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181 lines
6.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
181 lines
6.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
..
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Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the structure is
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determined from the succession of headings. However, this convention is used in Python’s
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Style Guide for documenting which you may follow:
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# with overline, for parts
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* for chapters
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= for sections
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- for subsections
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^ for subsubsections
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" for paragraphs
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##########
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Backing up
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##########
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Now we're ready to backup some data. The contents of a directory at a
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specific point in time is called a "snapshot" in restic. Run the
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following command and enter the repository password you chose above
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again:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work
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enter password for repository:
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scan [/home/user/work]
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scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
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[0:29] 100.00% 54.732 MiB/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
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duration: 0:29, 54.47MiB/s
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snapshot 40dc1520 saved
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As you can see, restic created a backup of the directory and was pretty
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fast! The specific snapshot just created is identified by a sequence of
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hexadecimal characters, ``40dc1520`` in this case.
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If you run the command again, restic will create another snapshot of
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your data, but this time it's even faster. This is de-duplication at
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work!
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work
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enter password for repository:
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using parent snapshot 40dc1520aa6a07b7b3ae561786770a01951245d2367241e71e9485f18ae8228c
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scan [/home/user/work]
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scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
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[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
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duration: 0:00, 6572.38MiB/s
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snapshot 79766175 saved
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You can even backup individual files in the same repository.
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work.txt
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scan [/home/user/work.txt]
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scanned 0 directories, 1 files in 0:00
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[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 220B / 220B 1 / 1 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
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duration: 0:00, 0.03MiB/s
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snapshot 31f7bd63 saved
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In fact several hosts may use the same repository to backup directories
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and files leading to a greater de-duplication.
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Please be aware that when you backup different directories (or the
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directories to be saved have a variable name component like a
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time/date), restic always needs to read all files and only afterwards
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can compute which parts of the files need to be saved. When you backup
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the same directory again (maybe with new or changed files) restic will
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find the old snapshot in the repo and by default only reads those files
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that are new or have been modified since the last snapshot. This is
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decided based on the modify date of the file in the file system.
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Now is a good time to run ``restic check`` to verify that all data
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is properly stored in the repository. You should run this command regularly
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to make sure the internal structure of the repository is free of errors.
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You can exclude folders and files by specifying exclude-patterns. Either
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specify them with multiple ``--exclude``'s or one ``--exclude-file``
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.. code-block:: console
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$ cat exclude
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# exclude go-files
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*.go
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# exclude foo/x/y/z/bar foo/x/bar foo/bar
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foo/**/bar
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work --exclude=*.c --exclude-file=exclude
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Patterns use `filepath.Glob <https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Glob>`__ internally,
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see `filepath.Match <https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match>`__ for syntax.
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Additionally ``**`` excludes arbitrary subdirectories.
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Environment-variables in exclude-files are expanded with
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`os.ExpandEnv <https://golang.org/pkg/os/#ExpandEnv>`__.
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By specifying the option ``--one-file-system`` you can instruct restic
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to only backup files from the file systems the initially specified files
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or directories reside on. For example, calling restic like this won't
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backup ``/sys`` or ``/dev`` on a Linux system:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --one-file-system /
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By using the ``--files-from`` option you can read the files you want to
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backup from a file. This is especially useful if a lot of files have to
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be backed up that are not in the same folder or are maybe pre-filtered
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by other software.
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or example maybe you want to backup files that have a certain filename
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in them:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ find /tmp/somefiles | grep 'PATTERN' > /tmp/files_to_backup
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You can then use restic to backup the filtered files:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --files-from /tmp/files_to_backup
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Incidentally you can also combine ``--files-from`` with the normal files
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args:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --files-from /tmp/files_to_backup /tmp/some_additional_file
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Backing up special items
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************************
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**Symlinks** are archived as symlinks, ``restic`` does not follow them.
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When you restore, you get the same symlink again, with the same link target
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and the same timestamps.
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If there is a **bind-mount** below a directory that is to be saved, restic descends into it.
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**Device files** are saved and restored as device files. This means that e.g. ``/dev/sda`` is
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archived as a block device file and restored as such. This also means that the content of the
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corresponding disk is not read, at least not from the device file.
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Reading data from stdin
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***********************
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Sometimes it can be nice to directly save the output of a program, e.g.
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``mysqldump`` so that the SQL can later be restored. Restic supports
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this mode of operation, just supply the option ``--stdin`` to the
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``backup`` command like this:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin
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This creates a new snapshot of the output of ``mysqldump``. You can then
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use e.g. the fuse mounting option (see below) to mount the repository
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and read the file.
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By default, the file name ``stdin`` is used, a different name can be
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specified with ``--stdin-filename``, e.g. like this:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin --stdin-filename production.sql
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Tags for backup
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***************
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Snapshots can have one or more tags, short strings which add identifying
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information. Just specify the tags for a snapshot one by one with ``--tag``:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --tag projectX --tag foo --tag bar ~/work
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[...]
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The tags can later be used to keep (or forget) snapshots with the ``forget``
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command. The command ``tag`` can be used to modify tags on an existing
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snapshot.
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