octet_length('jose')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>4</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>overlay</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> placing <parameter>string</parameter> from <type>integer</type> <optional>for <type>integer</type></optional>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Replace substring
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>overlay</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>overlay('Txxxxas' placing 'hom' from 2 for 4)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>Thomas</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>position</function>(<parameter>substring</parameter> in <parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Location of specified substring</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>position('om' in 'Thomas')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>substring</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <optional>from <type>integer</type></optional> <optional>for <type>integer</type></optional>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Extract substring
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>substring</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>substring('Thomas' from 2 for 3)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>hom</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>substring</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> from <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Extract substring matching POSIX regular expression
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>substring</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>substring('Thomas' from '...$')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>mas</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>substring</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> from <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> for <replaceable>escape</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Extract substring matching <acronym>SQL</acronym> regular
|
|
expression
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>substring</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>substring('Thomas' from '%#"o_a#"_' for '#')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>oma</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>trim</function>(<optional>leading | trailing | both</optional>
|
|
<optional><parameter>characters</parameter></optional> from
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Remove the longest string containing only the
|
|
<parameter>characters</parameter> (a space by default) from the
|
|
start/end/both ends of the <parameter>string</parameter>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trim(both 'x' from 'xTomxx')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>Tom</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>upper</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Convert string to uppercase</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>upper('tom')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>TOM</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Additional string manipulation functions are available and are
|
|
listed in <xref linkend="functions-string-other">. Some of them are used internally to implement the
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym>-standard string functions listed in <xref linkend="functions-string-sql">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-string-other">
|
|
<title>Other String Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>ascii</function>(<type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry><acronym>ASCII</acronym> code of the first character of the argument</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ascii('x')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>120</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>btrim</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>, <parameter>characters</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Remove the longest string consisting only of characters
|
|
in <parameter>characters</parameter> from the start and end of
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trim</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>chr</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Character with the given <acronym>ASCII</acronym> code</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>chr(65)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>A</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>convert</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>
|
|
<type>text</type>,
|
|
<optional><parameter>src_encoding</parameter> <type>name</type>,</optional>
|
|
<parameter>dest_encoding</parameter> <type>name</type>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Convert string to <parameter>dest_encoding</parameter>.
|
|
The original encoding is specified by
|
|
<parameter>src_encoding</parameter>. If
|
|
<parameter>src_encoding</parameter> is omitted, database
|
|
encoding is assumed.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>convert( 'text_in_unicode', 'UNICODE', 'LATIN1')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>text_in_unicode</literal> represented in ISO 8859-1 encoding</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>decode</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>type</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bytea</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Decode binary data from <parameter>string</parameter> previously
|
|
encoded with <function>encode</>. Parameter type is same as in <function>encode</>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>123\000\001</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>encode</function>(<parameter>data</parameter> <type>bytea</type>,
|
|
<parameter>type</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Encode binary data to <acronym>ASCII</acronym>-only representation. Supported
|
|
types are: <literal>base64</>, <literal>hex</>, <literal>escape</>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>encode( '123\\000\\001', 'base64')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MTIzAAE=</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>initcap</function>(<type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Convert the first letter of each word to uppercase and the
|
|
rest to lowercase. Words are sequences of alphanumeric
|
|
characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>initcap('hi THOMAS')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>Hi Thomas</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>length</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Number of characters in <parameter>string</parameter>.
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>character string</primary>
|
|
<secondary>length</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>length</primary>
|
|
<secondary sortas="character string">of a character string</secondary>
|
|
<see>character strings, length</see>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>length('jose')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>4</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>lpad</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>length</parameter> <type>integer</type>
|
|
<optional>, <parameter>fill</parameter> <type>text</type></optional>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Fill up the <parameter>string</parameter> to length
|
|
<parameter>length</parameter> by prepending the characters
|
|
<parameter>fill</parameter> (a space by default). If the
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter> is already longer than
|
|
<parameter>length</parameter> then it is truncated (on the
|
|
right).
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>lpad('hi', 5, 'xy')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>xyxhi</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>ltrim</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>
|
|
<optional>, <parameter>characters</parameter> <type>text</type></optional>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Remove the longest string containing only characters from
|
|
<parameter>characters</parameter> (a space by default) from the start of
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trim</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>md5</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Calculates the MD5 hash of <parameter>string</parameter>,
|
|
returning the result in hexadecimal.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>md5('abc')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>900150983cd24fb0 d6963f7d28e17f72</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_client_encoding</function>()</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Current client encoding name
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>pg_client_encoding()</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SQL_ASCII</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>quote_ident</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> text)</literal><indexterm><primary>quote_ident</></></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier
|
|
in an <acronym>SQL</acronym> statement string.
|
|
Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains
|
|
non-identifier characters or would be case-folded).
|
|
Embedded quotes are properly doubled.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>quote_ident('Foo')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>"Foo"</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>quote_literal</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> text)</literal><indexterm><primary>quote_literal</></></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal
|
|
in an <acronym>SQL</acronym> statement string.
|
|
Embedded quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>quote_literal( 'O\'Reilly')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'O''Reilly'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>repeat</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>, <parameter>number</parameter> <type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Repeat <parameter>string</parameter> the specified
|
|
<parameter>number</parameter> of times</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>repeat('Pg', 4)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>PgPgPgPg</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>replace</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>from</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>to</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Replace all occurrences in <parameter>string</parameter> of substring
|
|
<parameter>from</parameter> with substring <parameter>to</parameter>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>replace( 'abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>abXXefabXXef</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>rpad</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>length</parameter> <type>integer</type>
|
|
<optional>, <parameter>fill</parameter> <type>text</type></optional>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Fill up the <parameter>string</parameter> to length
|
|
<parameter>length</parameter> by appending the characters
|
|
<parameter>fill</parameter> (a space by default). If the
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter> is already longer than
|
|
<parameter>length</parameter> then it is truncated.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>rpad('hi', 5, 'xy')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>hixyx</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>rtrim</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>
|
|
<optional>, <parameter>characters</parameter> <type>text</type></optional>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Remove the longest string containing only characters from
|
|
<parameter>characters</parameter> (a space by default) from the end of
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>rtrim('trimxxxx', 'x')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trim</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>split_part</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>delimiter</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>field</parameter> <type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Split <parameter>string</parameter> on <parameter>delimiter</parameter>
|
|
and return the given field (counting from one)
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>split_part( 'abc~@~def~@~ghi', '~@~', 2)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>def</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>strpos</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>, <parameter>substring</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Location of specified substring (same as
|
|
<literal>position(<parameter>substring</parameter> in
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal>, but note the reversed
|
|
argument order)
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>strpos('high', 'ig')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>substr</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>, <parameter>from</parameter> <optional>, <parameter>count</parameter></optional>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Extract substring (same as
|
|
<literal>substring(<parameter>string</parameter> from <parameter>from</parameter> for <parameter>count</parameter>)</literal>)
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>substr('alphabet', 3, 2)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ph</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_ascii</function>(<type>text</type>
|
|
<optional>, <parameter>encoding</parameter></optional>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Convert <parameter>text</parameter> to <acronym>ASCII</acronym> from another encoding
|
|
<footnote>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>to_ascii</function> function supports conversion from
|
|
<literal>LATIN1</>, <literal>LATIN2</>, and <literal>WIN1250</> only.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
|
<entry><literal>to_ascii('Karel')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>Karel</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_hex</function>(<parameter>number</parameter> <type>integer</type>
|
|
or <type>bigint</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Convert <parameter>number</parameter> to its equivalent hexadecimal
|
|
representation
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_hex(2147483647)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>7fffffff</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>translate</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>
|
|
<type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>from</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>to</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Any character in <parameter>string</parameter> that matches a
|
|
character in the <parameter>from</parameter> set is replaced by
|
|
the corresponding character in the <parameter>to</parameter>
|
|
set.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>translate('12345', '14', 'ax')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>a23x5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table id="conversion-names">
|
|
<title>Built-in Conversions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Conversion Name
|
|
<footnote>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The conversion names follow a standard naming scheme: The
|
|
official name of the source encoding with all
|
|
non-alphanumeric characters replaced by underscores followed
|
|
by <literal>_to_</literal> followed by the equally processed
|
|
destination encoding name. Therefore the names might deviate
|
|
from the customary encoding names.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>Source Encoding</entry>
|
|
<entry>Destination Encoding</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>ascii_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SQL_ASCII</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>ascii_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SQL_ASCII</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>big5_to_euc_tw</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>BIG5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_TW</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>big5_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>BIG5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>big5_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>BIG5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_cn_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_CN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_cn_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_CN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_jp_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_JP</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_jp_to_sjis</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_JP</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SJIS</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_jp_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_JP</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_kr_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_KR</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_kr_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_KR</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_tw_to_big5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_TW</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>BIG5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_tw_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_TW</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>euc_tw_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_TW</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>gb18030_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>GB18030</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>gbk_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>GBK</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_10_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN6</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_13_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN7</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_14_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_15_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN9</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_16_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN10</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_1_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN1</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_1_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN1</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_2_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_2_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_2_to_windows_1250</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1250</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_3_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN3</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_3_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN3</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_4_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN4</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_4_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN4</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_5_to_koi8_r</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_5_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_5_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_5_to_windows_1251</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_5_to_windows_866</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_6_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_6</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_7_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_7</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_8_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>iso_8859_9_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>johab_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>JOHAB</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>koi8_r_to_iso_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>koi8_r_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>koi8_r_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>koi8_r_to_windows_1251</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>koi8_r_to_windows_866</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_ascii</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SQL_ASCII</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_big5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>BIG5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_euc_cn</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_CN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_euc_jp</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_JP</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_euc_kr</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_KR</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_euc_tw</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_TW</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_iso_8859_1</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN1</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_iso_8859_2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_iso_8859_3</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_iso_8859_4</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN4</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_iso_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_koi8_r</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_sjis</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SJIS</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_windows_1250</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1250</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_windows_1251</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mic_to_windows_866</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>sjis_to_euc_jp</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SJIS</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_JP</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>sjis_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SJIS</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>sjis_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SJIS</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>tcvn_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>TCVN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>uhc_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UHC</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_ascii</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SQL_ASCII</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_big5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>BIG5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_euc_cn</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_CN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_euc_jp</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_JP</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_euc_kr</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_KR</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_euc_tw</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>EUC_TW</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_gb18030</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>GB18030</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_gbk</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>GBK</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_1</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN1</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_10</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN6</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_13</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN7</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_14</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_15</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN9</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_16</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN10</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_3</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_4</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN4</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_6</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_6</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_7</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_7</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_iso_8859_9</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_johab</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>JOHAB</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_koi8_r</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_sjis</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>SJIS</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_tcvn</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>TCVN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_uhc</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UHC</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_windows_1250</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1250</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_windows_1251</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_windows_1256</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1256</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_windows_866</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>utf_8_to_windows_874</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN874</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1250_to_iso_8859_2</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1250</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>LATIN2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1250_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1250</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1250_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1250</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1251_to_iso_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1251_to_koi8_r</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1251_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1251_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1251_to_windows_866</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_1256_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN1256</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_866_to_iso_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ISO_8859_5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_866_to_koi8_r</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>KOI8</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_866_to_mic</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>MULE_INTERNAL</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_866_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_866_to_windows_1251</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ALT</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>windows_874_to_utf_8</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>WIN874</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>UNICODE</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-binarystring">
|
|
<title>Binary String Functions and Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-binarystring">
|
|
<primary>binary data</primary>
|
|
<secondary>functions</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section describes functions and operators for examining and
|
|
manipulating values of type <type>bytea</type>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym> defines some string functions with a
|
|
special syntax where
|
|
certain key words rather than commas are used to separate the
|
|
arguments. Details are in
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-binarystring-sql">.
|
|
Some functions are also implemented using the regular syntax for
|
|
function invocation.
|
|
(See <xref linkend="functions-binarystring-other">.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-binarystring-sql">
|
|
<title><acronym>SQL</acronym> Binary String Functions and Operators</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><parameter>string</parameter> <literal>||</literal>
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry> <type>bytea</type> </entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
String concatenation
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>binary string</primary>
|
|
<secondary>concatenation</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'\\\\Post'::bytea || '\\047gres\\000'::bytea</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>\\Post'gres\000</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>octet_length</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Number of bytes in binary string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>octet_length( 'jo\\000se'::bytea)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>position</function>(<parameter>substring</parameter> in <parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Location of specified substring</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>position('\\000om'::bytea in 'Th\\000omas'::bytea)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>substring</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <optional>from <type>integer</type></optional> <optional>for <type>integer</type></optional>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bytea</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Extract substring
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>substring</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>substring('Th\\000omas'::bytea from 2 for 3)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>h\000o</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>trim</function>(<optional>both</optional>
|
|
<parameter>bytes</parameter> from
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bytea</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Remove the longest string containing only the bytes in
|
|
<parameter>bytes</parameter> from the start
|
|
and end of <parameter>string</parameter>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trim('\\000'::bytea from '\\000Tom\\000'::bytea)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>Tom</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>get_byte</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>, <parameter>offset</parameter>)</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Extract byte from string.
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>get_byte</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>get_byte('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 4)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>109</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>set_byte</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>offset</parameter>, <parameter>newvalue</>)</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bytea</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Set byte in string.
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>set_byte</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>set_byte('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 4, 64)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>Th\000o@as</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>get_bit</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>, <parameter>offset</parameter>)</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Extract bit from string.
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>get_bit</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>get_bit('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 45)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>1</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>set_bit</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>offset</parameter>, <parameter>newvalue</>)</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bytea</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Set bit in string.
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>set_bit</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>set_bit('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 45, 0)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>Th\000omAs</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Additional binary string manipulation functions are available and
|
|
are listed in <xref linkend="functions-binarystring-other">. Some
|
|
of them are used internally to implement the
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym>-standard string functions listed in <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-binarystring-sql">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-binarystring-other">
|
|
<title>Other Binary String Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>btrim</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>
|
|
<type>bytea</type>, <parameter>bytes</parameter> <type>bytea</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bytea</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Remove the longest string consisting only of bytes
|
|
in <parameter>bytes</parameter> from the start and end of
|
|
<parameter>string</parameter>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>btrim('\\000trim\\000'::bytea, '\\000'::bytea)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trim</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>length</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Length of binary string
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>binary string</primary>
|
|
<secondary>length</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>length</primary>
|
|
<secondary sortas="binary string">of a binary string</secondary>
|
|
<see>binary strings, length</see>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>length('jo\\000se'::bytea)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>decode</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>text</type>,
|
|
<parameter>type</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bytea</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Decode binary string from <parameter>string</parameter> previously
|
|
encoded with <literal>encode</>. Parameter type is same as in <literal>encode</>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>decode('123\\000456', 'escape')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>123\000456</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>encode</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> <type>bytea</type>,
|
|
<parameter>type</parameter> <type>text</type>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Encode binary string to <acronym>ASCII</acronym>-only representation. Supported
|
|
types are: <literal>base64</>, <literal>hex</>, <literal>escape</>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>encode('123\\000456'::bytea, 'escape')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>123\000456</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-matching">
|
|
<title>Pattern Matching</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-matching">
|
|
<primary>pattern matching</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
There are three separate approaches to pattern matching provided by
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>: the traditional
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym>
|
|
<function>LIKE</function> operator, the more recent
|
|
<acronym>SQL99</acronym>
|
|
<function>SIMILAR TO</function> operator, and
|
|
<acronym>POSIX</acronym>-style regular expressions.
|
|
Additionally, a pattern matching function,
|
|
<function>substring</function>, is available, using either
|
|
<acronym>SQL99</acronym>-style or POSIX-style regular expressions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you have pattern matching needs that go beyond this,
|
|
consider writing a user-defined function in Perl or Tcl.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="functions-like">
|
|
<title><function>LIKE</function></title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-like">
|
|
<primary>LIKE</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>string</replaceable> LIKE <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> <optional>ESCAPE <replaceable>escape-character</replaceable></optional>
|
|
<replaceable>string</replaceable> NOT LIKE <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> <optional>ESCAPE <replaceable>escape-character</replaceable></optional>
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Every <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> defines a set of strings.
|
|
The <function>LIKE</function> expression returns true if the
|
|
<replaceable>string</replaceable> is contained in the set of
|
|
strings represented by <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. (As
|
|
expected, the <function>NOT LIKE</function> expression returns
|
|
false if <function>LIKE</function> returns true, and vice versa.
|
|
An equivalent expression is
|
|
<literal>NOT (<replaceable>string</replaceable> LIKE
|
|
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> does not contain percent
|
|
signs or underscore, then the pattern only represents the string
|
|
itself; in that case <function>LIKE</function> acts like the
|
|
equals operator. An underscore (<literal>_</literal>) in
|
|
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> stands for (matches) any single
|
|
character; a percent sign (<literal>%</literal>) matches any string
|
|
of zero or more characters.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
'abc' LIKE 'abc' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' LIKE 'a%' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' LIKE '_b_' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' LIKE 'c' <lineannotation>false</lineannotation>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>LIKE</function> pattern matches always cover the entire
|
|
string. To match a pattern anywhere within a string, the
|
|
pattern must therefore start and end with a percent sign.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To match a literal underscore or percent sign without matching
|
|
other characters, the respective character in
|
|
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> must be
|
|
preceded by the escape character. The default escape
|
|
character is the backslash but a different one may be selected by
|
|
using the <literal>ESCAPE</literal> clause. To match the escape
|
|
character itself, write two escape characters.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that the backslash already has a special meaning in string
|
|
literals, so to write a pattern constant that contains a backslash
|
|
you must write two backslashes in an SQL statement. Thus, writing a pattern
|
|
that actually matches a literal backslash means writing four backslashes
|
|
in the statement. You can avoid this by selecting a different escape
|
|
character with <literal>ESCAPE</literal>; then a backslash is not special
|
|
to <function>LIKE</function> anymore. (But it is still special to the string
|
|
literal parser, so you still need two of them.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It's also possible to select no escape character by writing
|
|
<literal>ESCAPE ''</literal>. This effectively disables the
|
|
escape mechanism, which makes it impossible to turn off the
|
|
special meaning of underscore and percent signs in the pattern.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The key word <token>ILIKE</token> can be used instead of
|
|
<token>LIKE</token> to make the match case insensitive according
|
|
to the active locale. This is not in the <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard but is a
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extension.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The operator <literal>~~</literal> is equivalent to
|
|
<function>LIKE</function>, and <literal>~~*</literal> corresponds to
|
|
<function>ILIKE</function>. There are also
|
|
<literal>!~~</literal> and <literal>!~~*</literal> operators that
|
|
represent <function>NOT LIKE</function> and <function>NOT
|
|
ILIKE</function>, respectively. All of these operators are
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>-specific.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="functions-sql99-regexp">
|
|
<title><function>SIMILAR TO</function> and <acronym>SQL99</acronym>
|
|
Regular Expressions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-sql99-regexp">
|
|
<primary>regular expression</primary>
|
|
<!-- <seealso>pattern matching</seealso> breaks index build -->
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>SIMILAR TO</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>substring</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>string</replaceable> SIMILAR TO <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> <optional>ESCAPE <replaceable>escape-character</replaceable></optional>
|
|
<replaceable>string</replaceable> NOT SIMILAR TO <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> <optional>ESCAPE <replaceable>escape-character</replaceable></optional>
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>SIMILAR TO</function> operator returns true or false
|
|
depending on whether its pattern matches the given string. It is
|
|
much like <function>LIKE</function>, except that it interprets the
|
|
pattern using <acronym>SQL99</acronym>'s definition of a regular
|
|
expression.
|
|
<acronym>SQL99</acronym>'s regular expressions are a curious cross
|
|
between <function>LIKE</function> notation and common regular expression
|
|
notation.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Like <function>LIKE</function>, the <function>SIMILAR TO</function>
|
|
operator succeeds only if its pattern matches the entire string;
|
|
this is unlike common regular expression practice, wherein the pattern
|
|
may match any part of the string.
|
|
Also like
|
|
<function>LIKE</function>, <function>SIMILAR TO</function> uses
|
|
<literal>_</> and <literal>%</> as wildcard characters denoting
|
|
any single character and any string, respectively (these are
|
|
comparable to <literal>.</> and <literal>.*</> in POSIX regular
|
|
expressions).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In addition to these facilities borrowed from <function>LIKE</function>,
|
|
<function>SIMILAR TO</function> supports these pattern-matching
|
|
metacharacters borrowed from POSIX regular expressions:
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>|</literal> denotes alternation (either of two alternatives).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>*</literal> denotes repetition of the previous item zero
|
|
or more times.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>+</literal> denotes repetition of the previous item one
|
|
or more times.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Parentheses <literal>()</literal> may be used to group items into
|
|
a single logical item.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
A bracket expression <literal>[...]</literal> specifies a character
|
|
class, just as in POSIX regular expressions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
Notice that bounded repetition (<literal>?</> and <literal>{...}</>)
|
|
are not provided, though they exist in POSIX. Also, the dot (<literal>.</>)
|
|
is not a metacharacter.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As with <function>LIKE</>, a backslash disables the special meaning
|
|
of any of these metacharacters; or a different escape character can
|
|
be specified with <literal>ESCAPE</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
'abc' SIMILAR TO 'abc' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' SIMILAR TO 'a' <lineannotation>false</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' SIMILAR TO '%(b|d)%' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' SIMILAR TO '(b|c)%' <lineannotation>false</lineannotation>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>substring</> function with three parameters,
|
|
<function>substring(<parameter>string</parameter> from
|
|
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> for
|
|
<replaceable>escape-character</replaceable>)</function>, provides
|
|
extraction of a substring that matches a <acronym>SQL99</acronym>
|
|
regular expression pattern. As with <literal>SIMILAR TO</>, the
|
|
specified pattern must match to the entire data string, else the
|
|
function fails and returns null. To indicate the part of the
|
|
pattern that should be returned on success, the pattern must contain
|
|
two occurrences of the escape character followed by a double quote
|
|
(<literal>"</>). The text matching the portion of the pattern
|
|
between these markers is returned.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
substring('foobar' from '%#"o_b#"%' for '#') <lineannotation>oob</lineannotation>
|
|
substring('foobar' from '#"o_b#"%' for '#') <lineannotation>NULL</lineannotation>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="functions-posix-regexp">
|
|
<title><acronym>POSIX</acronym> Regular Expressions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-posix-regexp">
|
|
<primary>regular expression</primary>
|
|
<seealso>pattern matching</seealso>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-posix-table"> lists the available
|
|
operators for pattern matching using POSIX regular expressions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-posix-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Match Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Operator</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>~</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Matches regular expression, case sensitive</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'thomas' ~ '.*thomas.*'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>~*</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Matches regular expression, case insensitive</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'thomas' ~* '.*Thomas.*'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>!~</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Does not match regular expression, case sensitive</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'thomas' !~ '.*Thomas.*'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>!~*</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Does not match regular expression, case insensitive</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'thomas' !~* '.*vadim.*'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<acronym>POSIX</acronym> regular expressions provide a more
|
|
powerful means for
|
|
pattern matching than the <function>LIKE</function> and
|
|
<function>SIMILAR TO</> operators.
|
|
Many Unix tools such as <command>egrep</command>,
|
|
<command>sed</command>, or <command>awk</command> use a pattern
|
|
matching language that is similar to the one described here.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A regular expression is a character sequence that is an
|
|
abbreviated definition of a set of strings (a <firstterm>regular
|
|
set</firstterm>). A string is said to match a regular expression
|
|
if it is a member of the regular set described by the regular
|
|
expression. As with <function>LIKE</function>, pattern characters
|
|
match string characters exactly unless they are special characters
|
|
in the regular expression language --- but regular expressions use
|
|
different special characters than <function>LIKE</function> does.
|
|
Unlike <function>LIKE</function> patterns, a
|
|
regular expression is allowed to match anywhere within a string, unless
|
|
the regular expression is explicitly anchored to the beginning or
|
|
end of the string.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
'abc' ~ 'abc' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' ~ '^a' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' ~ '(b|d)' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
'abc' ~ '^(b|c)' <lineannotation>false</lineannotation>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>substring</> function with two parameters,
|
|
<function>substring(<parameter>string</parameter> from
|
|
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</function>, provides extraction of a substring
|
|
that matches a POSIX regular expression pattern. It returns null if
|
|
there is no match, otherwise the portion of the text that matched the
|
|
pattern. But if the pattern contains any parentheses, the portion
|
|
of the text that matched the first parenthesized subexpression (the
|
|
one whose left parenthesis comes first) is
|
|
returned. You can always put parentheses around the whole expression
|
|
if you want to use parentheses within it without triggering this
|
|
exception. Also see the non-capturing parentheses described below.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
substring('foobar' from 'o.b') <lineannotation>oob</lineannotation>
|
|
substring('foobar' from 'o(.)b') <lineannotation>o</lineannotation>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s regular expressions are implemented
|
|
using a package written by Henry Spencer. Much of
|
|
the description of regular expressions below is copied verbatim from his
|
|
manual entry.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<!-- derived from the re_syntax.n man page -->
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="posix-syntax-details">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Details</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Regular expressions (<acronym>RE</acronym>s), as defined in
|
|
<acronym>POSIX</acronym> 1003.2, come in two forms:
|
|
<firstterm>extended</> <acronym>RE</acronym>s or <acronym>ERE</>s
|
|
(roughly those of <command>egrep</command>), and
|
|
<firstterm>basic</> <acronym>RE</acronym>s or <acronym>BRE</>s
|
|
(roughly those of <command>ed</command>).
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> supports both forms, and
|
|
also implements some extensions
|
|
that are not in the POSIX standard, but have become widely used anyway
|
|
due to their availability in programming languages such as Perl and Tcl.
|
|
<acronym>RE</acronym>s using these non-POSIX extensions are called
|
|
<firstterm>advanced</> <acronym>RE</acronym>s or <acronym>ARE</>s
|
|
in this documentation. AREs are almost an exact superset of EREs,
|
|
but BREs have several notational incompatibilities (as well as being
|
|
much more limited).
|
|
We first describe the ARE and ERE forms, noting features that apply
|
|
only to AREs, and then describe how BREs differ.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The form of regular expressions accepted by
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</> can be chosen by setting the <xref
|
|
linkend="guc-regex-flavor"> run-time parameter. The usual
|
|
setting is <literal>advanced</>, but one might choose
|
|
<literal>extended</> for maximum backwards compatibility with
|
|
pre-7.4 releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A regular expression is defined as one or more
|
|
<firstterm>branches</firstterm>, separated by
|
|
<literal>|</literal>. It matches anything that matches one of the
|
|
branches.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A branch is zero or more <firstterm>quantified atoms</> or
|
|
<firstterm>constraints</>, concatenated.
|
|
It matches a match for the first, followed by a match for the second, etc;
|
|
an empty branch matches the empty string.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A quantified atom is an <firstterm>atom</> possibly followed
|
|
by a single <firstterm>quantifier</>.
|
|
Without a quantifier, it matches a match for the atom.
|
|
With a quantifier, it can match some number of matches of the atom.
|
|
An <firstterm>atom</firstterm> can be any of the possibilities
|
|
shown in <xref linkend="posix-atoms-table">.
|
|
The possible quantifiers and their meanings are shown in
|
|
<xref linkend="posix-quantifiers-table">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A <firstterm>constraint</> matches an empty string, but matches only when
|
|
specific conditions are met. A constraint can be used where an atom
|
|
could be used, except it may not be followed by a quantifier.
|
|
The simple constraints are shown in
|
|
<xref linkend="posix-constraints-table">;
|
|
some more constraints are described later.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-atoms-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Atoms</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Atom</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>(</><replaceable>re</><literal>)</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>re</> is any regular expression)
|
|
matches a match for
|
|
<replaceable>re</>, with the match noted for possible reporting </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>(?:</><replaceable>re</><literal>)</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> as above, but the match is not noted for reporting
|
|
(a <quote>non-capturing</> set of parentheses)
|
|
(AREs only) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>.</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches any single character </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>[</><replaceable>chars</><literal>]</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> a <firstterm>bracket expression</>,
|
|
matching any one of the <replaceable>chars</> (see
|
|
<xref linkend="posix-bracket-expressions"> for more detail) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\</><replaceable>k</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>k</> is a non-alphanumeric character)
|
|
matches that character taken as an ordinary character,
|
|
e.g. <literal>\\</> matches a backslash character </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\</><replaceable>c</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> where <replaceable>c</> is alphanumeric
|
|
(possibly followed by other characters)
|
|
is an <firstterm>escape</>, see <xref linkend="posix-escape-sequences">
|
|
(AREs only; in EREs and BREs, this matches <replaceable>c</>) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>{</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> when followed by a character other than a digit,
|
|
matches the left-brace character <literal>{</>;
|
|
when followed by a digit, it is the beginning of a
|
|
<replaceable>bound</> (see below) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <replaceable>x</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> where <replaceable>x</> is a single character with no other
|
|
significance, matches that character </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
An RE may not end with <literal>\</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Remember that the backslash (<literal>\</literal>) already has a special
|
|
meaning in <productname>PostgreSQL</> string literals.
|
|
To write a pattern constant that contains a backslash,
|
|
you must write two backslashes in the statement.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-quantifiers-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Quantifiers</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Quantifier</entry>
|
|
<entry>Matches</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>*</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> a sequence of 0 or more matches of the atom </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> a sequence of 1 or more matches of the atom </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> a sequence of 0 or 1 matches of the atom </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>}</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> a sequence of exactly <replaceable>m</> matches of the atom </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,}</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> a sequence of <replaceable>m</> or more matches of the atom </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,</><replaceable>n</><literal>}</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> a sequence of <replaceable>m</> through <replaceable>n</>
|
|
(inclusive) matches of the atom; <replaceable>m</> may not exceed
|
|
<replaceable>n</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>*?</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> non-greedy version of <literal>*</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+?</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> non-greedy version of <literal>+</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>??</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> non-greedy version of <literal>?</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>}?</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> non-greedy version of <literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>}</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,}?</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> non-greedy version of <literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,}</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,</><replaceable>n</><literal>}?</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> non-greedy version of <literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,</><replaceable>n</><literal>}</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The forms using <literal>{</><replaceable>...</><literal>}</>
|
|
are known as <firstterm>bound</>s.
|
|
The numbers <replaceable>m</> and <replaceable>n</> within a bound are
|
|
unsigned decimal integers with permissible values from 0 to 255 inclusive.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<firstterm>Non-greedy</> quantifiers (available in AREs only) match the
|
|
same possibilities as their corresponding normal (<firstterm>greedy</>)
|
|
counterparts, but prefer the smallest number rather than the largest
|
|
number of matches.
|
|
See <xref linkend="posix-matching-rules"> for more detail.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
A quantifier cannot immediately follow another quantifier.
|
|
A quantifier cannot
|
|
begin an expression or subexpression or follow
|
|
<literal>^</literal> or <literal>|</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-constraints-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Constraints</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Constraint</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>^</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches at the beginning of the string </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>$</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches at the end of the string </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>(?=</><replaceable>re</><literal>)</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <firstterm>positive lookahead</> matches at any point
|
|
where a substring matching <replaceable>re</> begins
|
|
(AREs only) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>(?!</><replaceable>re</><literal>)</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <firstterm>negative lookahead</> matches at any point
|
|
where no substring matching <replaceable>re</> begins
|
|
(AREs only) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lookahead constraints may not contain <firstterm>back references</>
|
|
(see <xref linkend="posix-escape-sequences">),
|
|
and all parentheses within them are considered non-capturing.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="posix-bracket-expressions">
|
|
<title>Bracket Expressions</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A <firstterm>bracket expression</firstterm> is a list of
|
|
characters enclosed in <literal>[]</literal>. It normally matches
|
|
any single character from the list (but see below). If the list
|
|
begins with <literal>^</literal>, it matches any single character
|
|
<emphasis>not</> from the rest of the list.
|
|
If two characters
|
|
in the list are separated by <literal>-</literal>, this is
|
|
shorthand for the full range of characters between those two
|
|
(inclusive) in the collating sequence,
|
|
e.g. <literal>[0-9]</literal> in <acronym>ASCII</acronym> matches
|
|
any decimal digit. It is illegal for two ranges to share an
|
|
endpoint, e.g. <literal>a-c-e</literal>. Ranges are very
|
|
collating-sequence-dependent, so portable programs should avoid
|
|
relying on them.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To include a literal <literal>]</literal> in the list, make it the
|
|
first character (following a possible <literal>^</literal>). To
|
|
include a literal <literal>-</literal>, make it the first or last
|
|
character, or the second endpoint of a range. To use a literal
|
|
<literal>-</literal> as the first endpoint of a range, enclose it
|
|
in <literal>[.</literal> and <literal>.]</literal> to make it a
|
|
collating element (see below). With the exception of these characters,
|
|
some combinations using <literal>[</literal>
|
|
(see next paragraphs), and escapes (AREs only), all other special
|
|
characters lose their special significance within a bracket expression.
|
|
In particular, <literal>\</literal> is not special when following
|
|
ERE or BRE rules, though it is special (as introducing an escape)
|
|
in AREs.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Within a bracket expression, a collating element (a character, a
|
|
multiple-character sequence that collates as if it were a single
|
|
character, or a collating-sequence name for either) enclosed in
|
|
<literal>[.</literal> and <literal>.]</literal> stands for the
|
|
sequence of characters of that collating element. The sequence is
|
|
a single element of the bracket expression's list. A bracket
|
|
expression containing a multiple-character collating element can thus
|
|
match more than one character, e.g. if the collating sequence
|
|
includes a <literal>ch</literal> collating element, then the RE
|
|
<literal>[[.ch.]]*c</literal> matches the first five characters of
|
|
<literal>chchcc</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</> currently has no multi-character collating
|
|
elements. This information describes possible future behavior.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Within a bracket expression, a collating element enclosed in
|
|
<literal>[=</literal> and <literal>=]</literal> is an equivalence
|
|
class, standing for the sequences of characters of all collating
|
|
elements equivalent to that one, including itself. (If there are
|
|
no other equivalent collating elements, the treatment is as if the
|
|
enclosing delimiters were <literal>[.</literal> and
|
|
<literal>.]</literal>.) For example, if <literal>o</literal> and
|
|
<literal>^</literal> are the members of an equivalence class, then
|
|
<literal>[[=o=]]</literal>, <literal>[[=^=]]</literal>, and
|
|
<literal>[o^]</literal> are all synonymous. An equivalence class
|
|
may not be an endpoint of a range.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Within a bracket expression, the name of a character class
|
|
enclosed in <literal>[:</literal> and <literal>:]</literal> stands
|
|
for the list of all characters belonging to that class. Standard
|
|
character class names are: <literal>alnum</literal>,
|
|
<literal>alpha</literal>, <literal>blank</literal>,
|
|
<literal>cntrl</literal>, <literal>digit</literal>,
|
|
<literal>graph</literal>, <literal>lower</literal>,
|
|
<literal>print</literal>, <literal>punct</literal>,
|
|
<literal>space</literal>, <literal>upper</literal>,
|
|
<literal>xdigit</literal>. These stand for the character classes
|
|
defined in
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ctype</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
A locale may provide others. A character class may not be used as
|
|
an endpoint of a range.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
There are two special cases of bracket expressions: the bracket
|
|
expressions <literal>[[:<:]]</literal> and
|
|
<literal>[[:>:]]</literal> are constraints,
|
|
matching empty strings at the beginning
|
|
and end of a word respectively. A word is defined as a sequence
|
|
of word characters that is neither preceded nor followed by word
|
|
characters. A word character is an <literal>alnum</> character (as
|
|
defined by
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ctype</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
|
|
or an underscore. This is an extension, compatible with but not
|
|
specified by <acronym>POSIX</acronym> 1003.2, and should be used with
|
|
caution in software intended to be portable to other systems.
|
|
The constraint escapes described below are usually preferable (they
|
|
are no more standard, but are certainly easier to type).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="posix-escape-sequences">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Escapes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<firstterm>Escapes</> are special sequences beginning with <literal>\</>
|
|
followed by an alphanumeric character. Escapes come in several varieties:
|
|
character entry, class shorthands, constraint escapes, and back references.
|
|
A <literal>\</> followed by an alphanumeric character but not constituting
|
|
a valid escape is illegal in AREs.
|
|
In EREs, there are no escapes: outside a bracket expression,
|
|
a <literal>\</> followed by an alphanumeric character merely stands for
|
|
that character as an ordinary character, and inside a bracket expression,
|
|
<literal>\</> is an ordinary character.
|
|
(The latter is the one actual incompatibility between EREs and AREs.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<firstterm>Character-entry escapes</> exist to make it easier to specify
|
|
non-printing and otherwise inconvenient characters in REs. They are
|
|
shown in <xref linkend="posix-character-entry-escapes-table">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<firstterm>Class-shorthand escapes</> provide shorthands for certain
|
|
commonly-used character classes. They are
|
|
shown in <xref linkend="posix-class-shorthand-escapes-table">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A <firstterm>constraint escape</> is a constraint,
|
|
matching the empty string if specific conditions are met,
|
|
written as an escape. They are
|
|
shown in <xref linkend="posix-constraint-escapes-table">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A <firstterm>back reference</> (<literal>\</><replaceable>n</>) matches the
|
|
same string matched by the previous parenthesized subexpression specified
|
|
by the number <replaceable>n</>
|
|
(see <xref linkend="posix-constraint-backref-table">). For example,
|
|
<literal>([bc])\1</> matches <literal>bb</> or <literal>cc</>
|
|
but not <literal>bc</> or <literal>cb</>.
|
|
The subexpression must entirely precede the back reference in the RE.
|
|
Subexpressions are numbered in the order of their leading parentheses.
|
|
Non-capturing parentheses do not define subexpressions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Keep in mind that an escape's leading <literal>\</> will need to be
|
|
doubled when entering the pattern as an SQL string constant. For example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
'123' ~ '^\\d{3}' <lineannotation>true</lineannotation>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-character-entry-escapes-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Character-Entry Escapes</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Escape</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\a</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> alert (bell) character, as in C </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\b</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> backspace, as in C </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\B</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> synonym for <literal>\</> to help reduce the need for backslash
|
|
doubling </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\c</><replaceable>X</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>X</> is any character) the character whose
|
|
low-order 5 bits are the same as those of
|
|
<replaceable>X</>, and whose other bits are all zero </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\e</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> the character whose collating-sequence name
|
|
is <literal>ESC</>,
|
|
or failing that, the character with octal value 033 </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\f</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> form feed, as in C </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\n</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> newline, as in C </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\r</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> carriage return, as in C </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\t</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> horizontal tab, as in C </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\u</><replaceable>wxyz</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>wxyz</> is exactly four hexadecimal digits)
|
|
the Unicode character <literal>U+</><replaceable>wxyz</>
|
|
in the local byte ordering </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\U</><replaceable>stuvwxyz</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>stuvwxyz</> is exactly eight hexadecimal
|
|
digits)
|
|
reserved for a somewhat-hypothetical Unicode extension to 32 bits
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\v</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> vertical tab, as in C </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\x</><replaceable>hhh</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>hhh</> is any sequence of hexadecimal
|
|
digits)
|
|
the character whose hexadecimal value is
|
|
<literal>0x</><replaceable>hhh</>
|
|
(a single character no matter how many hexadecimal digits are used)
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\0</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> the character whose value is <literal>0</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\</><replaceable>xy</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>xy</> is exactly two octal digits,
|
|
and is not a <firstterm>back reference</>)
|
|
the character whose octal value is
|
|
<literal>0</><replaceable>xy</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\</><replaceable>xyz</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>xyz</> is exactly three octal digits,
|
|
and is not a <firstterm>back reference</>)
|
|
the character whose octal value is
|
|
<literal>0</><replaceable>xyz</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Hexadecimal digits are <literal>0</>-<literal>9</>,
|
|
<literal>a</>-<literal>f</>, and <literal>A</>-<literal>F</>.
|
|
Octal digits are <literal>0</>-<literal>7</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The character-entry escapes are always taken as ordinary characters.
|
|
For example, <literal>\135</> is <literal>]</> in ASCII, but
|
|
<literal>\135</> does not terminate a bracket expression.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-class-shorthand-escapes-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Class-Shorthand Escapes</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Escape</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\d</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <literal>[[:digit:]]</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\s</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <literal>[[:space:]]</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\w</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <literal>[[:alnum:]_]</>
|
|
(note underscore is included) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\D</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <literal>[^[:digit:]]</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\S</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <literal>[^[:space:]]</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\W</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> <literal>[^[:alnum:]_]</>
|
|
(note underscore is included) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Within bracket expressions, <literal>\d</>, <literal>\s</>,
|
|
and <literal>\w</> lose their outer brackets,
|
|
and <literal>\D</>, <literal>\S</>, and <literal>\W</> are illegal.
|
|
(So, for example, <literal>[a-c\d]</> is equivalent to
|
|
<literal>[a-c[:digit:]]</>.
|
|
Also, <literal>[a-c\D]</>, which is equivalent to
|
|
<literal>[a-c^[:digit:]]</>, is illegal.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-constraint-escapes-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Constraint Escapes</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Escape</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\A</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches only at the beginning of the string
|
|
(see <xref linkend="posix-matching-rules"> for how this differs from
|
|
<literal>^</>) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\m</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches only at the beginning of a word </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\M</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches only at the end of a word </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\y</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches only at the beginning or end of a word </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\Y</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches only at a point that is not the beginning or end of a
|
|
word </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\Z</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> matches only at the end of the string
|
|
(see <xref linkend="posix-matching-rules"> for how this differs from
|
|
<literal>$</>) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A word is defined as in the specification of
|
|
<literal>[[:<:]]</> and <literal>[[:>:]]</> above.
|
|
Constraint escapes are illegal within bracket expressions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-constraint-backref-table">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Back References</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Escape</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\</><replaceable>m</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>m</> is a nonzero digit)
|
|
a back reference to the <replaceable>m</>'th subexpression </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>\</><replaceable>mnn</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> (where <replaceable>m</> is a nonzero digit, and
|
|
<replaceable>nn</> is some more digits, and the decimal value
|
|
<replaceable>mnn</> is not greater than the number of closing capturing
|
|
parentheses seen so far)
|
|
a back reference to the <replaceable>mnn</>'th subexpression </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
There is an inherent historical ambiguity between octal character-entry
|
|
escapes and back references, which is resolved by heuristics,
|
|
as hinted at above.
|
|
A leading zero always indicates an octal escape.
|
|
A single non-zero digit, not followed by another digit,
|
|
is always taken as a back reference.
|
|
A multi-digit sequence not starting with a zero is taken as a back
|
|
reference if it comes after a suitable subexpression
|
|
(i.e. the number is in the legal range for a back reference),
|
|
and otherwise is taken as octal.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="posix-metasyntax">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Metasyntax</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In addition to the main syntax described above, there are some special
|
|
forms and miscellaneous syntactic facilities available.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Normally the flavor of RE being used is determined by
|
|
<varname>regex_flavor</>.
|
|
However, this can be overridden by a <firstterm>director</> prefix.
|
|
If an RE of any flavor begins with <literal>***:</>,
|
|
the rest of the RE is taken as an ARE.
|
|
If an RE of any flavor begins with <literal>***=</>,
|
|
the rest of the RE is taken to be a literal string,
|
|
with all characters considered ordinary characters.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
An ARE may begin with <firstterm>embedded options</>:
|
|
a sequence <literal>(?</><replaceable>xyz</><literal>)</>
|
|
(where <replaceable>xyz</> is one or more alphabetic characters)
|
|
specifies options affecting the rest of the RE.
|
|
These options override any previously determined options (including
|
|
both the RE flavor and case sensitivity).
|
|
The available option letters are
|
|
shown in <xref linkend="posix-embedded-options-table">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="posix-embedded-options-table">
|
|
<title>ARE Embedded-Option Letters</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Option</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>b</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> rest of RE is a BRE </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>c</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> case-sensitive matching (overrides operator type) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>e</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> rest of RE is an ERE </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>i</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> case-insensitive matching (see
|
|
<xref linkend="posix-matching-rules">) (overrides operator type) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>m</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> historical synonym for <literal>n</> </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>n</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> newline-sensitive matching (see
|
|
<xref linkend="posix-matching-rules">) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>p</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> partial newline-sensitive matching (see
|
|
<xref linkend="posix-matching-rules">) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>q</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> rest of RE is a literal (<quote>quoted</>) string, all ordinary
|
|
characters </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>s</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> non-newline-sensitive matching (default) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>t</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> tight syntax (default; see below) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>w</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> inverse partial newline-sensitive (<quote>weird</>) matching
|
|
(see <xref linkend="posix-matching-rules">) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>x</> </entry>
|
|
<entry> expanded syntax (see below) </entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Embedded options take effect at the <literal>)</> terminating the sequence.
|
|
They are available only at the start of an ARE,
|
|
and may not be used later within it.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In addition to the usual (<firstterm>tight</>) RE syntax, in which all
|
|
characters are significant, there is an <firstterm>expanded</> syntax,
|
|
available by specifying the embedded <literal>x</> option.
|
|
In the expanded syntax,
|
|
white-space characters in the RE are ignored, as are
|
|
all characters between a <literal>#</>
|
|
and the following newline (or the end of the RE). This
|
|
permits paragraphing and commenting a complex RE.
|
|
There are three exceptions to that basic rule:
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
a white-space character or <literal>#</> preceded by <literal>\</> is
|
|
retained
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
white space or <literal>#</> within a bracket expression is retained
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
white space and comments are illegal within multi-character symbols,
|
|
like the ARE <literal>(?:</> or the BRE <literal>\(</>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
Expanded-syntax white-space characters are blank, tab, newline, and
|
|
any character that belongs to the <replaceable>space</> character class.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Finally, in an ARE, outside bracket expressions, the sequence
|
|
<literal>(?#</><replaceable>ttt</><literal>)</>
|
|
(where <replaceable>ttt</> is any text not containing a <literal>)</>)
|
|
is a comment, completely ignored.
|
|
Again, this is not allowed between the characters of
|
|
multi-character symbols, like <literal>(?:</>.
|
|
Such comments are more a historical artifact than a useful facility,
|
|
and their use is deprecated; use the expanded syntax instead.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<emphasis>None</> of these metasyntax extensions is available if
|
|
an initial <literal>***=</> director
|
|
has specified that the user's input be treated as a literal string
|
|
rather than as an RE.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="posix-matching-rules">
|
|
<title>Regular Expression Matching Rules</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In the event that an RE could match more than one substring of a given
|
|
string, the RE matches the one starting earliest in the string.
|
|
If the RE could match more than one substring starting at that point,
|
|
its choice is determined by its <firstterm>preference</>:
|
|
either the longest substring, or the shortest.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Most atoms, and all constraints, have no preference.
|
|
A parenthesized RE has the same preference (possibly none) as the RE.
|
|
A quantified atom with quantifier
|
|
<literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>}</>
|
|
or
|
|
<literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>}?</>
|
|
has the same preference (possibly none) as the atom itself.
|
|
A quantified atom with other normal quantifiers (including
|
|
<literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,</><replaceable>n</><literal>}</>
|
|
with <replaceable>m</> equal to <replaceable>n</>)
|
|
prefers longest match.
|
|
A quantified atom with other non-greedy quantifiers (including
|
|
<literal>{</><replaceable>m</><literal>,</><replaceable>n</><literal>}?</>
|
|
with <replaceable>m</> equal to <replaceable>n</>)
|
|
prefers shortest match.
|
|
A branch has the same preference as the first quantified atom in it
|
|
which has a preference.
|
|
An RE consisting of two or more branches connected by the
|
|
<literal>|</> operator prefers longest match.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Subject to the constraints imposed by the rules for matching the whole RE,
|
|
subexpressions also match the longest or shortest possible substrings,
|
|
based on their preferences,
|
|
with subexpressions starting earlier in the RE taking priority over
|
|
ones starting later.
|
|
Note that outer subexpressions thus take priority over
|
|
their component subexpressions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The quantifiers <literal>{1,1}</> and <literal>{1,1}?</>
|
|
can be used to force longest and shortest preference, respectively,
|
|
on a subexpression or a whole RE.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Match lengths are measured in characters, not collating elements.
|
|
An empty string is considered longer than no match at all.
|
|
For example:
|
|
<literal>bb*</>
|
|
matches the three middle characters of <literal>abbbc</>;
|
|
<literal>(week|wee)(night|knights)</>
|
|
matches all ten characters of <literal>weeknights</>;
|
|
when <literal>(.*).*</>
|
|
is matched against <literal>abc</> the parenthesized subexpression
|
|
matches all three characters; and when
|
|
<literal>(a*)*</> is matched against <literal>bc</>
|
|
both the whole RE and the parenthesized
|
|
subexpression match an empty string.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If case-independent matching is specified,
|
|
the effect is much as if all case distinctions had vanished from the
|
|
alphabet.
|
|
When an alphabetic that exists in multiple cases appears as an
|
|
ordinary character outside a bracket expression, it is effectively
|
|
transformed into a bracket expression containing both cases,
|
|
e.g. <literal>x</> becomes <literal>[xX]</>.
|
|
When it appears inside a bracket expression, all case counterparts
|
|
of it are added to the bracket expression, e.g.
|
|
<literal>[x]</> becomes <literal>[xX]</>
|
|
and <literal>[^x]</> becomes <literal>[^xX]</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If newline-sensitive matching is specified, <literal>.</>
|
|
and bracket expressions using <literal>^</>
|
|
will never match the newline character
|
|
(so that matches will never cross newlines unless the RE
|
|
explicitly arranges it)
|
|
and <literal>^</>and <literal>$</>
|
|
will match the empty string after and before a newline
|
|
respectively, in addition to matching at beginning and end of string
|
|
respectively.
|
|
But the ARE escapes <literal>\A</> and <literal>\Z</>
|
|
continue to match beginning or end of string <emphasis>only</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If partial newline-sensitive matching is specified,
|
|
this affects <literal>.</> and bracket expressions
|
|
as with newline-sensitive matching, but not <literal>^</>
|
|
and <literal>$</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If inverse partial newline-sensitive matching is specified,
|
|
this affects <literal>^</> and <literal>$</>
|
|
as with newline-sensitive matching, but not <literal>.</>
|
|
and bracket expressions.
|
|
This isn't very useful but is provided for symmetry.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="posix-limits-compatibility">
|
|
<title>Limits and Compatibility</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
No particular limit is imposed on the length of REs in this
|
|
implementation. However,
|
|
programs intended to be highly portable should not employ REs longer
|
|
than 256 bytes,
|
|
as a POSIX-compliant implementation can refuse to accept such REs.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The only feature of AREs that is actually incompatible with
|
|
POSIX EREs is that <literal>\</> does not lose its special
|
|
significance inside bracket expressions.
|
|
All other ARE features use syntax which is illegal or has
|
|
undefined or unspecified effects in POSIX EREs;
|
|
the <literal>***</> syntax of directors likewise is outside the POSIX
|
|
syntax for both BREs and EREs.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Many of the ARE extensions are borrowed from Perl, but some have
|
|
been changed to clean them up, and a few Perl extensions are not present.
|
|
Incompatibilities of note include <literal>\b</>, <literal>\B</>,
|
|
the lack of special treatment for a trailing newline,
|
|
the addition of complemented bracket expressions to the things
|
|
affected by newline-sensitive matching,
|
|
the restrictions on parentheses and back references in lookahead
|
|
constraints, and the longest/shortest-match (rather than first-match)
|
|
matching semantics.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Two significant incompatibilities exist between AREs and the ERE syntax
|
|
recognized by pre-7.4 releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</>:
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In AREs, <literal>\</> followed by an alphanumeric character is either
|
|
an escape or an error, while in previous releases, it was just another
|
|
way of writing the alphanumeric.
|
|
This should not be much of a problem because there was no reason to
|
|
write such a sequence in earlier releases.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In AREs, <literal>\</> remains a special character within
|
|
<literal>[]</>, so a literal <literal>\</> within a bracket
|
|
expression must be written <literal>\\</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
While these differences are unlikely to create a problem for most
|
|
applications, you can avoid them if necessary by
|
|
setting <varname>regex_flavor</> to <literal>extended</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="posix-basic-regexes">
|
|
<title>Basic Regular Expressions</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
BREs differ from EREs in several respects.
|
|
<literal>|</>, <literal>+</>, and <literal>?</>
|
|
are ordinary characters and there is no equivalent
|
|
for their functionality.
|
|
The delimiters for bounds are
|
|
<literal>\{</> and <literal>\}</>,
|
|
with <literal>{</> and <literal>}</>
|
|
by themselves ordinary characters.
|
|
The parentheses for nested subexpressions are
|
|
<literal>\(</> and <literal>\)</>,
|
|
with <literal>(</> and <literal>)</> by themselves ordinary characters.
|
|
<literal>^</> is an ordinary character except at the beginning of the
|
|
RE or the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression,
|
|
<literal>$</> is an ordinary character except at the end of the
|
|
RE or the end of a parenthesized subexpression,
|
|
and <literal>*</> is an ordinary character if it appears at the beginning
|
|
of the RE or the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression
|
|
(after a possible leading <literal>^</>).
|
|
Finally, single-digit back references are available, and
|
|
<literal>\<</> and <literal>\></>
|
|
are synonyms for
|
|
<literal>[[:<:]]</> and <literal>[[:>:]]</>
|
|
respectively; no other escapes are available.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end re_syntax.n man page -->
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-formatting">
|
|
<title>Data Type Formatting Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-formatting">
|
|
<primary>formatting</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-formatting">
|
|
<primary>to_char</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> formatting functions
|
|
provide a powerful set of tools for converting various data types
|
|
(date/time, integer, floating point, numeric) to formatted strings
|
|
and for converting from formatted strings to specific data types.
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-formatting-table"> lists them.
|
|
These functions all follow a common calling convention: the first
|
|
argument is the value to be formatted and the second argument is a
|
|
template that defines the output or input format.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-formatting-table">
|
|
<title>Formatting Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="4">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_char</function>(<type>timestamp</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert time stamp to string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(current_timestamp, 'HH12:MI:SS')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_char</function>(<type>interval</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert interval to string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(interval '15h 2m 12s', 'HH24:MI:SS')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_char</function>(<type>int</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert integer to string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(125, '999')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_char</function>(<type>double precision</type>,
|
|
<type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert real/double precision to string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(125.8::real, '999D9')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_char</function>(<type>numeric</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert numeric to string</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-125.8, '999D99S')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_date</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>date</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert string to date</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_date('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_timestamp</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>timestamp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert string to time stamp</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_timestamp('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>to_number</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>numeric</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert string to numeric</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_number('12,454.8-', '99G999D9S')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Warning: <literal><function>to_char</function>(<type>interval</type>, <type>text</type>)</literal>
|
|
is deprecated and should not be used in newly-written code. It will be removed in the next version.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In an output template string (for <function>to_char</>), there are certain patterns that are
|
|
recognized and replaced with appropriately-formatted data from the value
|
|
to be formatted. Any text that is not a template pattern is simply
|
|
copied verbatim. Similarly, in an input template string (for anything but <function>to_char</>), template patterns
|
|
identify the parts of the input data string to be looked at and the
|
|
values to be found there.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-formatting-datetime-table"> shows the
|
|
template patterns available for formatting date and time values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-formatting-datetime-table">
|
|
<title>Template Patterns for Date/Time Formatting</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Pattern</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>HH</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>hour of day (01-12)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>HH12</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>hour of day (01-12)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>HH24</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>hour of day (00-23)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>MI</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>minute (00-59)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>SS</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>second (00-59)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>MS</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>millisecond (000-999)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>US</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>microsecond (000000-999999)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>SSSS</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>seconds past midnight (0-86399)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>AM</literal> or <literal>A.M.</literal> or
|
|
<literal>PM</literal> or <literal>P.M.</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>meridian indicator (uppercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>am</literal> or <literal>a.m.</literal> or
|
|
<literal>pm</literal> or <literal>p.m.</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>meridian indicator (lowercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>Y,YYY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>year (4 and more digits) with comma</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>YYYY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>year (4 and more digits)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>YYY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>last 3 digits of year</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>YY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>last 2 digits of year</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>Y</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>last digit of year</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>IYYY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>ISO year (4 and more digits)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>IYY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>last 3 digits of ISO year</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>IY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>last 2 digits of ISO year</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>I</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>last digits of ISO year</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>BC</literal> or <literal>B.C.</literal> or
|
|
<literal>AD</literal> or <literal>A.D.</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>era indicator (uppercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>bc</literal> or <literal>b.c.</literal> or
|
|
<literal>ad</literal> or <literal>a.d.</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>era indicator (lowercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>MONTH</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>full uppercase month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>Month</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>full mixed-case month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>month</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>full lowercase month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>MON</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>abbreviated uppercase month name (3 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>Mon</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>abbreviated mixed-case month name (3 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>mon</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>abbreviated lowercase month name (3 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>MM</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>month number (01-12)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>DAY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>full uppercase day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>Day</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>full mixed-case day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>day</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>full lowercase day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>DY</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>abbreviated uppercase day name (3 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>Dy</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>abbreviated mixed-case day name (3 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>dy</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>abbreviated lowercase day name (3 chars)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>DDD</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>day of year (001-366)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>DD</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>day of month (01-31)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>D</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>day of week (1-7; Sunday is 1)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>W</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>week of month (1-5) (The first week starts on the first day of the month.)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>WW</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>week number of year (1-53) (The first week starts on the first day of the year.)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>IW</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>ISO week number of year (The first Thursday of the new year is in week 1.)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>CC</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>century (2 digits)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>J</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>Julian Day (days since January 1, 4712 BC)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>Q</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>quarter</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>RM</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>month in Roman numerals (I-XII; I=January) (uppercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>rm</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>month in Roman numerals (i-xii; i=January) (lowercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>TZ</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>time-zone name (uppercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>tz</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>time-zone name (lowercase)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Certain modifiers may be applied to any template pattern to alter its
|
|
behavior. For example, <literal>FMMonth</literal>
|
|
is the <literal>Month</literal> pattern with the
|
|
<literal>FM</literal> modifier.
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-formatting-datetimemod-table"> shows the
|
|
modifier patterns for date/time formatting.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-formatting-datetimemod-table">
|
|
<title>Template Pattern Modifiers for Date/Time Formatting</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Modifier</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>FM</literal> prefix</entry>
|
|
<entry>fill mode (suppress padding blanks and zeroes)</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>FMMonth</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>TH</literal> suffix</entry>
|
|
<entry>uppercase ordinal number suffix</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>DDTH</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>th</literal> suffix</entry>
|
|
<entry>lowercase ordinal number suffix</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>DDth</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>FX</literal> prefix</entry>
|
|
<entry>fixed format global option (see usage notes)</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>FX Month DD Day</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>SP</literal> suffix</entry>
|
|
<entry>spell mode (not yet implemented)</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>DDSP</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage notes for the date/time formatting:
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>FM</literal> suppresses leading zeroes and trailing blanks
|
|
that would otherwise be added to make the output of a pattern be
|
|
fixed-width.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>to_timestamp</function> and <function>to_date</function>
|
|
skip multiple blank spaces in the input string if the <literal>FX</literal> option
|
|
is not used. <literal>FX</literal> must be specified as the first item
|
|
in the template. For example
|
|
<literal>to_timestamp('2000 JUN', 'YYYY MON')</literal> is correct, but
|
|
<literal>to_timestamp('2000 JUN', 'FXYYYY MON')</literal> returns an error,
|
|
because <function>to_timestamp</function> expects one space only.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Ordinary text is allowed in <function>to_char</function>
|
|
templates and will be output literally. You can put a substring
|
|
in double quotes to force it to be interpreted as literal text
|
|
even if it contains pattern key words. For example, in
|
|
<literal>'"Hello Year "YYYY'</literal>, the <literal>YYYY</literal>
|
|
will be replaced by the year data, but the single <literal>Y</literal> in <literal>Year</literal>
|
|
will not be.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you want to have a double quote in the output you must
|
|
precede it with a backslash, for example <literal>'\\"YYYY
|
|
Month\\"'</literal>. <!-- "" font-lock sanity :-) -->
|
|
(Two backslashes are necessary because the backslash already
|
|
has a special meaning in a string constant.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <literal>YYYY</literal> conversion from string to <type>timestamp</type> or
|
|
<type>date</type> has a restriction if you use a year with more than 4 digits. You must
|
|
use some non-digit character or template after <literal>YYYY</literal>,
|
|
otherwise the year is always interpreted as 4 digits. For example
|
|
(with the year 20000):
|
|
<literal>to_date('200001131', 'YYYYMMDD')</literal> will be
|
|
interpreted as a 4-digit year; instead use a non-digit
|
|
separator after the year, like
|
|
<literal>to_date('20000-1131', 'YYYY-MMDD')</literal> or
|
|
<literal>to_date('20000Nov31', 'YYYYMonDD')</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Millisecond (<literal>MS</literal>) and microsecond (<literal>US</literal>)
|
|
values in a conversion from string to <type>timestamp</type> are used as part of the
|
|
seconds after the decimal point. For example
|
|
<literal>to_timestamp('12:3', 'SS:MS')</literal> is not 3 milliseconds,
|
|
but 300, because the conversion counts it as 12 + 0.3 seconds.
|
|
This means for the format <literal>SS:MS</literal>, the input values
|
|
<literal>12:3</literal>, <literal>12:30</literal>, and <literal>12:300</literal> specify the
|
|
same number of milliseconds. To get three milliseconds, one must use
|
|
<literal>12:003</literal>, which the conversion counts as
|
|
12 + 0.003 = 12.003 seconds.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Here is a more
|
|
complex example:
|
|
<literal>to_timestamp('15:12:02.020.001230', 'HH:MI:SS.MS.US')</literal>
|
|
is 15 hours, 12 minutes, and 2 seconds + 20 milliseconds +
|
|
1230 microseconds = 2.021230 seconds.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-formatting-numeric-table"> shows the
|
|
template patterns available for formatting numeric values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-formatting-numeric-table">
|
|
<title>Template Patterns for Numeric Formatting</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Pattern</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>9</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>value with the specified number of digits</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>0</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>value with leading zeros</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>.</literal> (period)</entry>
|
|
<entry>decimal point</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>,</literal> (comma)</entry>
|
|
<entry>group (thousand) separator</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>PR</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>negative value in angle brackets</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>S</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>sign anchored to number (uses locale)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>L</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>currency symbol (uses locale)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>D</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>decimal point (uses locale)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>G</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>group separator (uses locale)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>MI</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>minus sign in specified position (if number < 0)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>PL</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>plus sign in specified position (if number > 0)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>SG</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>plus/minus sign in specified position</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>RN</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>roman numeral (input between 1 and 3999)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>TH</literal> or <literal>th</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>ordinal number suffix</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>V</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>shift specified number of digits (see notes)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>EEEE</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry>scientific notation (not implemented yet)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage notes for the numeric formatting:
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
A sign formatted using <literal>SG</literal>, <literal>PL</literal>, or
|
|
<literal>MI</literal> is not anchored to
|
|
the number; for example,
|
|
<literal>to_char(-12, 'S9999')</literal> produces <literal>' -12'</literal>,
|
|
but <literal>to_char(-12, 'MI9999')</literal> produces <literal>'- 12'</literal>.
|
|
The Oracle implementation does not allow the use of
|
|
<literal>MI</literal> ahead of <literal>9</literal>, but rather
|
|
requires that <literal>9</literal> precede
|
|
<literal>MI</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>9</literal> results in a value with the same number of
|
|
digits as there are <literal>9</literal>s. If a digit is
|
|
not available it outputs a space.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>TH</literal> does not convert values less than zero
|
|
and does not convert fractional numbers.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>PL</literal>, <literal>SG</literal>, and
|
|
<literal>TH</literal> are <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
|
|
extensions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>V</literal> effectively
|
|
multiplies the input values by
|
|
<literal>10^<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal>, where
|
|
<replaceable>n</replaceable> is the number of digits following
|
|
<literal>V</literal>.
|
|
<function>to_char</function> does not support the use of
|
|
<literal>V</literal> combined with a decimal point.
|
|
(E.g., <literal>99.9V99</literal> is not allowed.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-formatting-examples-table"> shows some
|
|
examples of the use of the <function>to_char</function> function.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-formatting-examples-table">
|
|
<title><function>to_char</function> Examples</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Expression</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(current_timestamp, 'Day, DD HH12:MI:SS')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'Tuesday , 06 05:39:18'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(current_timestamp, 'FMDay, FMDD HH12:MI:SS')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'Tuesday, 6 05:39:18'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-0.1, '99.99')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' -.10'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-0.1, 'FM9.99')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'-.1'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(0.1, '0.9')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 0.1'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(12, '9990999.9')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 0012.0'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(12, 'FM9990999.9')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'0012.'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, '999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-485, '999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'-485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, '9 9 9')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 4 8 5'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(1485, '9,999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 1,485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(1485, '9G999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 1 485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(148.5, '999.999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 148.500'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(148.5, 'FM999.999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'148.5'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(148.5, 'FM999.990')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'148.500'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(148.5, '999D999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 148,500'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(3148.5, '9G999D999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 3 148,500'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-485, '999S')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'485-'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-485, '999MI')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'485-'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, '999MI')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'485 '</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, 'FM999MI')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, 'PL999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'+485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, 'SG999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'+485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-485, 'SG999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'-485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-485, '9SG99')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'4-85'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(-485, '999PR')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'<485>'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, 'L999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'DM 485</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, 'RN')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' CDLXXXV'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, 'FMRN')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'CDLXXXV'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(5.2, 'FMRN')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'V'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(482, '999th')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 482nd'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485, '"Good number:"999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'Good number: 485'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(485.8, '"Pre:"999" Post:" .999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'Pre: 485 Post: .800'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(12, '99V999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 12000'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(12.4, '99V999')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 12400'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal>to_char(12.45, '99V9')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>' 125'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-datetime">
|
|
<title>Date/Time Functions and Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-datetime-table"> shows the available
|
|
functions for date/time value processing, with details appearing in
|
|
the following subsections. <xref
|
|
linkend="operators-datetime-table"> illustrates the behaviors of
|
|
the basic arithmetic operators (<literal>+</literal>,
|
|
<literal>*</literal>, etc.). For formatting functions, refer to
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-formatting">. You should be familiar with
|
|
the background information on date/time data types from <xref
|
|
linkend="datatype-datetime">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
All the functions and operators described below that take <type>time</type> or <type>timestamp</type>
|
|
inputs actually come in two variants: one that takes <type>time with time zone</type> or <type>timestamp
|
|
with time zone</type>, and one that takes <type>time without time zone</type> or <type>timestamp without time zone</type>.
|
|
For brevity, these variants are not shown separately.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="operators-datetime-table">
|
|
<title>Date/Time Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Operator</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-09-28' + integer '7'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-10-05'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-09-28' + interval '1 hour'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-09-28' + time '03:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-28 03:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '03:00' + date '2001-09-28'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-28 03:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '1 day' + interval '1 hour'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '1 day 01:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00' + interval '23 hours'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-29 00:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '01:00' + interval '3 hours'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '04:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '3 hours' + time '01:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '04:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>- interval '23 hours'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '-23:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-10-01' - date '2001-09-28'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>integer '3'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-10-01' - integer '7'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-09-24'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date '2001-09-28' - interval '1 hour'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-27 23:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '05:00' - time '03:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '02:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '05:00' - interval '2 hours'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '03:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-28 23:00' - interval '23 hours'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-28 00:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '1 day' - interval '1 hour'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '23:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '2 hours' - time '05:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>time '03:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>timestamp '2001-09-29 03:00' - timestamp '2001-09-27 12:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '1 day 15:00'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>*</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>double precision '3.5' * interval '1 hour'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '03:30'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>*</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '1 hour' * double precision '3.5'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '03:30'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>/</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '1 hour' / double precision '1.5'</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>interval '00:40'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-datetime-table">
|
|
<title>Date/Time Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>age</function>(<type>timestamp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>interval</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Subtract from today</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>age(timestamp '1957-06-13')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>43 years 8 mons 3 days</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>age</function>(<type>timestamp</type>, <type>timestamp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>interval</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Subtract arguments</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>age('2001-04-10', timestamp '1957-06-13')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>43 years 9 mons 27 days</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>current_date</function></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>date</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Today's date; see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>current_time</function></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>time with time zone</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Time of day; see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>current_timestamp</function></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>timestamp with time zone</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Date and time; see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>date_part</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>timestamp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Get subfield (equivalent to
|
|
<function>extract</function>); see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-extract">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date_part('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>20</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>date_part</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>interval</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Get subfield (equivalent to
|
|
<function>extract</function>); see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-extract">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date_part('month', interval '2 years 3 months')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>date_trunc</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>timestamp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>timestamp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Truncate to specified precision; see also <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-datetime-trunc">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>date_trunc('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>2001-02-16 20:00:00</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>extract</function>(<parameter>field</parameter> from
|
|
<type>timestamp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Get subfield; see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-extract">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>extract(hour from timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>20</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>extract</function>(<parameter>field</parameter> from
|
|
<type>interval</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Get subfield; see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-extract">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>extract(month from interval '2 years 3 months')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>isfinite</function>(<type>timestamp</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Test for finite time stamp (not equal to infinity)</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>isfinite(timestamp '2001-02-16 21:28:30')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>true</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>isfinite</function>(<type>interval</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Test for finite interval</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>isfinite(interval '4 hours')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>true</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>localtime</function></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>time</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Time of day; see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>localtimestamp</function></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>timestamp</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Date and time; see <xref linkend="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>now</function>()</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>timestamp with time zone</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Current date and time (equivalent to
|
|
<function>current_timestamp</function>); see <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>timeofday()</function></literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Current date and time; see <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In addition to these functions, the SQL <literal>OVERLAPS</> operator is
|
|
supported:
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
( <replaceable>start1</replaceable>, <replaceable>end1</replaceable> ) OVERLAPS ( <replaceable>start2</replaceable>, <replaceable>end2</replaceable> )
|
|
( <replaceable>start1</replaceable>, <replaceable>length1</replaceable> ) OVERLAPS ( <replaceable>start2</replaceable>, <replaceable>length2</replaceable> )
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
This expression yields true when two time periods (defined by their
|
|
endpoints) overlap, false when they do not overlap. The endpoints
|
|
can be specified as pairs of dates, times, or time stamps; or as
|
|
a date, time, or time stamp followed by an interval.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', DATE '2001-12-21') OVERLAPS
|
|
(DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>true</computeroutput>
|
|
SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', INTERVAL '100 days') OVERLAPS
|
|
(DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>false</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="functions-datetime-extract">
|
|
<title><function>EXTRACT</function>, <function>date_part</function></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
EXTRACT (<replaceable>field</replaceable> FROM <replaceable>source</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>extract</function> function retrieves subfields
|
|
from date/time values, such as year or hour.
|
|
<replaceable>source</replaceable> is a value expression that
|
|
evaluates to type <type>timestamp</type> or <type>interval</type>.
|
|
(Expressions of type <type>date</type> or <type>time</type> will
|
|
be cast to <type>timestamp</type> and can therefore be used as
|
|
well.) <replaceable>field</replaceable> is an identifier or
|
|
string that selects what field to extract from the source value.
|
|
The <function>extract</function> function returns values of type
|
|
<type>double precision</type>.
|
|
The following are valid field names:
|
|
|
|
<!-- alphabetical -->
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>century</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The historical definition of a century.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2000-12-16 12:21:13');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>20</computeroutput>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>21</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
An historical century is a period of 100 years.
|
|
The first century starts at 0001-01-01 00:00:00 AD, although
|
|
they did not know at the time. This definition applies to all
|
|
Gregorian calendar countries. There is no number 0 century,
|
|
you go from -1 to 1.
|
|
|
|
If you disagree with this, please write your complaint to:
|
|
Pope, Cathedral Saint-Peter of Roma, Vatican.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Compatibility: if you want the previous postgres version of century,
|
|
just divide the year by 100. Note that with this definition,
|
|
century number 0 lasts 200 years.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>day</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The day (of the month) field (1 - 31)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>16</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>decade</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The year field divided by 10
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>200</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>dow</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The day of the week (0 - 6; Sunday is 0) (for
|
|
<type>timestamp</type> values only)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(DOW FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>5</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>doy</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The day of the year (1 - 365/366) (for <type>timestamp</type> values only)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(DOY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>47</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>epoch</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
For <type>date</type> and <type>timestamp</type> values, the
|
|
number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00-00 (can be negative);
|
|
for <type>interval</type> values, the total number
|
|
of seconds in the interval
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40-08');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>982384720</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM INTERVAL '5 days 3 hours');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>442800</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Here is how you can convert an epoch value back to a time
|
|
stamp:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE 'epoch' + 982384720 * interval '1 second';
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>hour</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The hour field (0 - 23)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>20</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>microseconds</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by 1
|
|
000 000. Note that this includes full seconds.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>28500000</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>millennium</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The conventional historical millennium.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>3</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Years in the 1900's are in the second millennium.
|
|
The third millennium starts January 1, 2001.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>milliseconds</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by
|
|
1000. Note that this includes full seconds.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(MILLISECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>28500</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>minute</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The minutes field (0 - 59)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>38</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>month</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
For <type>timestamp</type> values, the number of the month
|
|
within the year (1 - 12) ; for <type>interval</type> values
|
|
the number of months, modulo 12 (0 - 11)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 3 months');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>3</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 13 months');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>1</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>quarter</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The quarter of the year (1 - 4) that the day is in (for
|
|
<type>timestamp</type> values only)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>1</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>second</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The seconds field, including fractional parts (0 -
|
|
59<footnote><simpara>60 if leap seconds are
|
|
implemented by the operating system</simpara></footnote>)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>40</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>28.5</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>timezone</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The time zone offset from UTC, measured in seconds. Positive values
|
|
correspond to time zones east of UTC, negative values to
|
|
zones west of UTC.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>timezone_hour</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The hour component of the time zone offset
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>timezone_minute</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The minute component of the time zone offset
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>week</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The number of the week of the year that the day is in. By definition
|
|
(<acronym>ISO</acronym> 8601), the first week of a year
|
|
contains January 4 of that year. (The <acronym>ISO</acronym>-8601
|
|
week starts on Monday.) In other words, the first Thursday of
|
|
a year is in week 1 of that year. (for <type>timestamp</type> values only)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(WEEK FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>7</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>year</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The year field. Keep in mind there is no <literal>0 AD</>, so subtracting
|
|
<literal>BC</> years from <literal>AD</> years should be done with care.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>extract</function> function is primarily intended
|
|
for computational processing. For formatting date/time values for
|
|
display, see <xref linkend="functions-formatting">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>date_part</function> function is modeled on the traditional
|
|
<productname>Ingres</productname> equivalent to the
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym>-standard function <function>extract</function>:
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
date_part('<replaceable>field</replaceable>', <replaceable>source</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
Note that here the <replaceable>field</replaceable> parameter needs to
|
|
be a string value, not a name. The valid field names for
|
|
<function>date_part</function> are the same as for
|
|
<function>extract</function>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT date_part('day', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>16</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT date_part('hour', INTERVAL '4 hours 3 minutes');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>4</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="functions-datetime-trunc">
|
|
<title><function>date_trunc</function></title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The function <function>date_trunc</function> is conceptually
|
|
similar to the <function>trunc</function> function for numbers.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
date_trunc('<replaceable>field</replaceable>', <replaceable>source</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>source</replaceable> is a value expression of type
|
|
<type>timestamp</type> or <type>interval</>.
|
|
(Values of type <type>date</type> and
|
|
<type>time</type> are cast automatically, to <type>timestamp</type> or
|
|
<type>interval</> respectively.)
|
|
<replaceable>field</replaceable> selects to which precision to
|
|
truncate the input value. The return value is of type
|
|
<type>timestamp</type> or <type>interval</>
|
|
with all fields that are less significant than the
|
|
selected one set to zero (or one, for day and month).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Valid values for <replaceable>field</replaceable> are:
|
|
<simplelist>
|
|
<member><literal>microseconds</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>milliseconds</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>second</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>minute</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>hour</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>day</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>week</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>month</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>year</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>decade</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>century</literal></member>
|
|
<member><literal>millennium</literal></member>
|
|
</simplelist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Examples:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT date_trunc('hour', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-02-16 20:00:00</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT date_trunc('year', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-01-01 00:00:00</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="functions-datetime-zoneconvert">
|
|
<title><literal>AT TIME ZONE</literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>time zone</primary>
|
|
<secondary>conversion</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <literal>AT TIME ZONE</literal> construct allows conversions
|
|
of time stamps to different time zones. <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-datetime-zoneconvert-table"> shows its
|
|
variants.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-datetime-zoneconvert-table">
|
|
<title><literal>AT TIME ZONE</literal> Variants</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Expression</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><type>timestamp without time zone</type> AT TIME ZONE <replaceable>zone</></literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>timestamp with time zone</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Convert local time in given time zone to UTC</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><type>timestamp with time zone</type> AT TIME ZONE <replaceable>zone</></literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>timestamp without time zone</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Convert UTC to local time in given time zone</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><type>time with time zone</type> AT TIME ZONE <replaceable>zone</></literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>time with time zone</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Convert local time across time zones</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In these expressions, the desired time zone <replaceable>zone</> can be
|
|
specified either as a text string (e.g., <literal>'PST'</literal>)
|
|
or as an interval (e.g., <literal>INTERVAL '-08:00'</literal>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Examples (supposing that the local time zone is <literal>PST8PDT</>):
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40' AT TIME ZONE 'MST';
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-02-16 19:38:40-08</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' AT TIME ZONE 'MST';
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-02-16 18:38:40</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
The first example takes a zone-less time stamp and interprets it as MST time
|
|
(UTC-7) to produce a UTC time stamp, which is then rotated to PST (UTC-8)
|
|
for display. The second example takes a time stamp specified in EST
|
|
(UTC-5) and converts it to local time in MST (UTC-7).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The function <literal><function>timezone</function>(<replaceable>zone</>,
|
|
<replaceable>timestamp</>)</literal> is equivalent to the SQL-conforming construct
|
|
<literal><replaceable>timestamp</> AT TIME ZONE
|
|
<replaceable>zone</></literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="functions-datetime-current">
|
|
<title>Current Date/Time</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>date</primary>
|
|
<secondary>current</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>time</primary>
|
|
<secondary>current</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following functions are available to obtain the current date and/or
|
|
time:
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
CURRENT_DATE
|
|
CURRENT_TIME
|
|
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
|
|
CURRENT_TIME ( <replaceable>precision</replaceable> )
|
|
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ( <replaceable>precision</replaceable> )
|
|
LOCALTIME
|
|
LOCALTIMESTAMP
|
|
LOCALTIME ( <replaceable>precision</replaceable> )
|
|
LOCALTIMESTAMP ( <replaceable>precision</replaceable> )
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>CURRENT_TIME</function> and
|
|
<function>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</function> deliver values with time zone;
|
|
<function>LOCALTIME</function> and
|
|
<function>LOCALTIMESTAMP</function> deliver values without time zone.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>CURRENT_TIME</function>,
|
|
<function>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</function>,
|
|
<function>LOCALTIME</function>, and
|
|
<function>LOCALTIMESTAMP</function>
|
|
can optionally be given
|
|
a precision parameter, which causes the result to be rounded
|
|
to that many fractional digits in the seconds field. Without a precision parameter,
|
|
the result is given to the full available precision.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prior to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.2, the precision
|
|
parameters were unimplemented, and the result was always given
|
|
in integer seconds.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>14:39:53.662522-05</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-12-23</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2);
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-12-23 14:39:53.66-05</computeroutput>
|
|
|
|
SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP;
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>2001-12-23 14:39:53.662522</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The function <function>now()</function> is the traditional
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> equivalent to
|
|
<function>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</function>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
There is also the function <function>timeofday()</function>, which for historical
|
|
reasons returns a <type>text</type> string rather than a <type>timestamp</type> value:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT timeofday();
|
|
<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>Sat Feb 17 19:07:32.000126 2001 EST</computeroutput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It is important to know that
|
|
<function>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</function> and related functions return
|
|
the start time of the current transaction; their values do not
|
|
change during the transaction. This is considered a feature:
|
|
the intent is to allow a single transaction to have a consistent
|
|
notion of the <quote>current</quote> time, so that multiple
|
|
modifications within the same transaction bear the same
|
|
time stamp. <function>timeofday()</function>
|
|
returns the wall-clock time and does advance during transactions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Other database systems may advance these values more
|
|
frequently.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
All the date/time data types also accept the special literal value
|
|
<literal>now</literal> to specify the current date and time. Thus,
|
|
the following three all return the same result:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
|
|
SELECT now();
|
|
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'now';
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You do not want to use the third form when specifying a <literal>DEFAULT</>
|
|
clause while creating a table. The system will convert <literal>now</literal>
|
|
to a <type>timestamp</type> as soon as the constant is parsed, so that when
|
|
the default value is needed,
|
|
the time of the table creation would be used! The first two
|
|
forms will not be evaluated until the default value is used,
|
|
because they are function calls. Thus they will give the desired
|
|
behavior of defaulting to the time of row insertion.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-geometry">
|
|
<title>Geometric Functions and Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The geometric types <type>point</type>, <type>box</type>,
|
|
<type>lseg</type>, <type>line</type>, <type>path</type>,
|
|
<type>polygon</type>, and <type>circle</type> have a large set of
|
|
native support functions and operators, shown in <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-geometry-op-table">, <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-geometry-func-table">, and <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-geometry-conv-table">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-geometry-op-table">
|
|
<title>Geometric Operators</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Operator</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>+</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Translation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box '((0,0),(1,1))' + point '(2.0,0)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Translation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box '((0,0),(1,1))' - point '(2.0,0)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>*</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Scaling/rotation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box '((0,0),(1,1))' * point '(2.0,0)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>/</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Scaling/rotation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box '((0,0),(2,2))' / point '(2.0,0)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>#</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Point or box of intersection</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>'((1,-1),(-1,1))' # '((1,1),(-1,-1))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>#</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Number of points in path or polygon</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal># '((1,0),(0,1),(-1,0))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>@-@</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Length or circumference</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>@-@ path '((0,0),(1,0))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>@@</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Center</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>@@ circle '((0,0),10)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>##</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Closest point to first operand on second operand</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point '(0,0)' ## lseg '((2,0),(0,2))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><-></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Distance between</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle '((0,0),1)' <-> circle '((5,0),1)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>&&</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Overlaps?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box '((0,0),(1,1))' && box '((0,0),(2,2))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>&<</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Does not extend to the right of?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box '((0,0),(1,1))' &< box '((0,0),(2,2))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>&></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Does not extend to the left of?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box '((0,0),(3,3))' &> box '((0,0),(2,2))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><<</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Is left of?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle '((0,0),1)' << circle '((5,0),1)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>>></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Is right of?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle '((5,0),1)' >> circle '((0,0),1)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><^</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Is below?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle '((0,0),1)' <^ circle '((0,5),1)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>>^</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Is above?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle '((0,5),1)' >^ circle '((0,0),1)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?#</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Intersects?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>lseg '((-1,0),(1,0))' ?# box '((-2,-2),(2,2))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Is horizontal?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>?- lseg '((-1,0),(1,0))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?-</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Are horizontally aligned?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point '(1,0)' ?- point '(0,0)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?|</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Is vertical?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>?| lseg '((-1,0),(1,0))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?|</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Are vertically aligned?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point '(0,1)' ?| point '(0,0)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?-|</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Is perpendicular?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>lseg '((0,0),(0,1))' ?-| lseg '((0,0),(1,0))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>?||</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Are parallel?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>lseg '((-1,0),(1,0))' ?|| lseg '((-1,2),(1,2))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>~</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Contains?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle '((0,0),2)' ~ point '(1,1)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>@</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Contained in or on?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point '(1,1)' @ circle '((0,0),2)'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>~=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>Same as?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>polygon '((0,0),(1,1))' ~= polygon '((1,1),(0,0))'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-geometry-func-table">
|
|
<title>Geometric Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="4">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>area</function>(<replaceable>object</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>area</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>area(box '((0,0),(1,1))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>box_intersect</function>(<type>box</>, <type>box</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>box</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>intersection box</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box_intersect(box '((0,0),(1,1))',box '((0.5,0.5),(2,2))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>center</function>(<replaceable>object</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>point</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>center</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>center(box '((0,0),(1,2))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>diameter</function>(<type>circle</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>diameter of circle</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>diameter(circle '((0,0),2.0)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>height</function>(<type>box</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>vertical size of box</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>height(box '((0,0),(1,1))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>isclosed</function>(<type>path</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>a closed path?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>isclosed(path '((0,0),(1,1),(2,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>isopen</function>(<type>path</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>an open path?</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>isopen(path '[(0,0),(1,1),(2,0)]')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>length</function>(<replaceable>object</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>length</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>length(path '((-1,0),(1,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>npoints</function>(<type>path</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>number of points</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>npoints(path '[(0,0),(1,1),(2,0)]')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>npoints</function>(<type>polygon</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>number of points</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>npoints(polygon '((1,1),(0,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pclose</function>(<type>path</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>path</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert path to closed</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>popen(path '[(0,0),(1,1),(2,0)]')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<![IGNORE[
|
|
<!-- Not defined by this name. Implements the intersection operator '#' -->
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>point</function>(<type>lseg</>, <type>lseg</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>point</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>intersection</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point(lseg '((-1,0),(1,0))',lseg '((-2,-2),(2,2))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
]]>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>popen</function>(<type>path</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>path</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>convert path to open</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>popen(path '((0,0),(1,1),(2,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>radius</function>(<type>circle</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>radius of circle</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>radius(circle '((0,0),2.0)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>width</function>(<type>box</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>double precision</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>horizontal size of box</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>width(box '((0,0),(1,1))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-geometry-conv-table">
|
|
<title>Geometric Type Conversion Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="4">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>box</function>(<type>circle</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>box</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>circle to box</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box(circle '((0,0),2.0)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>box</function>(<type>point</type>, <type>point</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>box</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>points to box</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box(point '(0,0)', point '(1,1)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>box</function>(<type>polygon</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>box</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>polygon to box</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>box(polygon '((0,0),(1,1),(2,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>circle</function>(<type>box</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>circle</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>box to circle</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle(box '((0,0),(1,1))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>circle</function>(<type>point</type>, <type>double precision</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>circle</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>point and radius to circle</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>circle(point '(0,0)', 2.0)</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>lseg</function>(<type>box</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>lseg</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>box diagonal to line segment</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>lseg(box '((-1,0),(1,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>lseg</function>(<type>point</type>, <type>point</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>lseg</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>points to line segment</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>lseg(point '(-1,0)', point '(1,0)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>path</function>(<type>polygon</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>point</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>polygon to path</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>path(polygon '((0,0),(1,1),(2,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>point</function>(<type>circle</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>point</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>center of circle</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point(circle '((0,0),2.0)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>point</function>(<type>lseg</type>, <type>lseg</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>point</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>intersection</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point(lseg '((-1,0),(1,0))', lseg '((-2,-2),(2,2))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>point</function>(<type>polygon</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>point</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>center of polygon</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>point(polygon '((0,0),(1,1),(2,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>polygon</function>(<type>box</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>polygon</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>box to 4-point polygon</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>polygon(box '((0,0),(1,1))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>polygon</function>(<type>circle</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>polygon</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>circle to 12-point polygon</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>polygon(circle '((0,0),2.0)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>polygon</function>(<replaceable class="parameter">npts</replaceable>, <type>circle</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>polygon</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>circle to <replaceable class="parameter">npts</replaceable>-point polygon</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>polygon(12, circle '((0,0),2.0)')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>polygon</function>(<type>path</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>polygon</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>path to polygon</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>polygon(path '((0,0),(1,1),(2,0))')</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It is possible to access the two component numbers of a <type>point</>
|
|
as though it were an array with indices 0 and 1. For example, if
|
|
<literal>t.p</> is a <type>point</> column then
|
|
<literal>SELECT p[0] FROM t</> retrieves the X coordinate and
|
|
<literal>UPDATE t SET p[1] = ...</> changes the Y coordinate.
|
|
In the same way, a value of type <type>box</> or <type>lseg</> may be treated
|
|
as an array of two <type>point</> values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-net">
|
|
<title>Network Address Type Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="cidr-inet-operators-table"> shows the operators
|
|
available for the <type>cidr</type> and <type>inet</type> types.
|
|
The operators <literal><<</literal>,
|
|
<literal><<=</literal>, <literal>>></literal>, and
|
|
<literal>>>=</literal> test for subnet inclusion. They
|
|
consider only the network parts of the two addresses, ignoring any
|
|
host part, and determine whether one network part is identical to
|
|
or a subnet of the other.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="cidr-inet-operators-table">
|
|
<title><type>cidr</type> and <type>inet</type> Operators</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Operator</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>is less than</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1.5' < inet '192.168.1.6'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>is less than or equal</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1.5' <= inet '192.168.1.5'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>equals</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1.5' = inet '192.168.1.5'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>>=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>is greater or equal</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1.5' >= inet '192.168.1.5'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>is greater than</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1.5' > inet '192.168.1.4'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>is not equal</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1.5' <> inet '192.168.1.4'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><<</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>is contained within</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1.5' << inet '192.168.1/24'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><<=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>is contained within or equals</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1/24' <<= inet '192.168.1/24'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>>></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>contains</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1/24' >> inet '192.168.1.5'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>>>=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>contains or equals</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>inet '192.168.1/24' >>= inet '192.168.1/24'</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="cidr-inet-functions-table"> shows the functions
|
|
available for use with the <type>cidr</type> and <type>inet</type>
|
|
types. The <function>host</function>,
|
|
<function>text</function>, and <function>abbrev</function>
|
|
functions are primarily intended to offer alternative display
|
|
formats. You can cast a text value to <type>inet</> using normal casting
|
|
syntax: <literal>inet(<replaceable>expression</>)</literal> or
|
|
<literal><replaceable>colname</>::inet</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="cidr-inet-functions-table">
|
|
<title><type>cidr</type> and <type>inet</type> Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>broadcast</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>inet</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>broadcast address for network</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>broadcast('192.168.1.5/24')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>192.168.1.255/24</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>host</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>extract IP address as text</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>host('192.168.1.5/24')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>192.168.1.5</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>masklen</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>extract netmask length</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>masklen('192.168.1.5/24')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>24</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>set_masklen</function>(<type>inet</type>, <type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>inet</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>set netmask length for <type>inet</type> value</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>set_masklen('192.168.1.5/24', 16)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>192.168.1.5/16</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>netmask</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>inet</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>construct netmask for network</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>netmask('192.168.1.5/24')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>255.255.255.0</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>hostmask</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>inet</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>construct host mask for network</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>hostmask('192.168.23.20/30')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>0.0.0.3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>network</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>cidr</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>extract network part of address</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>network('192.168.1.5/24')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>192.168.1.0/24</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>text</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>extract IP address and netmask length as text</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>text(inet '192.168.1.5')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>192.168.1.5/32</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>abbrev</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>abbreviated display format as text</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>abbrev(cidr '10.1.0.0/16')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>10.1/16</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>family</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>extract family of address; <literal>4</literal> for IPv4,
|
|
<literal>6</literal> for IPv6</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>family('::1')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>6</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="macaddr-functions-table"> shows the functions
|
|
available for use with the <type>macaddr</type> type. The function
|
|
<literal><function>trunc</function>(<type>macaddr</type>)</literal> returns a MAC
|
|
address with the last 3 bytes set to zero. This can be used to
|
|
associate the remaining prefix with a manufacturer. The directory
|
|
<filename>contrib/mac</filename> in the source distribution
|
|
contains some utilities to create and maintain such an association
|
|
table.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="macaddr-functions-table">
|
|
<title><type>macaddr</type> Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>trunc</function>(<type>macaddr</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>macaddr</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>set last 3 bytes to zero</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>trunc(macaddr '12:34:56:78:90:ab')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>12:34:56:00:00:00</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <type>macaddr</type> type also supports the standard relational
|
|
operators (<literal>></literal>, <literal><=</literal>, etc.) for
|
|
lexicographical ordering.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-sequence">
|
|
<title>Sequence Manipulation Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>sequence</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>nextval</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>currval</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>setval</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section describes <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s functions
|
|
for operating on <firstterm>sequence objects</firstterm>.
|
|
Sequence objects (also called sequence generators or
|
|
just sequences) are special single-row tables created with
|
|
<command>CREATE SEQUENCE</command>. A sequence object is usually used to
|
|
generate unique identifiers for rows of a table. The sequence functions,
|
|
listed in <xref linkend="functions-sequence-table">,
|
|
provide simple, multiuser-safe methods for obtaining successive
|
|
sequence values from sequence objects.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-sequence-table">
|
|
<title>Sequence Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row><entry>Function</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry></row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>nextval</function>(<type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Advance sequence and return new value</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>currval</function>(<type>text</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Return value most recently obtained with <function>nextval</function></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>setval</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>bigint</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Set sequence's current value</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>setval</function>(<type>text</type>, <type>bigint</type>, <type>boolean</type>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>Set sequence's current value and <literal>is_called</literal> flag</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For largely historical reasons, the sequence to be operated on by a
|
|
sequence-function call is specified by a text-string argument. To
|
|
achieve some compatibility with the handling of ordinary
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym> names, the sequence functions convert their
|
|
argument to lowercase unless the string is double-quoted. Thus
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
nextval('foo') <lineannotation>operates on sequence <literal>foo</literal></>
|
|
nextval('FOO') <lineannotation>operates on sequence <literal>foo</literal></>
|
|
nextval('"Foo"') <lineannotation>operates on sequence <literal>Foo</literal></>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
The sequence name can be schema-qualified if necessary:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
nextval('myschema.foo') <lineannotation>operates on <literal>myschema.foo</literal></>
|
|
nextval('"myschema".foo') <lineannotation>same as above</lineannotation>
|
|
nextval('foo') <lineannotation>searches search path for <literal>foo</literal></>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Of course, the text argument can be the result of an expression,
|
|
not only a simple literal, which is occasionally useful.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The available sequence functions are:
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><function>nextval</function></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Advance the sequence object to its next value and return that
|
|
value. This is done atomically: even if multiple sessions
|
|
execute <function>nextval</function> concurrently, each will safely receive
|
|
a distinct sequence value.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><function>currval</function></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Return the value most recently obtained by <function>nextval</function>
|
|
for this sequence in the current session. (An error is
|
|
reported if <function>nextval</function> has never been called for this
|
|
sequence in this session.) Notice that because this is returning
|
|
a session-local value, it gives a predictable answer even if other
|
|
sessions are executing <function>nextval</function> meanwhile.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><function>setval</function></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Reset the sequence object's counter value. The two-parameter
|
|
form sets the sequence's <literal>last_value</literal> field to the specified
|
|
value and sets its <literal>is_called</literal> field to <literal>true</literal>,
|
|
meaning that the next <function>nextval</function> will advance the sequence
|
|
before returning a value. In the three-parameter form,
|
|
<literal>is_called</literal> may be set either <literal>true</literal> or
|
|
<literal>false</literal>. If it's set to <literal>false</literal>,
|
|
the next <function>nextval</function> will return exactly the specified
|
|
value, and sequence advancement commences with the following
|
|
<function>nextval</function>. For example,
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT setval('foo', 42); <lineannotation>Next <function>nextval</> will return 43</lineannotation>
|
|
SELECT setval('foo', 42, true); <lineannotation>Same as above</lineannotation>
|
|
SELECT setval('foo', 42, false); <lineannotation>Next <function>nextval</> will return 42</lineannotation>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
The result returned by <function>setval</function> is just the value of its
|
|
second argument.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<important>
|
|
<para>
|
|
To avoid blocking of concurrent transactions that obtain numbers from the
|
|
same sequence, a <function>nextval</function> operation is never rolled back;
|
|
that is, once a value has been fetched it is considered used, even if the
|
|
transaction that did the <function>nextval</function> later aborts. This means
|
|
that aborted transactions may leave unused <quote>holes</quote> in the
|
|
sequence of assigned values. <function>setval</function> operations are never
|
|
rolled back, either.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</important>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If a sequence object has been created with default parameters,
|
|
<function>nextval</function> calls on it will return successive values
|
|
beginning with 1. Other behaviors can be obtained by using
|
|
special parameters in the <xref linkend="SQL-CREATESEQUENCE"> command;
|
|
see its command reference page for more information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-conditional">
|
|
<title>Conditional Expressions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>CASE</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>conditional expression</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section describes the <acronym>SQL</acronym>-compliant conditional expressions
|
|
available in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If your needs go beyond the capabilities of these conditional
|
|
expressions you might want to consider writing a stored procedure
|
|
in a more expressive programming language.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>CASE</></title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <acronym>SQL</acronym> <token>CASE</token> expression is a
|
|
generic conditional expression, similar to if/else statements in
|
|
other languages:
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
CASE WHEN <replaceable>condition</replaceable> THEN <replaceable>result</replaceable>
|
|
<optional>WHEN ...</optional>
|
|
<optional>ELSE <replaceable>result</replaceable></optional>
|
|
END
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<token>CASE</token> clauses can be used wherever
|
|
an expression is valid. <replaceable>condition</replaceable> is an
|
|
expression that returns a <type>boolean</type> result. If the result is true
|
|
then the value of the <token>CASE</token> expression is the
|
|
<replaceable>result</replaceable> that follows the condition. If the result is false any
|
|
subsequent <token>WHEN</token> clauses are searched in the same
|
|
manner. If no <token>WHEN</token>
|
|
<replaceable>condition</replaceable> is true then the value of the
|
|
case expression is the <replaceable>result</replaceable> in the
|
|
<token>ELSE</token> clause. If the <token>ELSE</token> clause is
|
|
omitted and no condition matches, the result is null.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
An example:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT * FROM test;
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
---
|
|
1
|
|
2
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
SELECT a,
|
|
CASE WHEN a=1 THEN 'one'
|
|
WHEN a=2 THEN 'two'
|
|
ELSE 'other'
|
|
END
|
|
FROM test;
|
|
|
|
a | case
|
|
---+-------
|
|
1 | one
|
|
2 | two
|
|
3 | other
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The data types of all the <replaceable>result</replaceable>
|
|
expressions must be convertible to a single output type.
|
|
See <xref linkend="typeconv-union-case"> for more detail.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following <quote>simple</quote> <token>CASE</token> expression is a
|
|
specialized variant of the general form above:
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
CASE <replaceable>expression</replaceable>
|
|
WHEN <replaceable>value</replaceable> THEN <replaceable>result</replaceable>
|
|
<optional>WHEN ...</optional>
|
|
<optional>ELSE <replaceable>result</replaceable></optional>
|
|
END
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> is computed and compared to
|
|
all the <replaceable>value</replaceable> specifications in the
|
|
<token>WHEN</token> clauses until one is found that is equal. If
|
|
no match is found, the <replaceable>result</replaceable> in the
|
|
<token>ELSE</token> clause (or a null value) is returned. This is similar
|
|
to the <function>switch</function> statement in C.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The example above can be written using the simple
|
|
<token>CASE</token> syntax:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT a,
|
|
CASE a WHEN 1 THEN 'one'
|
|
WHEN 2 THEN 'two'
|
|
ELSE 'other'
|
|
END
|
|
FROM test;
|
|
|
|
a | case
|
|
---+-------
|
|
1 | one
|
|
2 | two
|
|
3 | other
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A <token>CASE</token> expression does not evaluate any subexpressions
|
|
that are not needed to determine the result. For example, this is a
|
|
possible way of avoiding a division-by-zero failure:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT ... WHERE CASE WHEN x <> 0 THEN y/x > 1.5 ELSE false END;
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>COALESCE</></title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>COALESCE</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<function>COALESCE</function>(<replaceable>value</replaceable> <optional>, ...</optional>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>COALESCE</function> function returns the first of its
|
|
arguments that is not null. Null is returned only if all arguments
|
|
are null. This is often useful to substitute a
|
|
default value for null values when data is retrieved for display,
|
|
for example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT COALESCE(description, short_description, '(none)') ...
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Like a <token>CASE</token> expression, <function>COALESCE</function> will
|
|
not evaluate arguments that are not needed to determine the result;
|
|
that is, arguments to the right of the first non-null argument are
|
|
not evaluated.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>NULLIF</></title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>NULLIF</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<function>NULLIF</function>(<replaceable>value1</replaceable>, <replaceable>value2</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>NULLIF</function> function returns a null value if and only
|
|
if <replaceable>value1</replaceable> and
|
|
<replaceable>value2</replaceable> are equal. Otherwise it returns
|
|
<replaceable>value1</replaceable>. This can be used to perform the
|
|
inverse operation of the <function>COALESCE</function> example
|
|
given above:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT NULLIF(value, '(none)') ...
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-misc">
|
|
<title>Miscellaneous Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-misc-session-table"> shows several
|
|
functions that extract session and system information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-misc-session-table">
|
|
<title>Session Information Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row><entry>Name</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry></row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>current_database()</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>name of current database</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>current_schema()</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>name of current schema</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>current_schemas(boolean)</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name[]</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>names of schemas in search path optionally including implicit schemas</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>current_user</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>user name of current execution context</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>inet_client_addr</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>inet</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>address of the remote connection</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>inet_client_port</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>int4</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>port of the remote connection</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>inet_server_addr</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>inet</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>address of the local connection</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>inet_server_port</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>int4</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>port of the local connection</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>session_user</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>session user name</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>user</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>equivalent to <function>current_user</function></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>version()</function></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>PostgreSQL version information</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>user</primary>
|
|
<secondary>current</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>schema</primary>
|
|
<secondary>current</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>search path</primary>
|
|
<secondary>current</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>session_user</function> is the user that initiated a
|
|
database connection; it is fixed for the duration of that
|
|
connection. The <function>current_user</function> is the user identifier
|
|
that is applicable for permission checking. Normally, it is equal
|
|
to the session user, but it changes during the execution of
|
|
functions with the attribute <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</literal>.
|
|
In Unix parlance, the session user is the <quote>real user</quote> and
|
|
the current user is the <quote>effective user</quote>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>current_user</function>, <function>session_user</function>, and
|
|
<function>user</function> have special syntactic status in <acronym>SQL</acronym>:
|
|
they must be called without trailing parentheses.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>inet_client_addr</function> and
|
|
<function>inet_server_addr</function> return the IPv4 or IPv6 (if
|
|
configured) address of the remote or local host connecting to the
|
|
database, respectively. <function>inet_client_port</function>
|
|
and <function>inet_server_port</function> return the port number
|
|
of the remote or local host connecting to the database,
|
|
respectively. If the connection is not a network connection,
|
|
these functions will return <literal>NULL</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>current_schema</function> returns the name of the schema that is
|
|
at the front of the search path (or a null value if the search path is
|
|
empty). This is the schema that will be used for any tables or
|
|
other named objects that are created without specifying a target schema.
|
|
<function>current_schemas(boolean)</function> returns an array of the names of all
|
|
schemas presently in the search path. The Boolean option determines whether or not
|
|
implicitly included system schemas such as <literal>pg_catalog</> are included in the search
|
|
path returned.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The search path may be altered at run time. The command is:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SET search_path TO <replaceable>schema</> <optional>, <replaceable>schema</>, ...</optional>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>version</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>version()</function> returns a string describing the
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server's version.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-misc-set-table"> shows the functions
|
|
available to query and alter run-time configuration parameters.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-misc-set-table">
|
|
<title>Configuration Settings Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row><entry>Name</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry></row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>current_setting</function>(<parameter>setting_name</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>current value of setting</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal><function>set_config(<parameter>setting_name</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>new_value</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>is_local</parameter>)</function></literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>set parameter and return new value</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>SET</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>SHOW</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>configuration</primary>
|
|
<secondary sortas="server">of the server</secondary>
|
|
<tertiary>functions</tertiary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The function <function>current_setting</function> yields the
|
|
current value of the setting <parameter>setting_name</parameter>.
|
|
It corresponds to the <acronym>SQL</acronym> command
|
|
<command>SHOW</command>. An example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT current_setting('datestyle');
|
|
|
|
current_setting
|
|
-----------------
|
|
ISO, MDY
|
|
(1 row)
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>set_config</function> sets the parameter
|
|
<parameter>setting_name</parameter> to
|
|
<parameter>new_value</parameter>. If
|
|
<parameter>is_local</parameter> is <literal>true</literal>, the
|
|
new value will only apply to the current transaction. If you want
|
|
the new value to apply for the current session, use
|
|
<literal>false</literal> instead. The function corresponds to the
|
|
SQL command <command>SET</command>. An example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT set_config('log_statement_stats', 'off', false);
|
|
|
|
set_config
|
|
------------
|
|
off
|
|
(1 row)
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>privilege</primary>
|
|
<secondary>querying</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-misc-access-table"> lists functions that
|
|
allow the user to query object access privileges programmatically.
|
|
See <xref linkend="ddl-priv"> for more information about
|
|
privileges.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-misc-access-table">
|
|
<title>Access Privilege Inquiry Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row><entry>Name</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry></row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_table_privilege</function>(<parameter>user</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>table</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does user have privilege for table</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_table_privilege</function>(<parameter>table</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does current user have privilege for table</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_database_privilege</function>(<parameter>user</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>database</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does user have privilege for database</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_database_privilege</function>(<parameter>database</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does current user have privilege for database</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_function_privilege</function>(<parameter>user</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>function</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does user have privilege for function</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_function_privilege</function>(<parameter>function</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does current user have privilege for function</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_language_privilege</function>(<parameter>user</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>language</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does user have privilege for language</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_language_privilege</function>(<parameter>language</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does current user have privilege for language</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_schema_privilege</function>(<parameter>user</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>schema</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does user have privilege for schema</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>has_schema_privilege</function>(<parameter>schema</parameter>,
|
|
<parameter>privilege</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>does current user have privilege for schema</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>has_table_privilege</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>has_database_privilege</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>has_function_privilege</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>has_language_privilege</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>has_schema_privilege</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>has_table_privilege</function> checks whether a user
|
|
can access a table in a particular way. The user can be
|
|
specified by name or by ID
|
|
(<literal>pg_user.usesysid</literal>), or if the argument is
|
|
omitted
|
|
<function>current_user</function> is assumed. The table can be specified
|
|
by name or by OID. (Thus, there are actually six variants of
|
|
<function>has_table_privilege</function>, which can be distinguished by
|
|
the number and types of their arguments.) When specifying by name,
|
|
the name can be schema-qualified if necessary.
|
|
The desired access privilege type
|
|
is specified by a text string, which must evaluate to one of the
|
|
values <literal>SELECT</literal>, <literal>INSERT</literal>, <literal>UPDATE</literal>,
|
|
<literal>DELETE</literal>, <literal>RULE</literal>, <literal>REFERENCES</literal>, or
|
|
<literal>TRIGGER</literal>. (Case of the string is not significant, however.)
|
|
An example is:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT has_table_privilege('myschema.mytable', 'select');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>has_database_privilege</function> checks whether a user
|
|
can access a database in a particular way. The possibilities for its
|
|
arguments are analogous to <function>has_table_privilege</function>.
|
|
The desired access privilege type must evaluate to
|
|
<literal>CREATE</literal>,
|
|
<literal>TEMPORARY</literal>, or
|
|
<literal>TEMP</literal> (which is equivalent to
|
|
<literal>TEMPORARY</literal>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>has_function_privilege</function> checks whether a user
|
|
can access a function in a particular way. The possibilities for its
|
|
arguments are analogous to <function>has_table_privilege</function>.
|
|
When specifying a function by a text string rather than by OID,
|
|
the allowed input is the same as for the <type>regprocedure</> data type.
|
|
The desired access privilege type must evaluate to
|
|
<literal>EXECUTE</literal>.
|
|
An example is:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT has_function_privilege('joeuser', 'myfunc(int, text)', 'execute');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>has_language_privilege</function> checks whether a user
|
|
can access a procedural language in a particular way. The possibilities
|
|
for its arguments are analogous to <function>has_table_privilege</function>.
|
|
The desired access privilege type must evaluate to
|
|
<literal>USAGE</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>has_schema_privilege</function> checks whether a user
|
|
can access a schema in a particular way. The possibilities for its
|
|
arguments are analogous to <function>has_table_privilege</function>.
|
|
The desired access privilege type must evaluate to
|
|
<literal>CREATE</literal> or
|
|
<literal>USAGE</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To evaluate whether a user holds a grant option on the privilege,
|
|
append <literal> WITH GRANT OPTION</literal> to the privilege key
|
|
word; for example <literal>'UPDATE WITH GRANT OPTION'</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-misc-schema-table"> shows functions that
|
|
determine whether a certain object is <firstterm>visible</> in the
|
|
current schema search path. A table is said to be visible if its
|
|
containing schema is in the search path and no table of the same
|
|
name appears earlier in the search path. This is equivalent to the
|
|
statement that the table can be referenced by name without explicit
|
|
schema qualification. For example, to list the names of all
|
|
visible tables:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT relname FROM pg_class WHERE pg_table_is_visible(oid);
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-misc-schema-table">
|
|
<title>Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row><entry>Name</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry></row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_table_is_visible</function>(<parameter>table_oid</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>is table visible in search path</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_type_is_visible</function>(<parameter>type_oid</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>is type (or domain) visible in search path</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_function_is_visible</function>(<parameter>function_oid</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>is function visible in search path</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_operator_is_visible</function>(<parameter>operator_oid</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>is operator visible in search path</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_opclass_is_visible</function>(<parameter>opclass_oid</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>is operator class visible in search path</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_conversion_is_visible</function>(<parameter>conversion_oid</parameter>)</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>is conversion visible in search path</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_table_is_visible</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_type_is_visible</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_function_is_visible</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_operator_is_visible</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_opclass_is_visible</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_conversion_is_visible</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>pg_table_is_visible</function> performs the check for
|
|
tables (or views, or any other kind of <literal>pg_class</> entry).
|
|
<function>pg_type_is_visible</function>,
|
|
<function>pg_function_is_visible</function>,
|
|
<function>pg_operator_is_visible</function>,
|
|
<function>pg_opclass_is_visible</function>, and
|
|
<function>pg_conversion_is_visible</function> perform the same sort of
|
|
visibility check for types (and domains), functions, operators, operator classes
|
|
and conversions, respectively. For functions and operators, an object in
|
|
the search path is visible if there is no object of the same name
|
|
<emphasis>and argument data type(s)</> earlier in the path. For
|
|
operator classes, both name and associated index access method are
|
|
considered.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
All these functions require object OIDs to identify the object to be
|
|
checked. If you want to test an object by name, it is convenient to use
|
|
the OID alias types (<type>regclass</>, <type>regtype</>,
|
|
<type>regprocedure</>, or <type>regoperator</>), for example
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT pg_type_is_visible('myschema.widget'::regtype);
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Note that it would not make much sense to test an unqualified name in
|
|
this way --- if the name can be recognized at all, it must be visible.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_get_viewdef</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_get_ruledef</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_get_indexdef</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_get_triggerdef</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_get_constraintdef</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_get_expr</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>pg_get_userbyid</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="functions-misc-catalog-table"> lists functions that
|
|
extract information from the system catalogs.
|
|
<function>pg_get_viewdef</function>,
|
|
<function>pg_get_ruledef</function>,
|
|
<function>pg_get_indexdef</function>,
|
|
<function>pg_get_triggerdef</function>, and
|
|
<function>pg_get_constraintdef</function> respectively
|
|
reconstruct the creating command for a view, rule, index, trigger, or
|
|
constraint. (Note that this is a decompiled reconstruction, not
|
|
the original text of the command.) Most of these come in two
|
|
variants, one of which can optionally <quote>pretty-print</> the result.
|
|
The pretty-printed format is more readable, but the default format is more
|
|
likely to be
|
|
interpreted the same way by future versions of <productname>PostgreSQL</>;
|
|
avoid using pretty-printed output for dump purposes.
|
|
Passing <literal>false</> for the pretty-print parameter yields the
|
|
same result as the variant that does not have the parameter at all.
|
|
<function>pg_get_expr</function> decompiles the internal form of an
|
|
individual expression, such as the default value for a column. It
|
|
may be useful when examining the contents of system catalogs.
|
|
<function>pg_get_userbyid</function>
|
|
extracts a user's name given a user ID number.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-misc-catalog-table">
|
|
<title>System Catalog Information Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row><entry>Name</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry></row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_viewdef</function>(<parameter>view_name</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE VIEW</> command for view (<emphasis>deprecated</emphasis>)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_viewdef</function>(<parameter>view_name</parameter>, <parameter>pretty_bool</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE VIEW</> command for view (<emphasis>deprecated</emphasis>)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_viewdef</function>(<parameter>view_oid</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE VIEW</> command for view</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_viewdef</function>(<parameter>view_oid</parameter>, <parameter>pretty_bool</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE VIEW</> command for view</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_ruledef</function>(<parameter>rule_oid</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE RULE</> command for rule</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_ruledef</function>(<parameter>rule_oid</parameter>, <parameter>pretty_bool</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE RULE</> command for rule</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_indexdef</function>(<parameter>index_oid</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE INDEX</> command for index</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_indexdef</function>(<parameter>index_oid</parameter>, <parameter>column_no</>, <parameter>pretty_bool</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE INDEX</> command for index,
|
|
or definition of just one index column when
|
|
<parameter>column_no</> is not zero</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>pg_get_triggerdef</function>(<parameter>trigger_oid</parameter>)</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get <command>CREATE [ CONSTRAINT ] TRIGGER</> command for trigger</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_constraintdef</function>(<parameter>constraint_oid</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get definition of a constraint</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_constraintdef</function>(<parameter>constraint_oid</parameter>, <parameter>pretty_bool</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get definition of a constraint</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_expr</function>(<parameter>expr_text</parameter>, <parameter>relation_oid</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>decompile internal form of an expression, assuming that any Vars
|
|
in it refer to the relation indicated by the second parameter</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_expr</function>(<parameter>expr_text</parameter>, <parameter>relation_oid</>, <parameter>pretty_bool</>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>decompile internal form of an expression, assuming that any Vars
|
|
in it refer to the relation indicated by the second parameter</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>pg_get_userbyid</function>(<parameter>userid</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>name</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get user name with given ID</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>obj_description</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>col_description</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
|
|
<primary>comment</primary>
|
|
<secondary sortas="database objects">about database objects</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The functions shown in <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-misc-comment-table"> extract comments
|
|
previously stored with the <command>COMMENT</command> command. A
|
|
null value is returned if no comment could be found matching the
|
|
specified parameters.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-misc-comment-table">
|
|
<title>Comment Information Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row><entry>Name</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry></row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>obj_description</function>(<parameter>object_oid</parameter>, <parameter>catalog_name</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get comment for a database object</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>obj_description</function>(<parameter>object_oid</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get comment for a database object (<emphasis>deprecated</emphasis>)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>col_description</function>(<parameter>table_oid</parameter>, <parameter>column_number</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>get comment for a table column</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The two-parameter form of <function>obj_description</function> returns the
|
|
comment for a database object specified by its OID and the name of the
|
|
containing system catalog. For example,
|
|
<literal>obj_description(123456,'pg_class')</literal>
|
|
would retrieve the comment for a table with OID 123456.
|
|
The one-parameter form of <function>obj_description</function> requires only
|
|
the object OID. It is now deprecated since there is no guarantee that
|
|
OIDs are unique across different system catalogs; therefore, the wrong
|
|
comment could be returned.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<function>col_description</function> returns the comment for a table column,
|
|
which is specified by the OID of its table and its column number.
|
|
<function>obj_description</function> cannot be used for table columns since
|
|
columns do not have OIDs of their own.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-array">
|
|
<title>Array Functions and Operators</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="array-operators-table"> shows the operators
|
|
available for <type>array</type> types.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="array-operators-table">
|
|
<title><type>array</type> Operators</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="4">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Operator</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>equal</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1.1,2.1,3.1]::int[] = ARRAY[1,2,3]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>not equal</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1,2,3] <> ARRAY[1,2,4]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>less than</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1,2,3] < ARRAY[1,2,4]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>></literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>greater than</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1,4,3] > ARRAY[1,2,4]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal><=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>less than or equal</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1,2,3] <= ARRAY[1,2,3]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>>=</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>greater than or equal</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1,4,3] >= ARRAY[1,4,3]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>||</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>array-to-array concatenation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1,2,3] || ARRAY[4,5,6]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{1,2,3,4,5,6}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>||</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>array-to-array concatenation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[1,2,3] || ARRAY[[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>||</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>element-to-array concatenation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>3 || ARRAY[4,5,6]</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{3,4,5,6}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry> <literal>||</literal> </entry>
|
|
<entry>array-to-element concatenation</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>ARRAY[4,5,6] || 7</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{4,5,6,7}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
See <xref linkend="arrays"> for more details about array operator
|
|
behavior.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="array-functions-table"> shows the functions
|
|
available for use with array types. See <xref linkend="arrays">
|
|
for more discussion and examples for the use of these functions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="array-functions-table">
|
|
<title><type>array</type> Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="5">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
<entry>Example</entry>
|
|
<entry>Result</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>array_cat</function>
|
|
(<type>anyarray</type>, <type>anyarray</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>anyarray</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
concatenate two arrays, returning <literal>NULL</literal>
|
|
for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>array_cat(ARRAY[1,2,3], ARRAY[4,5])</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{1,2,3,4,5}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>array_append</function>
|
|
(<type>anyarray</type>, <type>anyelement</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>anyarray</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
append an element to the end of an array, returning
|
|
<literal>NULL</literal> for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>array_append(ARRAY[1,2], 3)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{1,2,3}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>array_prepend</function>
|
|
(<type>anyelement</type>, <type>anyarray</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>anyarray</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
append an element to the beginning of an array, returning
|
|
<literal>NULL</literal> for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>array_prepend(1, ARRAY[2,3])</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{1,2,3}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>array_dims</function>
|
|
(<type>anyarray</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
returns a text representation of array dimension lower and upper bounds,
|
|
generating an ERROR for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>array_dims(array[[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>[1:2][1:3]</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>array_lower</function>
|
|
(<type>anyarray</type>, <type>integer</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
returns lower bound of the requested array dimension, returning
|
|
<literal>NULL</literal> for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>array_lower(array_prepend(0, ARRAY[1,2,3]), 1)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>0</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>array_upper</function>
|
|
(<type>anyarray</type>, <type>integer</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>integer</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
returns upper bound of the requested array dimension, returning
|
|
<literal>NULL</literal> for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>array_upper(ARRAY[1,2,3,4], 1)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>4</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>array_to_string</function>
|
|
(<type>anyarray</type>, <type>text</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
concatenates array elements using provided delimiter, returning
|
|
<literal>NULL</literal> for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>array_to_string(array[1, 2, 3], '~^~')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>1~^~2~^~3</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<literal>
|
|
<function>string_to_array</function>
|
|
(<type>text</type>, <type>text</type>)
|
|
</literal>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>text[]</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
splits string into array elements using provided delimiter, returning
|
|
<literal>NULL</literal> for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>string_to_array( 'xx~^~yy~^~zz', '~^~')</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>{xx,yy,zz}</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-aggregate">
|
|
<title>Aggregate Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-aggregate">
|
|
<primary>aggregate function</primary>
|
|
<secondary>built-in</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<firstterm>Aggregate functions</firstterm> compute a single result
|
|
value from a set of input values. <xref
|
|
linkend="functions-aggregate-table"> shows the built-in aggregate
|
|
functions. The special syntax considerations for aggregate
|
|
functions are explained in <xref linkend="syntax-aggregates">.
|
|
Consult <xref linkend="tutorial-agg"> for additional introductory
|
|
information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-aggregate-table">
|
|
<title>Aggregate Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="4">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Argument Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>average</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>avg(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>smallint</type>, <type>integer</type>,
|
|
<type>bigint</type>, <type>real</type>, <type>double
|
|
precision</type>, <type>numeric</type>, or <type>interval</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>numeric</type> for any integer type argument,
|
|
<type>double precision</type> for a floating-point argument,
|
|
otherwise the same as the argument data type
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>the average (arithmetic mean) of all input values</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>bit_and</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>bit_and(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>smallint</type>, <type>integer</type>, <type>bigint</type> or
|
|
<type>bit</type>,
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
same as argument data type.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>the bitwise-and of all non-null input values, or null if empty
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>bit_or</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>bit_or(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>smallint</type>, <type>integer</type>, <type>bigint</type> or
|
|
<type>bit</type>,
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
same as argument data type.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>the bitwise-or of all non-null input values, or null if empty.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>bool_and</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>bool_and(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>bool</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>bool</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>true if all input values are true, otherwise false.
|
|
Also known as <function>bool_and</function>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>bool_or</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>bool_or(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>bool</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>bool</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>true if at least one input value is true, otherwise false</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>count(*)</function></entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>number of input values</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>count(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function></entry>
|
|
<entry>any</entry>
|
|
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
number of input values for which the value of <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">expression</replaceable> is not null
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>every</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>every(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>bool</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>bool</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>true if all input values are true, otherwise false.
|
|
Also known as <function>bool_and</function>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>max(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function></entry>
|
|
<entry>any numeric, string, or date/time type</entry>
|
|
<entry>same as argument type</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
maximum value of <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">expression</replaceable> across all input
|
|
values
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>min(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function></entry>
|
|
<entry>any numeric, string, or date/time type</entry>
|
|
<entry>same as argument type</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
minimum value of <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">expression</replaceable> across all input
|
|
values
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>standard deviation</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>stddev(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>smallint</type>, <type>integer</type>,
|
|
<type>bigint</type>, <type>real</type>, <type>double
|
|
precision</type>, or <type>numeric</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>double precision</type> for floating-point arguments,
|
|
otherwise <type>numeric</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>sample standard deviation of the input values</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><function>sum(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function></entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>smallint</type>, <type>integer</type>,
|
|
<type>bigint</type>, <type>real</type>, <type>double
|
|
precision</type>, <type>numeric</type>, or
|
|
<type>interval</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>bigint</type> for <type>smallint</type> or
|
|
<type>integer</type> arguments, <type>numeric</type> for
|
|
<type>bigint</type> arguments, <type>double precision</type>
|
|
for floating-point arguments, otherwise the same as the
|
|
argument data type
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>sum of <replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable> across all input values</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>variance</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<function>variance</function>(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>smallint</type>, <type>integer</type>,
|
|
<type>bigint</type>, <type>real</type>, <type>double
|
|
precision</type>, or <type>numeric</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
<type>double precision</type> for floating-point arguments,
|
|
otherwise <type>numeric</type>
|
|
</entry>
|
|
<entry>sample variance of the input values (square of the sample standard deviation)</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It should be noted that except for <function>count</function>,
|
|
these functions return a null value when no rows are selected. In
|
|
particular, <function>sum</function> of no rows returns null, not
|
|
zero as one might expect. The function <function>coalesce</function> may be
|
|
used to substitute zero for null when necessary.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>ANY</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>SOME</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Boolean aggregates <function>bool_and</function> and
|
|
<function>bool_or</function> correspond to standard SQL aggregates
|
|
<function>every</function> and <function>any</function> or
|
|
<function>some</function>.
|
|
As for <function>any</function> and <function>some</function>,
|
|
it seems that there is an ambiguity built into the standard syntax:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT b1 = ANY((SELECT b2 FROM t2 ...)) FROM t1 ...;
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Here <function>ANY</function> can be considered both as leading
|
|
to a subquery or as an aggregate if the select expression returns 1 row.
|
|
Thus the standard name cannot be given to these aggregates.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Users accustomed to working with other SQL database management
|
|
systems may be surprised by the performance characteristics of
|
|
certain aggregate functions in
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> when the aggregate is
|
|
applied to the entire table (in other words, no
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clause is specified). In particular, a
|
|
query like
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT min(col) FROM sometable;
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
will be executed by <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> using a
|
|
sequential scan of the entire table. Other database systems may
|
|
optimize queries of this form to use an index on the column, if
|
|
one is available. Similarly, the aggregate functions
|
|
<function>max()</function> and <function>count()</function> always
|
|
require a sequential scan if applied to the entire table in
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> cannot easily implement this
|
|
optimization because it also allows for user-defined aggregate
|
|
queries. Since <function>min()</function>,
|
|
<function>max()</function>, and <function>count()</function> are
|
|
defined using a generic API for aggregate functions, there is no
|
|
provision for special-casing the execution of these functions
|
|
under certain circumstances.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Fortunately, there is a simple workaround for
|
|
<function>min()</function> and <function>max()</function>. The
|
|
query shown below is equivalent to the query above, except that it
|
|
can take advantage of a B-tree index if there is one present on
|
|
the column in question.
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT col FROM sometable ORDER BY col ASC LIMIT 1;
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
A similar query (obtained by substituting <literal>DESC</literal>
|
|
for <literal>ASC</literal> in the query above) can be used in the
|
|
place of <function>max()</function>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Unfortunately, there is no similarly trivial query that can be
|
|
used to improve the performance of <function>count()</function>
|
|
when applied to the entire table.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-subquery">
|
|
<title>Subquery Expressions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>EXISTS</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>IN</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>NOT IN</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>ANY</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>ALL</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>SOME</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>subquery</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section describes the <acronym>SQL</acronym>-compliant subquery
|
|
expressions available in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
|
|
All of the expression forms documented in this section return
|
|
Boolean (true/false) results.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>EXISTS</literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
EXISTS ( <replaceable>subquery</replaceable> )
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The argument of <token>EXISTS</token> is an arbitrary <command>SELECT</> statement,
|
|
or <firstterm>subquery</firstterm>. The
|
|
subquery is evaluated to determine whether it returns any rows.
|
|
If it returns at least one row, the result of <token>EXISTS</token> is
|
|
<quote>true</>; if the subquery returns no rows, the result of <token>EXISTS</token>
|
|
is <quote>false</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The subquery can refer to variables from the surrounding query,
|
|
which will act as constants during any one evaluation of the subquery.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The subquery will generally only be executed far enough to determine
|
|
whether at least one row is returned, not all the way to completion.
|
|
It is unwise to write a subquery that has any side effects (such as
|
|
calling sequence functions); whether the side effects occur or not
|
|
may be difficult to predict.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Since the result depends only on whether any rows are returned,
|
|
and not on the contents of those rows, the output list of the
|
|
subquery is normally uninteresting. A common coding convention is
|
|
to write all <literal>EXISTS</> tests in the form
|
|
<literal>EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE ...)</literal>. There are exceptions to
|
|
this rule however, such as subqueries that use <token>INTERSECT</token>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This simple example is like an inner join on <literal>col2</>, but
|
|
it produces at most one output row for each <literal>tab1</> row,
|
|
even if there are multiple matching <literal>tab2</> rows:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SELECT col1 FROM tab1
|
|
WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM tab2 WHERE col2 = tab1.col2);
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>IN</literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IN (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly one column. The left-hand expression
|
|
is evaluated and compared to each row of the subquery result.
|
|
The result of <token>IN</token> is <quote>true</> if any equal subquery row is found.
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if no equal row is found (including the special
|
|
case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that if the left-hand expression yields null, or if there are
|
|
no equal right-hand values and at least one right-hand row yields
|
|
null, the result of the <token>IN</token> construct will be null, not false.
|
|
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
|
|
of null values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As with <token>EXISTS</token>, it's unwise to assume that the subquery will
|
|
be evaluated completely.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> IN (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The left-hand side of this form of <token>IN</token> is a row constructor,
|
|
as described in <xref linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">.
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly as many columns as there are
|
|
expressions in the left-hand row. The left-hand expressions are
|
|
evaluated and compared row-wise to each row of the subquery result.
|
|
The result of <token>IN</token> is <quote>true</> if any equal subquery row is found.
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if no equal row is found (including the special
|
|
case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As usual, null values in the rows are combined per
|
|
the normal rules of SQL Boolean expressions. Two rows are considered
|
|
equal if all their corresponding members are non-null and equal; the rows
|
|
are unequal if any corresponding members are non-null and unequal;
|
|
otherwise the result of that row comparison is unknown (null).
|
|
If all the row results are either unequal or null, with at least one null,
|
|
then the result of <token>IN</token> is null.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>NOT IN </literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> NOT IN (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly one column. The left-hand expression
|
|
is evaluated and compared to each row of the subquery result.
|
|
The result of <token>NOT IN</token> is <quote>true</> if only unequal subquery rows
|
|
are found (including the special case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if any equal row is found.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that if the left-hand expression yields null, or if there are
|
|
no equal right-hand values and at least one right-hand row yields
|
|
null, the result of the <token>NOT IN</token> construct will be null, not true.
|
|
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
|
|
of null values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As with <token>EXISTS</token>, it's unwise to assume that the subquery will
|
|
be evaluated completely.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> NOT IN (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The left-hand side of this form of <token>NOT IN</token> is a row constructor,
|
|
as described in <xref linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">.
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly as many columns as there are
|
|
expressions in the left-hand row. The left-hand expressions are
|
|
evaluated and compared row-wise to each row of the subquery result.
|
|
The result of <token>NOT IN</token> is <quote>true</> if only unequal subquery rows
|
|
are found (including the special case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if any equal row is found.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As usual, null values in the rows are combined per
|
|
the normal rules of SQL Boolean expressions. Two rows are considered
|
|
equal if all their corresponding members are non-null and equal; the rows
|
|
are unequal if any corresponding members are non-null and unequal;
|
|
otherwise the result of that row comparison is unknown (null).
|
|
If all the row results are either unequal or null, with at least one null,
|
|
then the result of <token>NOT IN</token> is null.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>ANY</literal>/<literal>SOME</literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> ANY (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> SOME (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly one column. The left-hand expression
|
|
is evaluated and compared to each row of the subquery result using the
|
|
given <replaceable>operator</replaceable>, which must yield a Boolean
|
|
result.
|
|
The result of <token>ANY</token> is <quote>true</> if any true result is obtained.
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if no true result is found (including the special
|
|
case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<token>SOME</token> is a synonym for <token>ANY</token>.
|
|
<token>IN</token> is equivalent to <literal>= ANY</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that if there are no successes and at least one right-hand row yields
|
|
null for the operator's result, the result of the <token>ANY</token> construct
|
|
will be null, not false.
|
|
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
|
|
of null values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As with <token>EXISTS</token>, it's unwise to assume that the subquery will
|
|
be evaluated completely.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</> ANY (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</> SOME (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The left-hand side of this form of <token>ANY</token> is a row constructor,
|
|
as described in <xref linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">.
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly as many columns as there are
|
|
expressions in the left-hand row. The left-hand expressions are
|
|
evaluated and compared row-wise to each row of the subquery result,
|
|
using the given <replaceable>operator</replaceable>. Presently,
|
|
only <literal>=</literal> and <literal><></literal> operators are allowed
|
|
in row-wise <token>ANY</token> constructs.
|
|
The result of <token>ANY</token> is <quote>true</> if any equal or unequal row is
|
|
found, respectively.
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if no such row is found (including the special
|
|
case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As usual, null values in the rows are combined per
|
|
the normal rules of SQL Boolean expressions. Two rows are considered
|
|
equal if all their corresponding members are non-null and equal; the rows
|
|
are unequal if any corresponding members are non-null and unequal;
|
|
otherwise the result of that row comparison is unknown (null).
|
|
If there is at least one null row result, then the result of <token>ANY</token>
|
|
cannot be false; it will be true or null.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>ALL</literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> ALL (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly one column. The left-hand expression
|
|
is evaluated and compared to each row of the subquery result using the
|
|
given <replaceable>operator</replaceable>, which must yield a Boolean
|
|
result.
|
|
The result of <token>ALL</token> is <quote>true</> if all rows yield true
|
|
(including the special case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if any false result is found.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<token>NOT IN</token> is equivalent to <literal><> ALL</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that if there are no failures but at least one right-hand row yields
|
|
null for the operator's result, the result of the <token>ALL</token> construct
|
|
will be null, not true.
|
|
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
|
|
of null values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As with <token>EXISTS</token>, it's unwise to assume that the subquery will
|
|
be evaluated completely.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> ALL (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The left-hand side of this form of <token>ALL</token> is a row constructor,
|
|
as described in <xref linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">.
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized
|
|
subquery, which must return exactly as many columns as there are
|
|
expressions in the left-hand row. The left-hand expressions are
|
|
evaluated and compared row-wise to each row of the subquery result,
|
|
using the given <replaceable>operator</replaceable>. Presently,
|
|
only <literal>=</literal> and <literal><></literal> operators are allowed
|
|
in row-wise <token>ALL</token> queries.
|
|
The result of <token>ALL</token> is <quote>true</> if all subquery rows are equal
|
|
or unequal, respectively (including the special
|
|
case where the subquery returns no rows).
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if any row is found to be unequal or equal,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As usual, null values in the rows are combined per
|
|
the normal rules of SQL Boolean expressions. Two rows are considered
|
|
equal if all their corresponding members are non-null and equal; the rows
|
|
are unequal if any corresponding members are non-null and unequal;
|
|
otherwise the result of that row comparison is unknown (null).
|
|
If there is at least one null row result, then the result of <token>ALL</token>
|
|
cannot be true; it will be false or null.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Row-wise Comparison</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>comparison</primary>
|
|
<secondary>of rows</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The left-hand side is a row constructor,
|
|
as described in <xref linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">.
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized subquery, which must return exactly
|
|
as many columns as there are expressions in the left-hand row. Furthermore,
|
|
the subquery cannot return more than one row. (If it returns zero rows,
|
|
the result is taken to be null.) The left-hand side is evaluated and
|
|
compared row-wise to the single subquery result row.
|
|
Presently, only <literal>=</literal> and <literal><></literal> operators are allowed
|
|
in row-wise comparisons.
|
|
The result is <quote>true</> if the two rows are equal or unequal, respectively.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As usual, null values in the rows are combined per
|
|
the normal rules of SQL Boolean expressions. Two rows are considered
|
|
equal if all their corresponding members are non-null and equal; the rows
|
|
are unequal if any corresponding members are non-null and unequal;
|
|
otherwise the result of the row comparison is unknown (null).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-comparisons">
|
|
<title>Row and Array Comparisons</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>IN</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>NOT IN</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>ANY</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>ALL</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>SOME</primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section describes several specialized constructs for making
|
|
multiple comparisons between groups of values. These forms are
|
|
syntactically related to the subquery forms of the previous section,
|
|
but do not involve subqueries.
|
|
The forms involving array subexpressions are
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extensions; the rest are
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym>-compliant.
|
|
All of the expression forms documented in this section return
|
|
Boolean (true/false) results.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>IN</literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> IN (<replaceable>value</replaceable><optional>, ...</optional>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized list
|
|
of scalar expressions. The result is <quote>true</> if the left-hand expression's
|
|
result is equal to any of the right-hand expressions. This is a shorthand
|
|
notation for
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> = <replaceable>value1</replaceable>
|
|
OR
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> = <replaceable>value2</replaceable>
|
|
OR
|
|
...
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that if the left-hand expression yields null, or if there are
|
|
no equal right-hand values and at least one right-hand expression yields
|
|
null, the result of the <token>IN</token> construct will be null, not false.
|
|
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
|
|
of null values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>NOT IN</literal></title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> NOT IN (<replaceable>value</replaceable><optional>, ...</optional>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized list
|
|
of scalar expressions. The result is <quote>true</quote> if the left-hand expression's
|
|
result is unequal to all of the right-hand expressions. This is a shorthand
|
|
notation for
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <> <replaceable>value1</replaceable>
|
|
AND
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <> <replaceable>value2</replaceable>
|
|
AND
|
|
...
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that if the left-hand expression yields null, or if there are
|
|
no equal right-hand values and at least one right-hand expression yields
|
|
null, the result of the <token>NOT IN</token> construct will be null, not true
|
|
as one might naively expect.
|
|
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
|
|
of null values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>x NOT IN y</literal> is equivalent to <literal>NOT (x IN y)</literal> in all
|
|
cases. However, null values are much more likely to trip up the novice when
|
|
working with <token>NOT IN</token> than when working with <token>IN</token>.
|
|
It's best to express your condition positively if possible.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>ANY</literal>/<literal>SOME</literal> (array)</title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> ANY (<replaceable>array expression</replaceable>)
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> SOME (<replaceable>array expression</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized expression, which must yield an
|
|
array value.
|
|
The left-hand expression
|
|
is evaluated and compared to each element of the array using the
|
|
given <replaceable>operator</replaceable>, which must yield a Boolean
|
|
result.
|
|
The result of <token>ANY</token> is <quote>true</> if any true result is obtained.
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if no true result is found (including the special
|
|
case where the array has zero elements).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<token>SOME</token> is a synonym for <token>ANY</token>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title><literal>ALL</literal> (array)</title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> ALL (<replaceable>array expression</replaceable>)
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The right-hand side is a parenthesized expression, which must yield an
|
|
array value.
|
|
The left-hand expression
|
|
is evaluated and compared to each element of the array using the
|
|
given <replaceable>operator</replaceable>, which must yield a Boolean
|
|
result.
|
|
The result of <token>ALL</token> is <quote>true</> if all comparisons yield true
|
|
(including the special case where the array has zero elements).
|
|
The result is <quote>false</> if any false result is found.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Row-wise Comparison</title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> <replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable>
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Each side is a row constructor,
|
|
as described in <xref linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">.
|
|
The two row values must have the same number of fields.
|
|
Each side is evaluated and they are compared row-wise.
|
|
Presently, only <literal>=</literal> and <literal><></literal> operators are allowed
|
|
in row-wise comparisons.
|
|
The result is <quote>true</> if the two rows are equal or unequal, respectively.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As usual, null values in the rows are combined per
|
|
the normal rules of SQL Boolean expressions. Two rows are considered
|
|
equal if all their corresponding members are non-null and equal; the rows
|
|
are unequal if any corresponding members are non-null and unequal;
|
|
otherwise the result of the row comparison is unknown (null).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> IS DISTINCT FROM <replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable>
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This construct is similar to a <literal><></literal> row comparison,
|
|
but it does not yield null for null inputs. Instead, any null value is
|
|
considered unequal to (distinct from) any non-null value, and any two
|
|
nulls are considered equal (not distinct). Thus the result will always
|
|
be either true or false, never null.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> IS NULL
|
|
<replaceable>row_constructor</replaceable> IS NOT NULL
|
|
</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
These constructs test a row value for null or not null. A row value
|
|
is considered not null if it has at least one field that is not null.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions-srf">
|
|
<title>Set Returning Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm zone="functions-srf">
|
|
<primary>set returning functions</primary>
|
|
<secondary>functions</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section describes functions that possibly return more than one row.
|
|
Currently the only functions in this class are series generating functions,
|
|
as detailed in <xref linkend="functions-srf-series">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<table id="functions-srf-series">
|
|
<title>Series Generating Functions</title>
|
|
<tgroup cols="4">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Function</entry>
|
|
<entry>Argument Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Return Type</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>generate_series</function>(<parameter>start</parameter>, <parameter>stop</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>int</type> or <type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>setof int</type> or <type>setof bigint</type> (same as argument type)</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Generate a series of values, from <parameter>start</parameter> to <parameter>stop</parameter>
|
|
with a step size of one.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><literal><function>generate_series</function>(<parameter>start</parameter>, <parameter>stop</parameter>, <parameter>step</parameter>)</literal></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>int</type> or <type>bigint</type></entry>
|
|
<entry><type>setof int</type> or <type>setof bigint</type> (same as argument type)</entry>
|
|
<entry>
|
|
Generate a series of values, from <parameter>start</parameter> to <parameter>stop</parameter>
|
|
with a step size of <parameter>step</parameter>.
|
|
</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
When <parameter>step</parameter> is positive, zero rows are returned if
|
|
<parameter>start</parameter> is greater than <parameter>stop</parameter>.
|
|
Conversely, when <parameter>step</parameter> is negative, zero rows are
|
|
returned if <parameter>start</parameter> is less than <parameter>stop</parameter>.
|
|
Zero rows are also returned for <literal>NULL</literal> inputs. It is an error
|
|
for <parameter>step</parameter> to be zero. Some examples follow:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
select * from generate_series(2,4);
|
|
generate_series
|
|
-----------------
|
|
2
|
|
3
|
|
4
|
|
(3 rows)
|
|
|
|
select * from generate_series(5,1,-2);
|
|
generate_series
|
|
-----------------
|
|
5
|
|
3
|
|
1
|
|
(3 rows)
|
|
|
|
select * from generate_series(4,3);
|
|
generate_series
|
|
-----------------
|
|
(0 rows)
|
|
|
|
select current_date + s.a as dates from generate_series(0,14,7) as s(a);
|
|
dates
|
|
------------
|
|
2004-02-05
|
|
2004-02-12
|
|
2004-02-19
|
|
(3 rows)
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
|
|
Local variables:
|
|
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sgml-shorttag:t
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sgml-minimize-attributes:nil
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sgml-indent-step:1
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sgml-indent-data:t
|
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sgml-parent-document:nil
|
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sgml-default-dtd-file:"./reference.ced"
|
|
sgml-exposed-tags:nil
|
|
sgml-local-catalogs:("/usr/lib/sgml/catalog")
|
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sgml-local-ecat-files:nil
|
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End:
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|
-->
|