postgresql/src/backend/commands/matview.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * matview.c
 *	  materialized view support
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/commands/matview.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/genam.h"
#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "access/multixact.h"
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/indexing.h"
#include "catalog/namespace.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am.h"
#include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
#include "commands/cluster.h"
#include "commands/matview.h"
#include "commands/tablecmds.h"
#include "commands/tablespace.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "executor/spi.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"


typedef struct
{
	DestReceiver pub;			/* publicly-known function pointers */
	Oid			transientoid;	/* OID of new heap into which to store */
	/* These fields are filled by transientrel_startup: */
	Relation	transientrel;	/* relation to write to */
	CommandId	output_cid;		/* cmin to insert in output tuples */
	int			ti_options;		/* table_tuple_insert performance options */
	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
} DR_transientrel;

static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;

static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
									   const char *queryString);
static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
								   int save_sec_context);
static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersistence);
static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);

/*
 * SetMatViewPopulatedState
 *		Mark a materialized view as populated, or not.
 *
 * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
 */
void
SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
{
	Relation	pgrel;
	HeapTuple	tuple;

	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);

	/*
	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
	 * entries.
	 */
	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
			 RelationGetRelid(relation));

	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relispopulated = newstate;

	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);

	heap_freetuple(tuple);
	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);

	/*
	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
	 * visible.
	 */
	CommandCounterIncrement();
}

/*
 * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
 *
 * This refreshes the materialized view by creating a new table and swapping
 * the relfilenumbers of the new table and the old materialized view, so the OID
 * of the original materialized view is preserved. Thus we do not lose GRANT
 * nor references to this materialized view.
 *
 * If WITH NO DATA was specified, this is effectively like a TRUNCATE;
 * otherwise it is like a TRUNCATE followed by an INSERT using the SELECT
 * statement associated with the materialized view.  The statement node's
 * skipData field shows whether the clause was used.
 *
 * Indexes are rebuilt too, via REINDEX. Since we are effectively bulk-loading
 * the new heap, it's better to create the indexes afterwards than to fill them
 * incrementally while we load.
 *
 * The matview's "populated" state is changed based on whether the contents
 * reflect the result set of the materialized view's query.
 */
ObjectAddress
ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
				   ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc)
{
	Oid			matviewOid;
	Relation	matviewRel;
	RewriteRule *rule;
	List	   *actions;
	Query	   *dataQuery;
	Oid			tableSpace;
	Oid			relowner;
	Oid			OIDNewHeap;
	DestReceiver *dest;
	uint64		processed = 0;
	bool		concurrent;
	LOCKMODE	lockmode;
	char		relpersistence;
	Oid			save_userid;
	int			save_sec_context;
	int			save_nestlevel;
	ObjectAddress address;

	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
	lockmode = concurrent ? ExclusiveLock : AccessExclusiveLock;

	/*
	 * Get a lock until end of transaction.
	 */
	matviewOid = RangeVarGetRelidExtended(stmt->relation,
										  lockmode, 0,
										  RangeVarCallbackMaintainsTable,
										  NULL);
	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;

	/*
	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
	 * user.  Also lock down security-restricted operations and arrange to
	 * make GUC variable changes local to this command.
	 */
	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
	RestrictSearchPath();

	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("\"%s\" is not a materialized view",
						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));

	/* Check that CONCURRENTLY is not specified if not populated. */
	if (concurrent && !RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("CONCURRENTLY cannot be used when the materialized view is not populated")));

	/* Check that conflicting options have not been specified. */
	if (concurrent && stmt->skipData)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));

	/*
	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
	 */
	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
		elog(ERROR,
			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));

	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
		elog(ERROR,
			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));

	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
		elog(ERROR,
			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));

	actions = rule->actions;
	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
		elog(ERROR,
			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));

	/*
	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
	 * columns of the materialized view if CONCURRENTLY is specified.
	 */
	if (concurrent)
	{
		List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
		ListCell   *indexoidscan;
		bool		hasUniqueIndex = false;

		foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
		{
			Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
			Relation	indexRel;

			indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
			hasUniqueIndex = is_usable_unique_index(indexRel);
			index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
			if (hasUniqueIndex)
				break;
		}

		list_free(indexoidlist);

		if (!hasUniqueIndex)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
					 errmsg("cannot refresh materialized view \"%s\" concurrently",
							quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
													   RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))),
					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
	}

	/*
	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
	 */
	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);

	/*
	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
	 * as open scans.
	 *
	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
	 */
	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW");

	/*
	 * Tentatively mark the matview as populated or not (this will roll back
	 * if we fail later).
	 */
	SetMatViewPopulatedState(matviewRel, !stmt->skipData);

	/* Concurrent refresh builds new data in temp tablespace, and does diff. */
	if (concurrent)
	{
		tableSpace = GetDefaultTablespace(RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP, false);
		relpersistence = RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP;
	}
	else
	{
		tableSpace = matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace;
		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
	}

	/*
	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
	 * will be gone).
	 */
	OIDNewHeap = make_new_heap(matviewOid, tableSpace,
							   matviewRel->rd_rel->relam,
							   relpersistence, ExclusiveLock);
	LockRelationOid(OIDNewHeap, AccessExclusiveLock);
	dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);

	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
	if (!stmt->skipData)
		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);

	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
	if (concurrent)
	{
		int			old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;

		PG_TRY();
		{
			refresh_by_match_merge(matviewOid, OIDNewHeap, relowner,
								   save_sec_context);
		}
		PG_CATCH();
		{
			matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
			PG_RE_THROW();
		}
		PG_END_TRY();
		Assert(matview_maintenance_depth == old_depth);
	}
	else
	{
		refresh_by_heap_swap(matviewOid, OIDNewHeap, relpersistence);

		/*
		 * Inform cumulative stats system about our activity: basically, we
		 * truncated the matview and inserted some new data.  (The concurrent
		 * code path above doesn't need to worry about this because the
		 * inserts and deletes it issues get counted by lower-level code.)
		 */
		pgstat_count_truncate(matviewRel);
		if (!stmt->skipData)
			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
	}

	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);

	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);

	/* Restore userid and security context */
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);

	ObjectAddressSet(address, RelationRelationId, matviewOid);

	/*
	 * Save the rowcount so that pg_stat_statements can track the total number
	 * of rows processed by REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command. Note that we
	 * still don't display the rowcount in the command completion tag output,
	 * i.e., the display_rowcount flag of CMDTAG_REFRESH_MATERIALIZED_VIEW
	 * command tag is left false in cmdtaglist.h. Otherwise, the change of
	 * completion tag output might break applications using it.
	 */
	if (qc)
		SetQueryCompletion(qc, CMDTAG_REFRESH_MATERIALIZED_VIEW, processed);

	return address;
}

/*
 * refresh_matview_datafill
 *
 * Execute the given query, sending result rows to "dest" (which will
 * insert them into the target matview).
 *
 * Returns number of rows inserted.
 */
static uint64
refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
						 const char *queryString)
{
	List	   *rewritten;
	PlannedStmt *plan;
	QueryDesc  *queryDesc;
	Query	   *copied_query;
	uint64		processed;

	/* Lock and rewrite, using a copy to preserve the original query. */
	copied_query = copyObject(query);
	AcquireRewriteLocks(copied_query, true, false);
	rewritten = QueryRewrite(copied_query);

	/* SELECT should never rewrite to more or less than one SELECT query */
	if (list_length(rewritten) != 1)
		elog(ERROR, "unexpected rewrite result for REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW");
	query = (Query *) linitial(rewritten);

	/* Check for user-requested abort. */
	CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

	/* Plan the query which will generate data for the refresh. */
	plan = pg_plan_query(query, queryString, CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK, NULL);

	/*
	 * Use a snapshot with an updated command ID to ensure this query sees
	 * results of any previously executed queries.  (This could only matter if
	 * the planner executed an allegedly-stable function that changed the
	 * database contents, but let's do it anyway to be safe.)
	 */
	PushCopiedSnapshot(GetActiveSnapshot());
	UpdateActiveSnapshotCommandId();

	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);

	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);

	/* run the plan */
	ExecutorRun(queryDesc, ForwardScanDirection, 0, true);

	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;

	/* and clean up */
	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);

	FreeQueryDesc(queryDesc);

	PopActiveSnapshot();

	return processed;
}

DestReceiver *
CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid)
{
	DR_transientrel *self = (DR_transientrel *) palloc0(sizeof(DR_transientrel));

	self->pub.receiveSlot = transientrel_receive;
	self->pub.rStartup = transientrel_startup;
	self->pub.rShutdown = transientrel_shutdown;
	self->pub.rDestroy = transientrel_destroy;
	self->pub.mydest = DestTransientRel;
	self->transientoid = transientoid;

	return (DestReceiver *) self;
}

/*
 * transientrel_startup --- executor startup
 */
static void
transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo)
{
	DR_transientrel *myState = (DR_transientrel *) self;
	Relation	transientrel;

	transientrel = table_open(myState->transientoid, NoLock);

	/*
	 * Fill private fields of myState for use by later routines
	 */
	myState->transientrel = transientrel;
	myState->output_cid = GetCurrentCommandId(true);
	myState->ti_options = TABLE_INSERT_SKIP_FSM | TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN;
	myState->bistate = GetBulkInsertState();

	/*
	 * Valid smgr_targblock implies something already wrote to the relation.
	 * This may be harmless, but this function hasn't planned for it.
	 */
	Assert(RelationGetTargetBlock(transientrel) == InvalidBlockNumber);
}

/*
 * transientrel_receive --- receive one tuple
 */
static bool
transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self)
{
	DR_transientrel *myState = (DR_transientrel *) self;

	/*
	 * Note that the input slot might not be of the type of the target
	 * relation. That's supported by table_tuple_insert(), but slightly less
	 * efficient than inserting with the right slot - but the alternative
	 * would be to copy into a slot of the right type, which would not be
	 * cheap either. This also doesn't allow accessing per-AM data (say a
	 * tuple's xmin), but since we don't do that here...
	 */

	table_tuple_insert(myState->transientrel,
					   slot,
					   myState->output_cid,
					   myState->ti_options,
					   myState->bistate);

	/* We know this is a newly created relation, so there are no indexes */

	return true;
}

/*
 * transientrel_shutdown --- executor end
 */
static void
transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self)
{
	DR_transientrel *myState = (DR_transientrel *) self;

	FreeBulkInsertState(myState->bistate);

	table_finish_bulk_insert(myState->transientrel, myState->ti_options);

	/* close transientrel, but keep lock until commit */
	table_close(myState->transientrel, NoLock);
	myState->transientrel = NULL;
}

/*
 * transientrel_destroy --- release DestReceiver object
 */
static void
transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
{
	pfree(self);
}


/*
 * Given a qualified temporary table name, append an underscore followed by
 * the given integer, to make a new table name based on the old one.
 * The result is a palloc'd string.
 *
 * As coded, this would fail to make a valid SQL name if the given name were,
 * say, "FOO"."BAR".  Currently, the table name portion of the input will
 * never be double-quoted because it's of the form "pg_temp_NNN", cf
 * make_new_heap().  But we might have to work harder someday.
 */
static char *
make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n)
{
	StringInfoData namebuf;

	initStringInfo(&namebuf);
	appendStringInfoString(&namebuf, tempname);
	appendStringInfo(&namebuf, "_%d", n);
	return namebuf.data;
}

/*
 * refresh_by_match_merge
 *
 * Refresh a materialized view with transactional semantics, while allowing
 * concurrent reads.
 *
 * This is called after a new version of the data has been created in a
 * temporary table.  It performs a full outer join against the old version of
 * the data, producing "diff" results.  This join cannot work if there are any
 * duplicated rows in either the old or new versions, in the sense that every
 * column would compare as equal between the two rows.  It does work correctly
 * in the face of rows which have at least one NULL value, with all non-NULL
 * columns equal.  The behavior of NULLs on equality tests and on UNIQUE
 * indexes turns out to be quite convenient here; the tests we need to make
 * are consistent with default behavior.  If there is at least one UNIQUE
 * index on the materialized view, we have exactly the guarantee we need.
 *
 * The temporary table used to hold the diff results contains just the TID of
 * the old record (if matched) and the ROW from the new table as a single
 * column of complex record type (if matched).
 *
 * Once we have the diff table, we perform set-based DELETE and INSERT
 * operations against the materialized view, and discard both temporary
 * tables.
 *
 * Everything from the generation of the new data to applying the differences
 * takes place under cover of an ExclusiveLock, since it seems as though we
 * would want to prohibit not only concurrent REFRESH operations, but also
 * incremental maintenance.  It also doesn't seem reasonable or safe to allow
 * SELECT FOR UPDATE or SELECT FOR SHARE on rows being updated or deleted by
 * this command.
 */
static void
refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
					   int save_sec_context)
{
	StringInfoData querybuf;
	Relation	matviewRel;
	Relation	tempRel;
	char	   *matviewname;
	char	   *tempname;
	char	   *diffname;
	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
	bool		foundUniqueIndex;
	List	   *indexoidlist;
	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
	int16		relnatts;
	Oid		   *opUsedForQual;

	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
	tempRel = table_open(tempOid, NoLock);
	tempname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(tempRel)),
										  RelationGetRelationName(tempRel));
	diffname = make_temptable_name_n(tempname, 2);

	relnatts = RelationGetNumberOfAttributes(matviewRel);

	/* Open SPI context. */
	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

	/* Analyze the temp table with the new contents. */
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "ANALYZE %s", tempname);
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_UTILITY)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);

	/*
	 * We need to ensure that there are not duplicate rows without NULLs in
	 * the new data set before we can count on the "diff" results.  Check for
	 * that in a way that allows showing the first duplicated row found.  Even
	 * after we pass this test, a unique index on the materialized view may
	 * find a duplicate key problem.
	 *
	 * Note: here and below, we use "tablename.*::tablerowtype" as a hack to
	 * keep ".*" from being expanded into multiple columns in a SELECT list.
	 * Compare ruleutils.c's get_variable().
	 */
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
					 "SELECT newdata.*::%s FROM %s newdata "
					 "WHERE newdata.* IS NOT NULL AND EXISTS "
					 "(SELECT 1 FROM %s newdata2 WHERE newdata2.* IS NOT NULL "
					 "AND newdata2.* OPERATOR(pg_catalog.*=) newdata.* "
					 "AND newdata2.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<>) "
					 "newdata.ctid)",
					 tempname, tempname, tempname);
	if (SPI_execute(querybuf.data, false, 1) != SPI_OK_SELECT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
	if (SPI_processed > 0)
	{
		/*
		 * Note that this ereport() is returning data to the user.  Generally,
		 * we would want to make sure that the user has been granted access to
		 * this data.  However, REFRESH MAT VIEW is only able to be run by the
		 * owner of the mat view (or a superuser) and therefore there is no
		 * need to check for access to data in the mat view.
		 */
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_CARDINALITY_VIOLATION),
				 errmsg("new data for materialized view \"%s\" contains duplicate rows without any null columns",
						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
				 errdetail("Row: %s",
						   SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1))));
	}

	/*
	 * Create the temporary "diff" table.
	 *
	 * Temporarily switch out of the SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION context,
	 * because you cannot create temp tables in SRO context.  For extra
	 * paranoia, add the composite type column only after switching back to
	 * SRO context.
	 */
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE);
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
					 "CREATE TEMP TABLE %s (tid pg_catalog.tid)",
					 diffname);
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_UTILITY)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
					 "ALTER TABLE %s ADD COLUMN newdata %s",
					 diffname, tempname);
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_UTILITY)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);

	/* Start building the query for populating the diff table. */
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
					 "INSERT INTO %s "
					 "SELECT mv.ctid AS tid, newdata.*::%s AS newdata "
					 "FROM %s mv FULL JOIN %s newdata ON (",
					 diffname, tempname, matviewname, tempname);

	/*
	 * Get the list of index OIDs for the table from the relcache, and look up
	 * each one in the pg_index syscache.  We will test for equality on all
	 * columns present in all unique indexes which only reference columns and
	 * include all rows.
	 */
	tupdesc = matviewRel->rd_att;
	opUsedForQual = (Oid *) palloc0(sizeof(Oid) * relnatts);
	foundUniqueIndex = false;

	indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);

	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
	{
		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
		Relation	indexRel;

		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, RowExclusiveLock);
		if (is_usable_unique_index(indexRel))
		{
			Form_pg_index indexStruct = indexRel->rd_index;
			int			indnkeyatts = indexStruct->indnkeyatts;
			oidvector  *indclass;
			Datum		indclassDatum;
			int			i;

			/* Must get indclass the hard way. */
			indclassDatum = SysCacheGetAttrNotNull(INDEXRELID,
												   indexRel->rd_indextuple,
												   Anum_pg_index_indclass);
			indclass = (oidvector *) DatumGetPointer(indclassDatum);

			/* Add quals for all columns from this index. */
			for (i = 0; i < indnkeyatts; i++)
			{
				int			attnum = indexStruct->indkey.values[i];
				Oid			opclass = indclass->values[i];
				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, attnum - 1);
				Oid			attrtype = attr->atttypid;
				HeapTuple	cla_ht;
				Form_pg_opclass cla_tup;
				Oid			opfamily;
				Oid			opcintype;
				Oid			op;
				const char *leftop;
				const char *rightop;

				/*
				 * Identify the equality operator associated with this index
				 * column.  First we need to look up the column's opclass.
				 */
				cla_ht = SearchSysCache1(CLAOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(opclass));
				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(cla_ht))
					elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for opclass %u", opclass);
				cla_tup = (Form_pg_opclass) GETSTRUCT(cla_ht);
				Assert(cla_tup->opcmethod == BTREE_AM_OID);
				opfamily = cla_tup->opcfamily;
				opcintype = cla_tup->opcintype;
				ReleaseSysCache(cla_ht);

				op = get_opfamily_member(opfamily, opcintype, opcintype,
										 BTEqualStrategyNumber);
				if (!OidIsValid(op))
					elog(ERROR, "missing operator %d(%u,%u) in opfamily %u",
						 BTEqualStrategyNumber, opcintype, opcintype, opfamily);

				/*
				 * If we find the same column with the same equality semantics
				 * in more than one index, we only need to emit the equality
				 * clause once.
				 *
				 * Since we only remember the last equality operator, this
				 * code could be fooled into emitting duplicate clauses given
				 * multiple indexes with several different opclasses ... but
				 * that's so unlikely it doesn't seem worth spending extra
				 * code to avoid.
				 */
				if (opUsedForQual[attnum - 1] == op)
					continue;
				opUsedForQual[attnum - 1] = op;

				/*
				 * Actually add the qual, ANDed with any others.
				 */
				if (foundUniqueIndex)
					appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, " AND ");

				leftop = quote_qualified_identifier("newdata",
													NameStr(attr->attname));
				rightop = quote_qualified_identifier("mv",
													 NameStr(attr->attname));

				generate_operator_clause(&querybuf,
										 leftop, attrtype,
										 op,
										 rightop, attrtype);

				foundUniqueIndex = true;
			}
		}

		/* Keep the locks, since we're about to run DML which needs them. */
		index_close(indexRel, NoLock);
	}

	list_free(indexoidlist);

	/*
	 * There must be at least one usable unique index on the matview.
	 *
	 * ExecRefreshMatView() checks that after taking the exclusive lock on the
	 * matview. So at least one unique index is guaranteed to exist here
	 * because the lock is still being held.  (One known exception is if a
	 * function called as part of refreshing the matview drops the index.
	 * That's a pretty silly thing to do.)
	 */
	if (!foundUniqueIndex)
		elog(ERROR, "could not find suitable unique index on materialized view");

	appendStringInfoString(&querybuf,
						   " AND newdata.* OPERATOR(pg_catalog.*=) mv.*) "
						   "WHERE newdata.* IS NULL OR mv.* IS NULL "
						   "ORDER BY tid");

	/* Populate the temporary "diff" table. */
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);

	/*
	 * We have no further use for data from the "full-data" temp table, but we
	 * must keep it around because its type is referenced from the diff table.
	 */

	/* Analyze the diff table. */
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "ANALYZE %s", diffname);
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_UTILITY)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);

	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();

	/* Deletes must come before inserts; do them first. */
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
					 "DELETE FROM %s mv WHERE ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ANY "
					 "(SELECT diff.tid FROM %s diff "
					 "WHERE diff.tid IS NOT NULL "
					 "AND diff.newdata IS NULL)",
					 matviewname, diffname);
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);

	/* Inserts go last. */
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
					 "INSERT INTO %s SELECT (diff.newdata).* "
					 "FROM %s diff WHERE tid IS NULL",
					 matviewname, diffname);
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);

	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
	table_close(tempRel, NoLock);
	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);

	/* Clean up temp tables. */
	resetStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "DROP TABLE %s, %s", diffname, tempname);
	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_UTILITY)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);

	/* Close SPI context. */
	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
}

/*
 * Swap the physical files of the target and transient tables, then rebuild
 * the target's indexes and throw away the transient table.  Security context
 * swapping is handled by the called function, so it is not needed here.
 */
static void
refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersistence)
{
	finish_heap_swap(matviewOid, OIDNewHeap, false, false, true, true,
					 RecentXmin, ReadNextMultiXactId(), relpersistence);
}

/*
 * Check whether specified index is usable for match merge.
 */
static bool
is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel)
{
	Form_pg_index indexStruct = indexRel->rd_index;

	/*
	 * Must be unique, valid, immediate, non-partial, and be defined over
	 * plain user columns (not expressions).  We also require it to be a
	 * btree.  Even if we had any other unique index kinds, we'd not know how
	 * to identify the corresponding equality operator, nor could we be sure
	 * that the planner could implement the required FULL JOIN with non-btree
	 * operators.
	 */
	if (indexStruct->indisunique &&
		indexStruct->indimmediate &&
		indexRel->rd_rel->relam == BTREE_AM_OID &&
		indexStruct->indisvalid &&
		RelationGetIndexPredicate(indexRel) == NIL &&
		indexStruct->indnatts > 0)
	{
		/*
		 * The point of groveling through the index columns individually is to
		 * reject both index expressions and system columns.  Currently,
		 * matviews couldn't have OID columns so there's no way to create an
		 * index on a system column; but maybe someday that wouldn't be true,
		 * so let's be safe.
		 */
		int			numatts = indexStruct->indnatts;
		int			i;

		for (i = 0; i < numatts; i++)
		{
			int			attnum = indexStruct->indkey.values[i];

			if (attnum <= 0)
				return false;
		}
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}


/*
 * This should be used to test whether the backend is in a context where it is
 * OK to allow DML statements to modify materialized views.  We only want to
 * allow that for internal code driven by the materialized view definition,
 * not for arbitrary user-supplied code.
 *
 * While the function names reflect the fact that their main intended use is
 * incremental maintenance of materialized views (in response to changes to
 * the data in referenced relations), they are initially used to allow REFRESH
 * without blocking concurrent reads.
 */
bool
MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void)
{
	return matview_maintenance_depth > 0;
}

static void
OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
{
	matview_maintenance_depth++;
}

static void
CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
{
	matview_maintenance_depth--;
	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
}