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When evaluating a query with a multi-column GROUP BY clause using sort, the cost may be heavily dependent on the order in which the keys are compared when building the groups. Grouping does not imply any ordering, so we're allowed to compare the keys in arbitrary order, and a Hash Agg leverages this. But for Group Agg, we simply compared keys in the order as specified in the query. This commit explores alternative ordering of the keys, trying to find a cheaper one. In principle, we might generate grouping paths for all permutations of the keys, and leave the rest to the optimizer. But that might get very expensive, so we try to pick only a couple interesting orderings based on both local and global information. When planning the grouping path, we explore statistics (number of distinct values, cost of the comparison function) for the keys and reorder them to minimize comparison costs. Intuitively, it may be better to perform more expensive comparisons (for complex data types etc.) last, because maybe the cheaper comparisons will be enough. Similarly, the higher the cardinality of a key, the lower the probability we’ll need to compare more keys. The patch generates and costs various orderings, picking the cheapest ones. The ordering of group keys may interact with other parts of the query, some of which may not be known while planning the grouping. E.g. there may be an explicit ORDER BY clause, or some other ordering-dependent operation, higher up in the query, and using the same ordering may allow using either incremental sort or even eliminate the sort entirely. The patch generates orderings and picks those minimizing the comparison cost (for various pathkeys), and then adds orderings that might be useful for operations higher up in the plan (ORDER BY, etc.). Finally, it always keeps the ordering specified in the query, on the assumption the user might have additional insights. This introduces a new GUC enable_group_by_reordering, so that the optimization may be disabled if needed. The original patch was proposed by Teodor Sigaev, and later improved and reworked by Dmitry Dolgov. Reviews by a number of people, including me, Andrey Lepikhov, Claudio Freire, Ibrar Ahmed and Zhihong Yu. Author: Dmitry Dolgov, Teodor Sigaev, Tomas Vondra Reviewed-by: Tomas Vondra, Andrey Lepikhov, Claudio Freire, Ibrar Ahmed, Zhihong Yu Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/7c79e6a5-8597-74e8-0671-1c39d124c9d6%40sigaev.ru Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2Bq6zcW_4o2NC0zutLkOJPsFt80megSpX_dVRo6GK9PC-Jx_Ag%40mail.gmail.com |
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| error | ||
| fmgr | ||
| hash | ||
| init | ||
| mb | ||
| misc | ||
| mmgr | ||
| resowner | ||
| sort | ||
| time | ||
| .gitignore | ||
| errcodes.txt | ||
| Gen_dummy_probes.pl | ||
| Gen_dummy_probes.pl.prolog | ||
| Gen_dummy_probes.sed | ||
| Gen_fmgrtab.pl | ||
| generate-errcodes.pl | ||
| Makefile | ||
| probes.d | ||
| README.Gen_dummy_probes | ||
# Generating dummy probes If Postgres isn't configured with dtrace enabled, we need to generate dummy probes for the entries in probes.d, that do nothing. This is accomplished in Unix via the sed script `Gen_dummy_probes.sed`. We used to use this in MSVC builds using the perl utility `psed`, which mimicked sed. However, that utility disappeared from Windows perl distributions and so we converted the sed script to a perl script to be used in MSVC builds. We still keep the sed script as the authoritative source for generating these dummy probes because except on Windows perl is not a hard requirement when building from a tarball. So, if you need to change the way dummy probes are generated, first change the sed script, and when it's working generate the perl script. This can be accomplished by using the perl utility s2p. s2p is no longer part of the perl core, so it might not be on your system, but it is available on CPAN and also in many package systems. e.g. on Fedora it can be installed using `cpan App::s2p` or `dnf install perl-App-s2p`. The Makefile contains a recipe for regenerating Gen_dummy_probes.pl, so all you need to do is once you have s2p installed is `make Gen_dummy_probes.pl` Note that in a VPATH build this will generate the file in the vpath tree, not the source tree.