postgresql/src/test/regress/expected/updatable_views.out

--
-- UPDATABLE VIEWS
--
-- avoid bit-exact output here because operations may not be bit-exact.
SET extra_float_digits = 0;
-- check that non-updatable views and columns are rejected with useful error
-- messages
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified');
INSERT INTO base_tbl SELECT i, 'Row ' || i FROM generate_series(-2, 2) g(i);
CREATE VIEW ro_view1 AS SELECT DISTINCT a, b FROM base_tbl; -- DISTINCT not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view2 AS SELECT a, b FROM base_tbl GROUP BY a, b; -- GROUP BY not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view3 AS SELECT 1 FROM base_tbl HAVING max(a) > 0; -- HAVING not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view4 AS SELECT count(*) FROM base_tbl; -- Aggregate functions not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view5 AS SELECT a, rank() OVER() FROM base_tbl; -- Window functions not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view6 AS SELECT a, b FROM base_tbl UNION SELECT -a, b FROM base_tbl; -- Set ops not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view7 AS WITH t AS (SELECT a, b FROM base_tbl) SELECT * FROM t; -- WITH not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view8 AS SELECT a, b FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a OFFSET 1; -- OFFSET not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view9 AS SELECT a, b FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a LIMIT 1; -- LIMIT not supported
CREATE VIEW ro_view10 AS SELECT 1 AS a; -- No base relations
CREATE VIEW ro_view11 AS SELECT b1.a, b2.b FROM base_tbl b1, base_tbl b2; -- Multiple base relations
CREATE VIEW ro_view12 AS SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) AS g(a); -- SRF in rangetable
CREATE VIEW ro_view13 AS SELECT a, b FROM (SELECT * FROM base_tbl) AS t; -- Subselect in rangetable
CREATE VIEW rw_view14 AS SELECT ctid, a, b FROM base_tbl; -- System columns may be part of an updatable view
CREATE VIEW rw_view15 AS SELECT a, upper(b) FROM base_tbl; -- Expression/function may be part of an updatable view
CREATE VIEW rw_view16 AS SELECT a, b, a AS aa FROM base_tbl; -- Repeated column may be part of an updatable view
CREATE VIEW ro_view17 AS SELECT * FROM ro_view1; -- Base relation not updatable
CREATE VIEW ro_view18 AS SELECT * FROM (VALUES(1)) AS tmp(a); -- VALUES in rangetable
CREATE SEQUENCE uv_seq;
CREATE VIEW ro_view19 AS SELECT * FROM uv_seq; -- View based on a sequence
CREATE VIEW ro_view20 AS SELECT a, b, generate_series(1, a) g FROM base_tbl; -- SRF in targetlist not supported
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE E'r_\\_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 ro_view1   | NO
 ro_view10  | NO
 ro_view11  | NO
 ro_view12  | NO
 ro_view13  | NO
 ro_view17  | NO
 ro_view18  | NO
 ro_view19  | NO
 ro_view2   | NO
 ro_view20  | NO
 ro_view3   | NO
 ro_view4   | NO
 ro_view5   | NO
 ro_view6   | NO
 ro_view7   | NO
 ro_view8   | NO
 ro_view9   | NO
 rw_view14  | YES
 rw_view15  | YES
 rw_view16  | YES
(20 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE E'r_\\_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 ro_view1   | NO           | NO
 ro_view10  | NO           | NO
 ro_view11  | NO           | NO
 ro_view12  | NO           | NO
 ro_view13  | NO           | NO
 ro_view17  | NO           | NO
 ro_view18  | NO           | NO
 ro_view19  | NO           | NO
 ro_view2   | NO           | NO
 ro_view20  | NO           | NO
 ro_view3   | NO           | NO
 ro_view4   | NO           | NO
 ro_view5   | NO           | NO
 ro_view6   | NO           | NO
 ro_view7   | NO           | NO
 ro_view8   | NO           | NO
 ro_view9   | NO           | NO
 rw_view14  | YES          | YES
 rw_view15  | YES          | YES
 rw_view16  | YES          | YES
(20 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE E'r_\\_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 ro_view1   | a           | NO
 ro_view1   | b           | NO
 ro_view10  | a           | NO
 ro_view11  | a           | NO
 ro_view11  | b           | NO
 ro_view12  | a           | NO
 ro_view13  | a           | NO
 ro_view13  | b           | NO
 ro_view17  | a           | NO
 ro_view17  | b           | NO
 ro_view18  | a           | NO
 ro_view19  | last_value  | NO
 ro_view19  | log_cnt     | NO
 ro_view19  | is_called   | NO
 ro_view2   | a           | NO
 ro_view2   | b           | NO
 ro_view20  | a           | NO
 ro_view20  | b           | NO
 ro_view20  | g           | NO
 ro_view3   | ?column?    | NO
 ro_view4   | count       | NO
 ro_view5   | a           | NO
 ro_view5   | rank        | NO
 ro_view6   | a           | NO
 ro_view6   | b           | NO
 ro_view7   | a           | NO
 ro_view7   | b           | NO
 ro_view8   | a           | NO
 ro_view8   | b           | NO
 ro_view9   | a           | NO
 ro_view9   | b           | NO
 rw_view14  | ctid        | NO
 rw_view14  | a           | YES
 rw_view14  | b           | YES
 rw_view15  | a           | YES
 rw_view15  | upper       | NO
 rw_view16  | a           | YES
 rw_view16  | b           | YES
 rw_view16  | aa          | YES
(39 rows)

-- Read-only views
DELETE FROM ro_view1;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view1"
DETAIL:  Views containing DISTINCT are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
DELETE FROM ro_view2;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view2"
DETAIL:  Views containing GROUP BY are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
DELETE FROM ro_view3;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view3"
DETAIL:  Views containing HAVING are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
DELETE FROM ro_view4;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view4"
DETAIL:  Views that return aggregate functions are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
DELETE FROM ro_view5;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view5"
DETAIL:  Views that return window functions are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
DELETE FROM ro_view6;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view6"
DETAIL:  Views containing UNION, INTERSECT, or EXCEPT are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view7 SET a=a+1;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view7"
DETAIL:  Views containing WITH are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view8 SET a=a+1;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view8"
DETAIL:  Views containing LIMIT or OFFSET are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view9 SET a=a+1;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view9"
DETAIL:  Views containing LIMIT or OFFSET are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view10 SET a=a+1;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view10"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view11 SET a=a+1;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view11"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view12 SET a=a+1;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view12"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
INSERT INTO ro_view13 VALUES (3, 'Row 3');
ERROR:  cannot insert into view "ro_view13"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable inserting into the view, provide an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger or an unconditional ON INSERT DO INSTEAD rule.
MERGE INTO ro_view13 AS t USING (VALUES (1, 'Row 1')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view13"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view using MERGE, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger.
MERGE INTO ro_view13 AS t USING (VALUES (2, 'Row 2')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = v.b;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view13"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view using MERGE, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger.
MERGE INTO ro_view13 AS t USING (VALUES (3, 'Row 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a, v.b);
ERROR:  cannot insert into view "ro_view13"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable inserting into the view using MERGE, provide an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger.
MERGE INTO ro_view13 AS t USING (VALUES (3, 'Row 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DO NOTHING
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN DO NOTHING; -- should be OK to do nothing
-- Partially updatable view
INSERT INTO rw_view14 VALUES (null, 3, 'Row 3'); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "ctid" of view "rw_view14"
DETAIL:  View columns that refer to system columns are not updatable.
INSERT INTO rw_view14 (a, b) VALUES (3, 'Row 3'); -- should be OK
UPDATE rw_view14 SET ctid=null WHERE a=3; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update column "ctid" of view "rw_view14"
DETAIL:  View columns that refer to system columns are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view14 SET b='ROW 3' WHERE a=3; -- should be OK
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a  |   b    
----+--------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | Row 1
  2 | Row 2
  3 | ROW 3
(6 rows)

DELETE FROM rw_view14 WHERE a=3; -- should be OK
MERGE INTO rw_view14  AS t
  USING (VALUES (2, 'Merged row 2'), (3, 'Merged row 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = v.b  -- should be OK, except...
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (null, v.a, v.b); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot merge into column "ctid" of view "rw_view14"
DETAIL:  View columns that refer to system columns are not updatable.
MERGE INTO rw_view14  AS t
  USING (VALUES (2, 'Merged row 2'), (3, 'Merged row 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = v.b  -- should be OK
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (a,b) VALUES (v.a, v.b); -- should be OK
SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
 a  |      b       
----+--------------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | Row 1
  2 | Merged row 2
  3 | Merged row 3
(6 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view14  AS t
  USING (VALUES (2, 'Row 2'), (3, 'Row 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND t.a = 2 THEN UPDATE SET b = v.b  -- should be OK
  WHEN MATCHED AND t.a = 3 THEN DELETE; -- should be OK
SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
 a  |   b    
----+--------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | Row 1
  2 | Row 2
(5 rows)

-- Partially updatable view
INSERT INTO rw_view15 VALUES (3, 'ROW 3'); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "upper" of view "rw_view15"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
INSERT INTO rw_view15 (a) VALUES (3); -- should be OK
INSERT INTO rw_view15 (a) VALUES (3) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- succeeds
SELECT * FROM rw_view15;
 a  |    upper    
----+-------------
 -2 | ROW -2
 -1 | ROW -1
  0 | ROW 0
  1 | ROW 1
  2 | ROW 2
  3 | UNSPECIFIED
(6 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view15 (a) VALUES (3) ON CONFLICT (a) DO NOTHING; -- succeeds
SELECT * FROM rw_view15;
 a  |    upper    
----+-------------
 -2 | ROW -2
 -1 | ROW -1
  0 | ROW 0
  1 | ROW 1
  2 | ROW 2
  3 | UNSPECIFIED
(6 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view15 (a) VALUES (3) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE set a = excluded.a; -- succeeds
SELECT * FROM rw_view15;
 a  |    upper    
----+-------------
 -2 | ROW -2
 -1 | ROW -1
  0 | ROW 0
  1 | ROW 1
  2 | ROW 2
  3 | UNSPECIFIED
(6 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view15 (a) VALUES (3) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE set upper = 'blarg'; -- fails
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "upper" of view "rw_view15"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
SELECT * FROM rw_view15;
 a  |    upper    
----+-------------
 -2 | ROW -2
 -1 | ROW -1
  0 | ROW 0
  1 | ROW 1
  2 | ROW 2
  3 | UNSPECIFIED
(6 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view15;
 a  |    upper    
----+-------------
 -2 | ROW -2
 -1 | ROW -1
  0 | ROW 0
  1 | ROW 1
  2 | ROW 2
  3 | UNSPECIFIED
(6 rows)

ALTER VIEW rw_view15 ALTER COLUMN upper SET DEFAULT 'NOT SET';
INSERT INTO rw_view15 (a) VALUES (4); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "upper" of view "rw_view15"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view15 SET upper='ROW 3' WHERE a=3; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update column "upper" of view "rw_view15"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view15 SET upper=DEFAULT WHERE a=3; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update column "upper" of view "rw_view15"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view15 SET a=4 WHERE a=3; -- should be OK
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a  |      b      
----+-------------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | Row 1
  2 | Row 2
  4 | Unspecified
(6 rows)

DELETE FROM rw_view15 WHERE a=4; -- should be OK
-- Partially updatable view
INSERT INTO rw_view16 VALUES (3, 'Row 3', 3); -- should fail
ERROR:  multiple assignments to same column "a"
INSERT INTO rw_view16 (a, b) VALUES (3, 'Row 3'); -- should be OK
UPDATE rw_view16 SET a=3, aa=-3 WHERE a=3; -- should fail
ERROR:  multiple assignments to same column "a"
UPDATE rw_view16 SET aa=-3 WHERE a=3; -- should be OK
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a  |   b    
----+--------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | Row 1
  2 | Row 2
 -3 | Row 3
(6 rows)

DELETE FROM rw_view16 WHERE a=-3; -- should be OK
-- Read-only views
INSERT INTO ro_view17 VALUES (3, 'ROW 3');
ERROR:  cannot insert into view "ro_view1"
DETAIL:  Views containing DISTINCT are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable inserting into the view, provide an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger or an unconditional ON INSERT DO INSTEAD rule.
DELETE FROM ro_view18;
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "ro_view18"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view19 SET last_value=1000;
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view19"
DETAIL:  Views that do not select from a single table or view are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE ro_view20 SET b=upper(b);
ERROR:  cannot update view "ro_view20"
DETAIL:  Views that return set-returning functions are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
-- A view with a conditional INSTEAD rule but no unconditional INSTEAD rules
-- or INSTEAD OF triggers should be non-updatable and generate useful error
-- messages with appropriate detail
CREATE RULE rw_view16_ins_rule AS ON INSERT TO rw_view16
  WHERE NEW.a > 0 DO INSTEAD INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (NEW.a, NEW.b);
CREATE RULE rw_view16_upd_rule AS ON UPDATE TO rw_view16
  WHERE OLD.a > 0 DO INSTEAD UPDATE base_tbl SET b=NEW.b WHERE a=OLD.a;
CREATE RULE rw_view16_del_rule AS ON DELETE TO rw_view16
  WHERE OLD.a > 0 DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM base_tbl WHERE a=OLD.a;
INSERT INTO rw_view16 (a, b) VALUES (3, 'Row 3'); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into view "rw_view16"
DETAIL:  Views with conditional DO INSTEAD rules are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable inserting into the view, provide an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger or an unconditional ON INSERT DO INSTEAD rule.
UPDATE rw_view16 SET b='ROW 2' WHERE a=2; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update view "rw_view16"
DETAIL:  Views with conditional DO INSTEAD rules are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.
DELETE FROM rw_view16 WHERE a=2; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "rw_view16"
DETAIL:  Views with conditional DO INSTEAD rules are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.
MERGE INTO rw_view16 AS t USING (VALUES (3, 'Row 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a, v.b); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "rw_view16"
DETAIL:  MERGE is not supported for relations with rules.
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 16 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view ro_view1
drop cascades to view ro_view17
drop cascades to view ro_view2
drop cascades to view ro_view3
drop cascades to view ro_view4
drop cascades to view ro_view5
drop cascades to view ro_view6
drop cascades to view ro_view7
drop cascades to view ro_view8
drop cascades to view ro_view9
drop cascades to view ro_view11
drop cascades to view ro_view13
drop cascades to view rw_view14
drop cascades to view rw_view15
drop cascades to view rw_view16
drop cascades to view ro_view20
DROP VIEW ro_view10, ro_view12, ro_view18;
DROP SEQUENCE uv_seq CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view ro_view19
-- simple updatable view
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified');
INSERT INTO base_tbl SELECT i, 'Row ' || i FROM generate_series(-2, 2) g(i);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WHERE a>0;
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1';
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1';
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES          | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1'
 ORDER BY ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | YES
 rw_view1   | b           | YES
(2 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (3, 'Row 3');
INSERT INTO rw_view1 (a) VALUES (4);
UPDATE rw_view1 SET a=5 WHERE a=4;
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE b='Row 2';
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a  |      b      
----+-------------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | Row 1
  3 | Row 3
  5 | Unspecified
(6 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (VALUES (0, 'ROW 0'), (1, 'ROW 1'),
                (2, 'ROW 2'), (3, 'ROW 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND t.a <= 1 THEN UPDATE SET b = v.b
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND a > 0 THEN INSERT (a) VALUES (v.a)
  RETURNING merge_action(), v.*, t.*;
 merge_action | a |   b   | a |      b      
--------------+---+-------+---+-------------
 UPDATE       | 1 | ROW 1 | 1 | ROW 1
 DELETE       | 3 | ROW 3 | 3 | Row 3
 INSERT       | 2 | ROW 2 | 2 | Unspecified
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
 a  |      b      
----+-------------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | ROW 1
  2 | Unspecified
  5 | Unspecified
(6 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (VALUES (0, 'R0'), (1, 'R1'),
                (2, 'R2'), (3, 'R3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND t.a <= 1 THEN UPDATE SET b = v.b
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE
  WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN DELETE
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND a > 0 THEN INSERT (a) VALUES (v.a)
  RETURNING merge_action(), v.*, t.*;
 merge_action | a | b  | a |      b      
--------------+---+----+---+-------------
 UPDATE       | 1 | R1 | 1 | R1
 DELETE       |   |    | 5 | Unspecified
 DELETE       | 2 | R2 | 2 | Unspecified
 INSERT       | 3 | R3 | 3 | Unspecified
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
 a  |      b      
----+-------------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | R1
  3 | Unspecified
(5 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) UPDATE rw_view1 SET a=6 WHERE a=5;
                    QUERY PLAN                    
--------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl
   ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
         Index Cond: ((a > 0) AND (a = 5))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE a=5;
                    QUERY PLAN                    
--------------------------------------------------
 Delete on base_tbl
   ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
         Index Cond: ((a > 0) AND (a = 5))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (5, 'X')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE;
                    QUERY PLAN                    
--------------------------------------------------
 Merge on base_tbl
   ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
         Index Cond: ((a > 0) AND (a = 5))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (SELECT * FROM generate_series(1,5)) AS s(a) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'Updated';
                            QUERY PLAN                             
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Merge on base_tbl
   ->  Hash Join
         Hash Cond: (base_tbl.a = generate_series.generate_series)
         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl
               Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                     Index Cond: (a > 0)
         ->  Hash
               ->  Function Scan on generate_series
(9 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (SELECT * FROM generate_series(1,5)) AS s(a) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN DELETE;
                            QUERY PLAN                             
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Merge on base_tbl
   ->  Hash Left Join
         Hash Cond: (base_tbl.a = generate_series.generate_series)
         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl
               Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                     Index Cond: (a > 0)
         ->  Hash
               ->  Function Scan on generate_series
(9 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (SELECT * FROM generate_series(1,5)) AS s(a) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (a) VALUES (s.a);
                            QUERY PLAN                             
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Merge on base_tbl
   ->  Hash Right Join
         Hash Cond: (base_tbl.a = generate_series.generate_series)
         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl
               Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                     Index Cond: (a > 0)
         ->  Hash
               ->  Function Scan on generate_series
(9 rows)

-- it's still updatable if we add a DO ALSO rule
CREATE TABLE base_tbl_hist(ts timestamptz default now(), a int, b text);
CREATE RULE base_tbl_log AS ON INSERT TO rw_view1 DO ALSO
  INSERT INTO base_tbl_hist(a,b) VALUES(new.a, new.b);
SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1';
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES          | YES
(1 row)

-- Check behavior with DEFAULTs (bug #17633)
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (9, DEFAULT), (10, DEFAULT);
SELECT a, b FROM base_tbl_hist;
 a  | b 
----+---
  9 | 
 10 | 
(2 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
DROP TABLE base_tbl_hist;
-- view on top of view
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified');
INSERT INTO base_tbl SELECT i, 'Row ' || i FROM generate_series(-2, 2) g(i);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT b AS bb, a AS aa FROM base_tbl WHERE a>0;
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT aa AS aaa, bb AS bbb FROM rw_view1 WHERE aa<10;
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2';
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view2   | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2';
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view2   | YES          | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2'
 ORDER BY ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view2   | aaa         | YES
 rw_view2   | bbb         | YES
(2 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (3, 'Row 3');
INSERT INTO rw_view2 (aaa) VALUES (4);
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 aaa |     bbb     
-----+-------------
   1 | Row 1
   2 | Row 2
   3 | Row 3
   4 | Unspecified
(4 rows)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb='Row 4' WHERE aaa=4;
DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE aaa=2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 aaa |  bbb  
-----+-------
   1 | Row 1
   3 | Row 3
   4 | Row 4
(3 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (VALUES (3, 'R3'), (4, 'R4'), (5, 'R5')) AS v(a,b) ON aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND aaa = 3 THEN DELETE
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = v.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (aaa) VALUES (v.a)
  RETURNING merge_action(), v.*, t.*;
 merge_action | a | b  | aaa |     bbb     
--------------+---+----+-----+-------------
 DELETE       | 3 | R3 |   3 | Row 3
 UPDATE       | 4 | R4 |   4 | R4
 INSERT       | 5 | R5 |   5 | Unspecified
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 ORDER BY aaa;
 aaa |     bbb     
-----+-------------
   1 | Row 1
   4 | R4
   5 | Unspecified
(3 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (VALUES (4, 'r4'), (5, 'r5'), (6, 'r6')) AS v(a,b) ON aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND aaa = 4 THEN DELETE
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = v.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (aaa) VALUES (v.a)
  WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN UPDATE SET bbb = 'Not matched by source'
  RETURNING merge_action(), v.*, t.*;
 merge_action | a | b  | aaa |          bbb          
--------------+---+----+-----+-----------------------
 UPDATE       |   |    |   1 | Not matched by source
 DELETE       | 4 | r4 |   4 | R4
 UPDATE       | 5 | r5 |   5 | r5
 INSERT       | 6 | r6 |   6 | Unspecified
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 ORDER BY aaa;
 aaa |          bbb          
-----+-----------------------
   1 | Not matched by source
   5 | r5
   6 | Unspecified
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=5 WHERE aaa=4;
                       QUERY PLAN                       
--------------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl
   ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
         Index Cond: ((a < 10) AND (a > 0) AND (a = 4))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE aaa=4;
                       QUERY PLAN                       
--------------------------------------------------------
 Delete on base_tbl
   ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
         Index Cond: ((a < 10) AND (a > 0) AND (a = 4))
(3 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
-- view on top of view with rules
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified');
INSERT INTO base_tbl SELECT i, 'Row ' || i FROM generate_series(-2, 2) g(i);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WHERE a>0 OFFSET 0; -- not updatable without rules/triggers
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE a<10;
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO
 rw_view2   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO           | NO
 rw_view2   | NO           | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | NO
 rw_view1   | b           | NO
 rw_view2   | a           | NO
 rw_view2   | b           | NO
(4 rows)

CREATE RULE rw_view1_ins_rule AS ON INSERT TO rw_view1
  DO INSTEAD INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (NEW.a, NEW.b) RETURNING *;
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES
 rw_view2   | YES
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO           | YES
 rw_view2   | NO           | YES
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | NO
 rw_view1   | b           | NO
 rw_view2   | a           | NO
 rw_view2   | b           | NO
(4 rows)

CREATE RULE rw_view1_upd_rule AS ON UPDATE TO rw_view1
  DO INSTEAD UPDATE base_tbl SET b=NEW.b WHERE a=OLD.a RETURNING NEW.*;
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES
 rw_view2   | YES
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO           | YES
 rw_view2   | NO           | YES
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | NO
 rw_view1   | b           | NO
 rw_view2   | a           | NO
 rw_view2   | b           | NO
(4 rows)

CREATE RULE rw_view1_del_rule AS ON DELETE TO rw_view1
  DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM base_tbl WHERE a=OLD.a RETURNING OLD.*;
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES
 rw_view2   | YES
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES          | YES
 rw_view2   | YES          | YES
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | YES
 rw_view1   | b           | YES
 rw_view2   | a           | YES
 rw_view2   | b           | YES
(4 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (3, 'Row 3') RETURNING *;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 3 | Row 3
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET b='Row three' WHERE a=3 RETURNING *;
 a |     b     
---+-----------
 3 | Row three
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |     b     
---+-----------
 1 | Row 1
 2 | Row 2
 3 | Row three
(3 rows)

DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE a=3 RETURNING *;
 a |     b     
---+-----------
 3 | Row three
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 1 | Row 1
 2 | Row 2
(2 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (3, 'Row 3')) AS v(a,b) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a, v.b); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  MERGE is not supported for relations with rules.
EXPLAIN (costs off) UPDATE rw_view2 SET a=3 WHERE a=2;
                           QUERY PLAN                           
----------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl
   ->  Nested Loop
         ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
               Index Cond: (a = 2)
         ->  Subquery Scan on rw_view1
               Filter: ((rw_view1.a < 10) AND (rw_view1.a = 2))
               ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl base_tbl_1
                     Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
                     ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                           Index Cond: (a > 0)
(10 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE a=2;
                           QUERY PLAN                           
----------------------------------------------------------------
 Delete on base_tbl
   ->  Nested Loop
         ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
               Index Cond: (a = 2)
         ->  Subquery Scan on rw_view1
               Filter: ((rw_view1.a < 10) AND (rw_view1.a = 2))
               ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl base_tbl_1
                     Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
                     ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                           Index Cond: (a > 0)
(10 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
-- view on top of view with triggers
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified');
INSERT INTO base_tbl SELECT i, 'Row ' || i FROM generate_series(-2, 2) g(i);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WHERE a>0 OFFSET 0; -- not updatable without rules/triggers
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE a<10;
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO
 rw_view2   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into,
       is_trigger_updatable, is_trigger_deletable,
       is_trigger_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 rw_view1   | NO           | NO                 | NO                   | NO                   | NO
 rw_view2   | NO           | NO                 | NO                   | NO                   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | NO
 rw_view1   | b           | NO
 rw_view2   | a           | NO
 rw_view2   | b           | NO
(4 rows)

CREATE FUNCTION rw_view1_trig_fn()
RETURNS trigger AS
$$
BEGIN
  IF TG_OP = 'INSERT' THEN
    INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (NEW.a, NEW.b);
    RETURN NEW;
  ELSIF TG_OP = 'UPDATE' THEN
    UPDATE base_tbl SET b=NEW.b WHERE a=OLD.a;
    RETURN NEW;
  ELSIF TG_OP = 'DELETE' THEN
    DELETE FROM base_tbl WHERE a=OLD.a;
    RETURN OLD;
  END IF;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER rw_view1_ins_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT ON rw_view1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE rw_view1_trig_fn();
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO
 rw_view2   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into,
       is_trigger_updatable, is_trigger_deletable,
       is_trigger_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 rw_view1   | NO           | NO                 | NO                   | NO                   | YES
 rw_view2   | NO           | NO                 | NO                   | NO                   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | NO
 rw_view1   | b           | NO
 rw_view2   | a           | NO
 rw_view2   | b           | NO
(4 rows)

CREATE TRIGGER rw_view1_upd_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON rw_view1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE rw_view1_trig_fn();
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO
 rw_view2   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into,
       is_trigger_updatable, is_trigger_deletable,
       is_trigger_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 rw_view1   | NO           | NO                 | YES                  | NO                   | YES
 rw_view2   | NO           | NO                 | NO                   | NO                   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | NO
 rw_view1   | b           | NO
 rw_view2   | a           | NO
 rw_view2   | b           | NO
(4 rows)

CREATE TRIGGER rw_view1_del_trig INSTEAD OF DELETE ON rw_view1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE rw_view1_trig_fn();
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | NO
 rw_view2   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into,
       is_trigger_updatable, is_trigger_deletable,
       is_trigger_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 rw_view1   | NO           | NO                 | YES                  | YES                  | YES
 rw_view2   | NO           | NO                 | NO                   | NO                   | NO
(2 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE 'rw_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | a           | NO
 rw_view1   | b           | NO
 rw_view2   | a           | NO
 rw_view2   | b           | NO
(4 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (3, 'Row 3') RETURNING *;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 3 | Row 3
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET b='Row three' WHERE a=3 RETURNING *;
 a |     b     
---+-----------
 3 | Row three
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |     b     
---+-----------
 1 | Row 1
 2 | Row 2
 3 | Row three
(3 rows)

DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE a=3 RETURNING *;
 a |     b     
---+-----------
 3 | Row three
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 1 | Row 1
 2 | Row 2
(2 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND t.a <= 1 THEN DELETE
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.a > 0 THEN INSERT VALUES (s.a, s.b)
  RETURNING merge_action(), s.*, t.*;
 merge_action | a | b  | a |   b   
--------------+---+----+---+-------
 DELETE       | 1 | R1 | 1 | Row 1
 UPDATE       | 2 | R2 | 2 | R2
 INSERT       | 3 | R3 | 3 | R3
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
 a  |   b    
----+--------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  2 | R2
  3 | R3
(5 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'r'||x FROM generate_series(0,2) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.a > 0 THEN INSERT VALUES (s.a, s.b)
  WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN UPDATE SET b = 'Not matched by source'
  RETURNING merge_action(), s.*, t.*;
 merge_action | a | b  | a |           b           
--------------+---+----+---+-----------------------
 UPDATE       | 2 | r2 | 2 | r2
 UPDATE       |   |    | 3 | Not matched by source
 INSERT       | 1 | r1 | 1 | r1
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
 a  |           b           
----+-----------------------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | r1
  2 | r2
  3 | Not matched by source
(6 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) UPDATE rw_view2 SET a=3 WHERE a=2;
                        QUERY PLAN                        
----------------------------------------------------------
 Update on rw_view1 rw_view1_1
   ->  Subquery Scan on rw_view1
         Filter: ((rw_view1.a < 10) AND (rw_view1.a = 2))
         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl
               Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                     Index Cond: (a > 0)
(7 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE a=2;
                        QUERY PLAN                        
----------------------------------------------------------
 Delete on rw_view1 rw_view1_1
   ->  Subquery Scan on rw_view1
         Filter: ((rw_view1.a < 10) AND (rw_view1.a = 2))
         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl
               Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                     Index Cond: (a > 0)
(7 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND t.a <= 1 THEN DELETE
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.a > 0 THEN INSERT VALUES (s.a, s.b);
                         QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
 Merge on rw_view1 rw_view1_1
   ->  Hash Right Join
         Hash Cond: (rw_view1.a = x.x)
         ->  Subquery Scan on rw_view1
               Filter: (rw_view1.a < 10)
               ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on base_tbl
                     Recheck Cond: (a > 0)
                     ->  Bitmap Index Scan on base_tbl_pkey
                           Index Cond: (a > 0)
         ->  Hash
               ->  Function Scan on generate_series x
(11 rows)

-- MERGE with incomplete set of INSTEAD OF triggers
DROP TRIGGER rw_view1_del_trig ON rw_view1;
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND t.a <= 1 THEN DELETE
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.a > 0 THEN INSERT VALUES (s.a, s.b); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot delete from view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Views containing LIMIT or OFFSET are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable deleting from the view using MERGE, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger.
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.a > 0 THEN INSERT VALUES (s.a, s.b); -- ok
DROP TRIGGER rw_view1_ins_trig ON rw_view1;
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.a > 0 THEN INSERT VALUES (s.a, s.b); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Views containing LIMIT or OFFSET are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable inserting into the view using MERGE, provide an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger.
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b; -- ok
-- MERGE with INSTEAD OF triggers on auto-updatable view
CREATE TRIGGER rw_view2_upd_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON rw_view2
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE rw_view1_trig_fn();
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b
  WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.a > 0 THEN INSERT VALUES (s.a, s.b); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot merge into view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  MERGE is not supported for views with INSTEAD OF triggers for some actions, but not others.
HINT:  To enable merging into the view, either provide a full set of INSTEAD OF triggers or drop the existing INSTEAD OF triggers.
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (SELECT x, 'R'||x FROM generate_series(0,3) x) AS s(a,b) ON t.a = s.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = s.b; -- ok
SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
 a  |   b    
----+--------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | R1
  2 | R2
  3 | R3
(6 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
DROP FUNCTION rw_view1_trig_fn();
-- update using whole row from view
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified');
INSERT INTO base_tbl SELECT i, 'Row ' || i FROM generate_series(-2, 2) g(i);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT b AS bb, a AS aa FROM base_tbl;
CREATE FUNCTION rw_view1_aa(x rw_view1)
  RETURNS int AS $$ SELECT x.aa $$ LANGUAGE sql;
UPDATE rw_view1 v SET bb='Updated row 2' WHERE rw_view1_aa(v)=2
  RETURNING rw_view1_aa(v), v.bb;
 rw_view1_aa |      bb       
-------------+---------------
           2 | Updated row 2
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a  |       b       
----+---------------
 -2 | Row -2
 -1 | Row -1
  0 | Row 0
  1 | Row 1
  2 | Updated row 2
(5 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
UPDATE rw_view1 v SET bb='Updated row 2' WHERE rw_view1_aa(v)=2
  RETURNING rw_view1_aa(v), v.bb;
                    QUERY PLAN                    
--------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl
   ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
         Index Cond: (a = 2)
(3 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to function rw_view1_aa(rw_view1)
-- permissions checks
CREATE USER regress_view_user1;
CREATE USER regress_view_user2;
CREATE USER regress_view_user3;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
CREATE TABLE base_tbl(a int, b text, c float);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 'Row 1', 1.0);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT b AS bb, c AS cc, a AS aa FROM base_tbl;
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 2', 2.0, 2);
GRANT SELECT ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
GRANT SELECT ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
GRANT UPDATE (a,c) ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
GRANT UPDATE (bb,cc) ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT b AS bb, c AS cc, a AS aa FROM base_tbl;
SELECT * FROM base_tbl; -- ok
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 1 | Row 1 | 1
 2 | Row 2 | 2
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view1; -- ok
  bb   | cc | aa 
-------+----+----
 Row 1 |  1 |  1
 Row 2 |  2 |  2
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2; -- ok
  bb   | cc | aa 
-------+----+----
 Row 1 |  1 |  1
 Row 2 |  2 |  2
(2 rows)

INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (3, 'Row 3', 3.0); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 3', 3.0, 3); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES ('Row 3', 3.0, 3); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (VALUES ('Row 3', 3.0, 3)) AS v(b,c,a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.b, v.c, v.a); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (VALUES ('Row 3', 3.0, 3)) AS v(b,c,a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.b, v.c, v.a); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE base_tbl SET a=a, c=c; -- ok
UPDATE base_tbl SET b=b; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET bb=bb, cc=cc; -- ok
UPDATE rw_view1 SET aa=aa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET aa=aa, cc=cc; -- ok
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bb=bb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bb = bb, cc = cc; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aa = aa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aa = aa, cc = cc; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bb = bb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
DELETE FROM base_tbl; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
DELETE FROM rw_view1; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
DELETE FROM rw_view2; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (3, 'Row 3', 3.0); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 4', 4.0, 4); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES ('Row 4', 4.0, 4); -- ok
DELETE FROM base_tbl WHERE a=1; -- ok
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE aa=2; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE aa=2; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND bb = 'xxx' THEN DELETE; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND bb = 'xxx' THEN DELETE; -- ok
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 3 | Row 3 | 3
 4 | Row 4 | 4
(2 rows)

RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
REVOKE INSERT, DELETE ON base_tbl FROM regress_view_user2;
GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (5, 'Row 5', 5.0); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 5', 5.0, 5); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES ('Row 6', 6.0, 6); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
DELETE FROM base_tbl WHERE a=3; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE aa=3; -- ok
DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE aa=4; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND bb = 'xxx' THEN DELETE; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED AND bb = 'xxx' THEN DELETE; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 4 | Row 4 | 4
 5 | Row 5 | 5
(2 rows)

RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
-- nested-view permissions
CREATE TABLE base_tbl(a int, b text, c float);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 'Row 1', 1.0);
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SELECT * FROM rw_view1 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = 'foo' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SELECT * FROM rw_view2 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET b = 'bar' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
GRANT SELECT ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user1;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 1 | Row 1 | 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view1 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = 'foo' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SELECT * FROM rw_view2 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET b = 'bar' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
GRANT SELECT ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 1 | Row 1 | 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET b = 'bar' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
GRANT UPDATE ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user1;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 1 | Row 1 | 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view1 FOR UPDATE;
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 1 | Row 1 | 1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = 'foo' WHERE a = 1;
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo';
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |  b  | c 
---+-----+---
 1 | foo | 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET b = 'bar' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'bar'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
GRANT UPDATE ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |  b  | c 
---+-----+---
 1 | foo | 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 FOR UPDATE;
 a |  b  | c 
---+-----+---
 1 | foo | 1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET b = 'bar' WHERE a = 1;
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'fud';
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
REVOKE UPDATE ON base_tbl FROM regress_view_user1;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 a |  b  | c 
---+-----+---
 1 | fud | 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view1 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = 'foo' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;
 a |  b  | c 
---+-----+---
 1 | fud | 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 FOR UPDATE;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET b = 'bar' WHERE a = 1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET b = 'foo'; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
-- security invoker view permissions
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
CREATE TABLE base_tbl(a int, b text, c float);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 'Row 1', 1.0);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT b AS bb, c AS cc, a AS aa FROM base_tbl;
ALTER VIEW rw_view1 SET (security_invoker = true);
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 2', 2.0, 2);
GRANT SELECT ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
GRANT UPDATE (bb,cc) ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM base_tbl; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SELECT * FROM rw_view1; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (3, 'Row 3', 3.0); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 3', 3.0, 3); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE base_tbl SET a=a; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET bb=bb, cc=cc; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bb = bb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
DELETE FROM base_tbl; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
DELETE FROM rw_view1; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
GRANT SELECT ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
GRANT UPDATE (a,c) ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM base_tbl; -- ok
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 1 | Row 1 | 1
 2 | Row 2 | 2
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view1; -- ok
  bb   | cc | aa 
-------+----+----
 Row 1 |  1 |  1
 Row 2 |  2 |  2
(2 rows)

UPDATE base_tbl SET a=a, c=c; -- ok
UPDATE base_tbl SET b=b; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET cc=cc; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET cc = cc; -- ok
UPDATE rw_view1 SET aa=aa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view1 SET bb=bb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aa = aa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bb = bb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (3, 'Row 3', 3.0); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 4', 4.0, 4); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
DELETE FROM base_tbl WHERE a=1; -- ok
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE aa=2; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
REVOKE INSERT, DELETE ON base_tbl FROM regress_view_user2;
GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 4', 4.0, 4); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE aa=2; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES ('Row 4', 4.0, 4); -- ok
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE aa=2; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (3)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE; -- ok
SELECT * FROM base_tbl; -- ok
 a |   b   | c 
---+-------+---
 4 | Row 4 | 4
(1 row)

RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- ordinary view on top of security invoker view permissions
CREATE TABLE base_tbl(a int, b text, c float);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 'Row 1', 1.0);
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT b AS bb, c AS cc, a AS aa FROM base_tbl;
ALTER VIEW rw_view1 SET (security_invoker = true);
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET aa=aa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (2, 'Row 2', 2.0)) AS v(a,b,c) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.b, v.c, v.a); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT cc AS ccc, aa AS aaa, bb AS bbb FROM rw_view1;
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON rw_view2 TO regress_view_user3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (2, 'Row 2', 2.0)) AS v(a,b,c) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.c, v.a, v.b); -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
GRANT SELECT ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user1;
GRANT UPDATE (a, b) ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user1;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1; -- ok
  bb   | cc | aa 
-------+----+----
 Row 1 |  1 |  1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view1 SET aa=aa, bb=bb;  -- ok
UPDATE rw_view1 SET cc=cc;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aa = aa, bb = bb; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET cc = cc; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
GRANT SELECT ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
GRANT UPDATE (bb, cc) ON rw_view1 TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
GRANT SELECT ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
GRANT UPDATE (a, c) ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- ok
 ccc | aaa |  bbb  
-----+-----+-------
   1 |   1 | Row 1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET ccc=ccc;  -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ccc = ccc; -- ok
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET ccc=ccc;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ccc = ccc; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
GRANT SELECT ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user3;
GRANT UPDATE (a, c) ON base_tbl TO regress_view_user3;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- ok
 ccc | aaa |  bbb  
-----+-----+-------
   1 |   1 | Row 1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET ccc=ccc;  -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ccc = ccc; -- ok
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON base_tbl FROM regress_view_user1;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user1;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view1 SET aa=aa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aa = aa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- ok
 ccc | aaa |  bbb  
-----+-----+-------
   1 |   1 | Row 1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET ccc=ccc;  -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ccc = ccc; -- ok
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- ok
 ccc | aaa |  bbb  
-----+-----+-------
   1 |   1 | Row 1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET ccc=ccc;  -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ccc = ccc; -- ok
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON base_tbl FROM regress_view_user2;
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user2;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET ccc=ccc;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ccc = ccc; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION regress_view_user3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view2;  -- ok
 ccc | aaa |  bbb  
-----+-----+-------
   1 |   1 | Row 1
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET aaa=aaa;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
UPDATE rw_view2 SET bbb=bbb;  -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
UPDATE rw_view2 SET ccc=ccc;  -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET aaa = aaa; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET bbb = bbb; -- not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.aaa = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ccc = ccc; -- ok
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION;
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
DROP USER regress_view_user1;
DROP USER regress_view_user2;
DROP USER regress_view_user3;
-- column defaults
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified', c serial);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 'Row 1');
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (2, 'Row 2');
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (3);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT a AS aa, b AS bb FROM base_tbl;
ALTER VIEW rw_view1 ALTER COLUMN bb SET DEFAULT 'View default';
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (4, 'Row 4');
INSERT INTO rw_view1 (aa) VALUES (5);
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (6)) AS v(a) ON t.aa = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (aa) VALUES (v.a);
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a |      b       | c 
---+--------------+---
 1 | Row 1        | 1
 2 | Row 2        | 2
 3 | Unspecified  | 3
 4 | Row 4        | 4
 5 | View default | 5
 6 | View default | 6
(6 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- Table having triggers
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text DEFAULT 'Unspecified');
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 'Row 1');
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (2, 'Row 2');
CREATE FUNCTION rw_view1_trig_fn()
RETURNS trigger AS
$$
BEGIN
  IF TG_OP = 'INSERT' THEN
    UPDATE base_tbl SET b=NEW.b WHERE a=1;
    RETURN NULL;
  END IF;
  RETURN NULL;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER rw_view1_ins_trig AFTER INSERT ON base_tbl
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE rw_view1_trig_fn();
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT a AS aa, b AS bb FROM base_tbl;
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (3, 'Row 3');
select * from base_tbl;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 2 | Row 2
 3 | Row 3
 1 | Row 3
(3 rows)

DROP VIEW rw_view1;
DROP TRIGGER rw_view1_ins_trig on base_tbl;
DROP FUNCTION rw_view1_trig_fn();
DROP TABLE base_tbl;
-- view with ORDER BY
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1,2), (4,5), (3,-3);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a+b;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 a | b  
---+----
 3 | -3
 1 |  2
 4 |  5
(3 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (7,-8);
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 a | b  
---+----
 7 | -8
 3 | -3
 1 |  2
 4 |  5
(4 rows)

EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off) UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = b + 1 RETURNING *;
                   QUERY PLAN                    
-------------------------------------------------
 Update on public.base_tbl
   Output: base_tbl.a, base_tbl.b
   ->  Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
         Output: (base_tbl.b + 1), base_tbl.ctid
(4 rows)

UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = b + 1 RETURNING *;
 a | b  
---+----
 1 |  3
 4 |  6
 3 | -2
 7 | -7
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 a | b  
---+----
 7 | -7
 3 | -2
 1 |  3
 4 |  6
(4 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- multiple array-column updates
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, arr int[]);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1,ARRAY[2]), (3,ARRAY[4]);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
UPDATE rw_view1 SET arr[1] = 42, arr[2] = 77 WHERE a = 3;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 a |   arr   
---+---------
 1 | {2}
 3 | {42,77}
(2 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- views with updatable and non-updatable columns
CREATE TABLE base_tbl(a float);
INSERT INTO base_tbl SELECT i/10.0 FROM generate_series(1,10) g(i);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS
  SELECT ctid, sin(a) s, a, cos(a) c
  FROM base_tbl
  WHERE a != 0
  ORDER BY abs(a);
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (null, null, 1.1, null); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "ctid" of view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  View columns that refer to system columns are not updatable.
INSERT INTO rw_view1 (s, c, a) VALUES (null, null, 1.1); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "s" of view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
INSERT INTO rw_view1 (a) VALUES (1.1) RETURNING a, s, c; -- OK
  a  |         s         |         c         
-----+-------------------+-------------------
 1.1 | 0.891207360061435 | 0.453596121425577
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view1 SET s = s WHERE a = 1.1; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update column "s" of view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = 1.05 WHERE a = 1.1 RETURNING s; -- OK
         s         
-------------------
 0.867423225594017
(1 row)

DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE a = 1.05; -- OK
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS
  SELECT s, c, s/c t, a base_a, ctid
  FROM rw_view1;
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (null, null, null, 1.1, null); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "t" of view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
INSERT INTO rw_view2(s, c, base_a) VALUES (null, null, 1.1); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "s" of view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
INSERT INTO rw_view2(base_a) VALUES (1.1) RETURNING t; -- OK
        t         
------------------
 1.96475965724865
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET s = s WHERE base_a = 1.1; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update column "s" of view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view2 SET t = t WHERE base_a = 1.1; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update column "t" of view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view2 SET base_a = 1.05 WHERE base_a = 1.1; -- OK
DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE base_a = 1.05 RETURNING base_a, s, c, t; -- OK
 base_a |         s         |         c         |        t         
--------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
   1.05 | 0.867423225594017 | 0.497571047891727 | 1.74331530998317
(1 row)

CREATE VIEW rw_view3 AS
  SELECT s, c, s/c t, ctid
  FROM rw_view1;
INSERT INTO rw_view3 VALUES (null, null, null, null); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "t" of view "rw_view3"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
INSERT INTO rw_view3(s) VALUES (null); -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "s" of view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
UPDATE rw_view3 SET s = s; -- should fail
ERROR:  cannot update column "s" of view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
DELETE FROM rw_view3 WHERE s = sin(0.1); -- should be OK
SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a;
  a  
-----
 0.2
 0.3
 0.4
 0.5
 0.6
 0.7
 0.8
 0.9
   1
(9 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name LIKE E'r_\\_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES
 rw_view2   | YES
 rw_view3   | NO
(3 rows)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name LIKE E'r_\\_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name;
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES          | YES
 rw_view2   | YES          | YES
 rw_view3   | NO           | NO
(3 rows)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name LIKE E'r_\\_view%'
 ORDER BY table_name, ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | ctid        | NO
 rw_view1   | s           | NO
 rw_view1   | a           | YES
 rw_view1   | c           | NO
 rw_view2   | s           | NO
 rw_view2   | c           | NO
 rw_view2   | t           | NO
 rw_view2   | base_a      | YES
 rw_view2   | ctid        | NO
 rw_view3   | s           | NO
 rw_view3   | c           | NO
 rw_view3   | t           | NO
 rw_view3   | ctid        | NO
(13 rows)

SELECT events & 4 != 0 AS upd,
       events & 8 != 0 AS ins,
       events & 16 != 0 AS del
  FROM pg_catalog.pg_relation_is_updatable('rw_view3'::regclass, false) t(events);
 upd | ins | del 
-----+-----+-----
 f   | f   | t
(1 row)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 3 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
drop cascades to view rw_view3
-- view on table with GENERATED columns
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (id int, idplus1 int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (id + 1) STORED);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
INSERT INTO base_tbl (id) VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO rw_view1 (id) VALUES (2);
INSERT INTO base_tbl (id, idplus1) VALUES (3, DEFAULT);
INSERT INTO rw_view1 (id, idplus1) VALUES (4, DEFAULT);
INSERT INTO base_tbl (id, idplus1) VALUES (5, 6);  -- error
ERROR:  cannot insert a non-DEFAULT value into column "idplus1"
DETAIL:  Column "idplus1" is a generated column.
INSERT INTO rw_view1 (id, idplus1) VALUES (6, 7);  -- error
ERROR:  cannot insert a non-DEFAULT value into column "idplus1"
DETAIL:  Column "idplus1" is a generated column.
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 id | idplus1 
----+---------
  1 |       2
  2 |       3
  3 |       4
  4 |       5
(4 rows)

UPDATE base_tbl SET id = 2000 WHERE id = 2;
UPDATE rw_view1 SET id = 3000 WHERE id = 3;
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
  id  | idplus1 
------+---------
    1 |       2
    4 |       5
 2000 |    2001
 3000 |    3001
(4 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- inheritance tests
CREATE TABLE base_tbl_parent (a int);
CREATE TABLE base_tbl_child (CHECK (a > 0)) INHERITS (base_tbl_parent);
INSERT INTO base_tbl_parent SELECT * FROM generate_series(-8, -1);
INSERT INTO base_tbl_child SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 8);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl_parent;
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT * FROM ONLY base_tbl_parent;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1 ORDER BY a;
 a  
----
 -8
 -7
 -6
 -5
 -4
 -3
 -2
 -1
  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
(16 rows)

SELECT * FROM ONLY rw_view1 ORDER BY a;
 a  
----
 -8
 -7
 -6
 -5
 -4
 -3
 -2
 -1
  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
(16 rows)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 ORDER BY a;
 a  
----
 -8
 -7
 -6
 -5
 -4
 -3
 -2
 -1
(8 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (-100), (100);
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (-200), (200);
UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = a*10 WHERE a IN (-1, 1); -- Should produce -10 and 10
UPDATE ONLY rw_view1 SET a = a*10 WHERE a IN (-2, 2); -- Should produce -20 and 20
UPDATE rw_view2 SET a = a*10 WHERE a IN (-3, 3); -- Should produce -30 only
UPDATE ONLY rw_view2 SET a = a*10 WHERE a IN (-4, 4); -- Should produce -40 only
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE a IN (-5, 5); -- Should delete -5 and 5
DELETE FROM ONLY rw_view1 WHERE a IN (-6, 6); -- Should delete -6 and 6
DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE a IN (-7, 7); -- Should delete -7 only
DELETE FROM ONLY rw_view2 WHERE a IN (-8, 8); -- Should delete -8 only
SELECT * FROM ONLY base_tbl_parent ORDER BY a;
  a   
------
 -200
 -100
  -40
  -30
  -20
  -10
  100
  200
(8 rows)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl_child ORDER BY a;
 a  
----
  3
  4
  7
  8
 10
 20
(6 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (-200), (10)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = t.a+1; -- Should produce -199 and 11
MERGE INTO ONLY rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (-100), (20)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = t.a+1; -- Should produce -99 and 21
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (-40), (3)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = t.a+1; -- Should produce -39 only
MERGE INTO ONLY rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (-30), (4)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = t.a+1; -- Should produce -29 only
SELECT * FROM ONLY base_tbl_parent ORDER BY a;
  a   
------
 -199
  -99
  -39
  -29
  -20
  -10
  100
  200
(8 rows)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl_child ORDER BY a;
 a  
----
  3
  4
  7
  8
 11
 21
(6 rows)

CREATE TABLE other_tbl_parent (id int);
CREATE TABLE other_tbl_child () INHERITS (other_tbl_parent);
INSERT INTO other_tbl_parent VALUES (7),(200);
INSERT INTO other_tbl_child VALUES (8),(100);
EXPLAIN (costs off)
UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = a + 1000 FROM other_tbl_parent WHERE a = id;
                               QUERY PLAN                                
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl_parent
   Update on base_tbl_parent base_tbl_parent_1
   Update on base_tbl_child base_tbl_parent_2
   ->  Merge Join
         Merge Cond: (base_tbl_parent.a = other_tbl_parent.id)
         ->  Sort
               Sort Key: base_tbl_parent.a
               ->  Append
                     ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl_parent base_tbl_parent_1
                     ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl_child base_tbl_parent_2
         ->  Sort
               Sort Key: other_tbl_parent.id
               ->  Append
                     ->  Seq Scan on other_tbl_parent other_tbl_parent_1
                     ->  Seq Scan on other_tbl_child other_tbl_parent_2
(15 rows)

UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = a + 1000 FROM other_tbl_parent WHERE a = id;
SELECT * FROM ONLY base_tbl_parent ORDER BY a;
  a   
------
 -199
  -99
  -39
  -29
  -20
  -10
 1100
 1200
(8 rows)

SELECT * FROM base_tbl_child ORDER BY a;
  a   
------
    3
    4
   11
   21
 1007
 1008
(6 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl_parent, base_tbl_child CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
DROP TABLE other_tbl_parent CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to table other_tbl_child
-- simple WITH CHECK OPTION
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int DEFAULT 10);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1,2), (2,3), (1,-1);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WHERE a < b
  WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION;
\d+ rw_view1
                          View "public.rw_view1"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
 a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
 b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
View definition:
 SELECT a,
    b
   FROM base_tbl
  WHERE a < b;
Options: check_option=local

SELECT * FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1';
 table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | view_definition  | check_option | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
---------------+--------------+------------+------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 regression    | public       | rw_view1   |  SELECT a,      +| LOCAL        | YES          | YES                | NO                   | NO                   | NO
               |              |            |     b           +|              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
               |              |            |    FROM base_tbl+|              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
               |              |            |   WHERE (a < b); |              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
(1 row)

INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES(3,4); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES(4,3); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (4, 3).
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES(5,null); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (5, null).
UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = 5 WHERE a = 3; -- ok
UPDATE rw_view1 SET b = -5 WHERE a = 3; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (3, -5).
INSERT INTO rw_view1(a) VALUES (9); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1(a) VALUES (10); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 10).
SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a, b;
 a | b  
---+----
 1 | -1
 1 |  2
 2 |  3
 3 |  5
 9 | 10
(5 rows)

MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (10)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a, v.a + 1); -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (11)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a, v.a - 1); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (11, 10).
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (1)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = t.a - 1; -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t USING (VALUES (2)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = t.a + 1; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (3, 3).
SELECT * FROM base_tbl ORDER BY a, b;
 a  | b  
----+----
  0 |  2
  1 | -1
  2 |  3
  3 |  5
  9 | 10
 10 | 11
(6 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- WITH LOCAL/CASCADED CHECK OPTION
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WHERE a > 0;
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE a < 10
  WITH CHECK OPTION; -- implicitly cascaded
\d+ rw_view2
                          View "public.rw_view2"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
 a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
View definition:
 SELECT a
   FROM rw_view1
  WHERE a < 10;
Options: check_option=cascaded

SELECT * FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2';
 table_catalog | table_schema | table_name |  view_definition  | check_option | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
---------------+--------------+------------+-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 regression    | public       | rw_view2   |  SELECT a        +| CASCADED     | YES          | YES                | NO                   | NO                   | NO
               |              |            |    FROM rw_view1 +|              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
               |              |            |   WHERE (a < 10); |              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
(1 row)

INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (-5); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-5).
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (5); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (15); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (15).
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a 
---
 5
(1 row)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET a = a - 10; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-5).
UPDATE rw_view2 SET a = a + 10; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (15).
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE a < 10
  WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION;
\d+ rw_view2
                          View "public.rw_view2"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
 a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
View definition:
 SELECT a
   FROM rw_view1
  WHERE a < 10;
Options: check_option=local

SELECT * FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2';
 table_catalog | table_schema | table_name |  view_definition  | check_option | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
---------------+--------------+------------+-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 regression    | public       | rw_view2   |  SELECT a        +| LOCAL        | YES          | YES                | NO                   | NO                   | NO
               |              |            |    FROM rw_view1 +|              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
               |              |            |   WHERE (a < 10); |              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
(1 row)

INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (-10); -- ok, but not in view
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (20); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20).
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
  a  
-----
   5
 -10
(2 rows)

ALTER VIEW rw_view1 SET (check_option=here); -- invalid
ERROR:  invalid value for enum option "check_option": here
DETAIL:  Valid values are "local" and "cascaded".
ALTER VIEW rw_view1 SET (check_option=local);
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (-20); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-20).
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (30); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (30).
ALTER VIEW rw_view2 RESET (check_option);
\d+ rw_view2
                          View "public.rw_view2"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
 a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
View definition:
 SELECT a
   FROM rw_view1
  WHERE a < 10;

SELECT * FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2';
 table_catalog | table_schema | table_name |  view_definition  | check_option | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
---------------+--------------+------------+-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 regression    | public       | rw_view2   |  SELECT a        +| NONE         | YES          | YES                | NO                   | NO                   | NO
               |              |            |    FROM rw_view1 +|              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
               |              |            |   WHERE (a < 10); |              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
(1 row)

INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (30); -- ok, but not in view
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
  a  
-----
   5
 -10
  30
(3 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
-- WITH CHECK OPTION with no local view qual
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WITH CHECK OPTION;
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE a > 0;
CREATE VIEW rw_view3 AS SELECT * FROM rw_view2 WITH CHECK OPTION;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_name LIKE E'rw\\_view_' ORDER BY table_name;
 table_catalog | table_schema | table_name |  view_definition  | check_option | is_updatable | is_insertable_into | is_trigger_updatable | is_trigger_deletable | is_trigger_insertable_into 
---------------+--------------+------------+-------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------------
 regression    | public       | rw_view1   |  SELECT a        +| CASCADED     | YES          | YES                | NO                   | NO                   | NO
               |              |            |    FROM base_tbl; |              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
 regression    | public       | rw_view2   |  SELECT a        +| NONE         | YES          | YES                | NO                   | NO                   | NO
               |              |            |    FROM rw_view1 +|              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
               |              |            |   WHERE (a > 0);  |              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
 regression    | public       | rw_view3   |  SELECT a        +| CASCADED     | YES          | YES                | NO                   | NO                   | NO
               |              |            |    FROM rw_view2; |              |              |                    |                      |                      | 
(3 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (-1); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (1); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (-2); -- ok, but not in view
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (2); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view3 VALUES (-3); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-3).
INSERT INTO rw_view3 VALUES (3); -- ok
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 3 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
drop cascades to view rw_view3
-- WITH CHECK OPTION with scalar array ops
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int[]);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WHERE a = ANY (b)
  WITH CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (1, ARRAY[1,2,3]); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (10, ARRAY[4,5]); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, {4,5}).
UPDATE rw_view1 SET b[2] = -b[2] WHERE a = 1; -- ok
UPDATE rw_view1 SET b[1] = -b[1] WHERE a = 1; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, {-1,-2,3}).
PREPARE ins(int, int[]) AS INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES($1, $2);
EXECUTE ins(2, ARRAY[1,2,3]); -- ok
EXECUTE ins(10, ARRAY[4,5]); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, {4,5}).
DEALLOCATE PREPARE ins;
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- WITH CHECK OPTION with subquery
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int);
CREATE TABLE ref_tbl (a int PRIMARY KEY);
INSERT INTO ref_tbl SELECT * FROM generate_series(1,10);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS
  SELECT * FROM base_tbl b
  WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM ref_tbl r WHERE r.a = b.a)
  WITH CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (5); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (15); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (15).
UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = a + 5; -- ok
UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = a + 5; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (15).
EXPLAIN (costs off) INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (5);
                       QUERY PLAN                        
---------------------------------------------------------
 Insert on base_tbl b
   ->  Result
   SubPlan 1
     ->  Index Only Scan using ref_tbl_pkey on ref_tbl r
           Index Cond: (a = b.a)
(5 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = a + 5;
                        QUERY PLAN                         
-----------------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl b
   ->  Hash Join
         Hash Cond: (b.a = r.a)
         ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl b
         ->  Hash
               ->  Seq Scan on ref_tbl r
   SubPlan 1
     ->  Index Only Scan using ref_tbl_pkey on ref_tbl r_1
           Index Cond: (a = b.a)
(9 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl, ref_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- WITH CHECK OPTION with BEFORE trigger on base table
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
CREATE FUNCTION base_tbl_trig_fn()
RETURNS trigger AS
$$
BEGIN
  NEW.b := 10;
  RETURN NEW;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER base_tbl_trig BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE base_tbl_trig_fn();
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT * FROM base_tbl WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (5,0); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (15, 20); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (15, 10).
UPDATE rw_view1 SET a = 20, b = 30; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 10).
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
DROP FUNCTION base_tbl_trig_fn();
-- WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION with INSTEAD OF trigger on base view
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a < b;
CREATE FUNCTION rw_view1_trig_fn()
RETURNS trigger AS
$$
BEGIN
  IF TG_OP = 'INSERT' THEN
    INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (NEW.a, 10);
    RETURN NEW;
  ELSIF TG_OP = 'UPDATE' THEN
    UPDATE base_tbl SET a=NEW.a WHERE a=OLD.a;
    RETURN NEW;
  ELSIF TG_OP = 'DELETE' THEN
    DELETE FROM base_tbl WHERE a=OLD.a;
    RETURN OLD;
  END IF;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER rw_view1_trig
  INSTEAD OF INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rw_view1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE rw_view1_trig_fn();
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS
  SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE a > 0 WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (-5); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-5).
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (-5)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-5).
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (5); -- ok
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (6)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (50); -- ok, but not in view
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (60)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (v.a); -- ok, but not in view
UPDATE rw_view2 SET a = a - 10; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-5).
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t USING (VALUES (6)) AS v(a) ON t.a = v.a
  WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = t.a - 10; -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-4).
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 a  | b  
----+----
  5 | 10
  6 | 10
 50 | 10
 60 | 10
(4 rows)

-- Check option won't cascade down to base view with INSTEAD OF triggers
ALTER VIEW rw_view2 SET (check_option=cascaded);
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (100); -- ok, but not in view (doesn't fail rw_view1's check)
UPDATE rw_view2 SET a = 200 WHERE a = 5; -- ok, but not in view (doesn't fail rw_view1's check)
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
  a  | b  
-----+----
   6 | 10
  50 | 10
  60 | 10
 100 | 10
 200 | 10
(5 rows)

-- Neither local nor cascaded check options work with INSTEAD rules
DROP TRIGGER rw_view1_trig ON rw_view1;
CREATE RULE rw_view1_ins_rule AS ON INSERT TO rw_view1
  DO INSTEAD INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (NEW.a, 10);
CREATE RULE rw_view1_upd_rule AS ON UPDATE TO rw_view1
  DO INSTEAD UPDATE base_tbl SET a=NEW.a WHERE a=OLD.a;
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (-10); -- ok, but not in view (doesn't fail rw_view2's check)
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (5); -- ok
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (20); -- ok, but not in view (doesn't fail rw_view1's check)
UPDATE rw_view2 SET a = 30 WHERE a = 5; -- ok, but not in view (doesn't fail rw_view1's check)
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (5); -- ok
UPDATE rw_view2 SET a = -5 WHERE a = 5; -- ok, but not in view (doesn't fail rw_view2's check)
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
  a  | b  
-----+----
   6 | 10
  50 | 10
  60 | 10
 100 | 10
 200 | 10
 -10 | 10
  20 | 10
  30 | 10
  -5 | 10
(9 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
DROP FUNCTION rw_view1_trig_fn();
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int);
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS SELECT a,10 AS b FROM base_tbl;
CREATE RULE rw_view1_ins_rule AS ON INSERT TO rw_view1
  DO INSTEAD INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (NEW.a);
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 AS
  SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE a > b WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO rw_view2 VALUES (2,3); -- ok, but not in view (doesn't fail rw_view2's check)
DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
-- security barrier view
CREATE TABLE base_tbl (person text, visibility text);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES ('Tom', 'public'),
                            ('Dick', 'private'),
                            ('Harry', 'public');
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 AS
  SELECT person FROM base_tbl WHERE visibility = 'public';
CREATE FUNCTION snoop(anyelement)
RETURNS boolean AS
$$
BEGIN
  RAISE NOTICE 'snooped value: %', $1;
  RETURN true;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql COST 0.000001;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION leakproof(anyelement)
RETURNS boolean AS
$$
BEGIN
  RETURN true;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql STRICT IMMUTABLE LEAKPROOF;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Dick
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
 person 
--------
 Tom
 Harry
(2 rows)

UPDATE rw_view1 SET person=person WHERE snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Dick
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE NOT snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Dick
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
ALTER VIEW rw_view1 SET (security_barrier = true);
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1';
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1';
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view1   | YES          | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view1'
 ORDER BY ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view1   | person      | YES
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
 person 
--------
 Tom
 Harry
(2 rows)

UPDATE rw_view1 SET person=person WHERE snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE NOT snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (VALUES ('Tom'), ('Dick'), ('Harry')) AS v(person) ON t.person = v.person
  WHEN MATCHED AND snoop(t.person) THEN UPDATE SET person = v.person;
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
EXPLAIN (costs off) SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE snoop(person);
                  QUERY PLAN                   
-----------------------------------------------
 Subquery Scan on rw_view1
   Filter: snoop(rw_view1.person)
   ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
         Filter: (visibility = 'public'::text)
(4 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) UPDATE rw_view1 SET person=person WHERE snoop(person);
                            QUERY PLAN                             
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl
   ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
         Filter: ((visibility = 'public'::text) AND snoop(person))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE NOT snoop(person);
                               QUERY PLAN                                
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Delete on base_tbl
   ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
         Filter: ((visibility = 'public'::text) AND (NOT snoop(person)))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
MERGE INTO rw_view1 t
  USING (VALUES ('Tom'), ('Dick'), ('Harry')) AS v(person) ON t.person = v.person
  WHEN MATCHED AND snoop(t.person) THEN UPDATE SET person = v.person;
                         QUERY PLAN                          
-------------------------------------------------------------
 Merge on base_tbl
   ->  Nested Loop
         Join Filter: (base_tbl.person = "*VALUES*".column1)
         ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
               Filter: (visibility = 'public'::text)
         ->  Materialize
               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
(7 rows)

-- security barrier view on top of security barrier view
CREATE VIEW rw_view2 WITH (security_barrier = true) AS
  SELECT * FROM rw_view1 WHERE snoop(person);
SELECT table_name, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.tables
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2';
 table_name | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------------
 rw_view2   | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  FROM information_schema.views
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2';
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 rw_view2   | YES          | YES
(1 row)

SELECT table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  FROM information_schema.columns
 WHERE table_name = 'rw_view2'
 ORDER BY ordinal_position;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 rw_view2   | person      | YES
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM rw_view2 WHERE snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
 person 
--------
 Tom
 Harry
(2 rows)

UPDATE rw_view2 SET person=person WHERE snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE NOT snoop(person);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (VALUES ('Tom'), ('Dick'), ('Harry')) AS v(person) ON t.person = v.person
  WHEN MATCHED AND snoop(t.person) THEN UPDATE SET person = v.person;
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Tom
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
NOTICE:  snooped value: Harry
EXPLAIN (costs off) SELECT * FROM rw_view2 WHERE snoop(person);
                     QUERY PLAN                      
-----------------------------------------------------
 Subquery Scan on rw_view2
   Filter: snoop(rw_view2.person)
   ->  Subquery Scan on rw_view1
         Filter: snoop(rw_view1.person)
         ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
               Filter: (visibility = 'public'::text)
(6 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) UPDATE rw_view2 SET person=person WHERE snoop(person);
                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl
   ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
         Filter: ((visibility = 'public'::text) AND snoop(person) AND snoop(person))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off) DELETE FROM rw_view2 WHERE NOT snoop(person);
                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Delete on base_tbl
   ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
         Filter: ((visibility = 'public'::text) AND snoop(person) AND (NOT snoop(person)))
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN (costs off)
MERGE INTO rw_view2 t
  USING (VALUES ('Tom'), ('Dick'), ('Harry')) AS v(person) ON t.person = v.person
  WHEN MATCHED AND snoop(t.person) THEN UPDATE SET person = v.person;
                               QUERY PLAN                                
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Merge on base_tbl
   ->  Nested Loop
         Join Filter: (base_tbl.person = "*VALUES*".column1)
         ->  Seq Scan on base_tbl
               Filter: ((visibility = 'public'::text) AND snoop(person))
         ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
(6 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
drop cascades to view rw_view2
-- security barrier view on top of table with rules
CREATE TABLE base_tbl(id int PRIMARY KEY, data text, deleted boolean);
INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 'Row 1', false), (2, 'Row 2', true);
CREATE RULE base_tbl_ins_rule AS ON INSERT TO base_tbl
  WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM base_tbl t WHERE t.id = new.id)
  DO INSTEAD
    UPDATE base_tbl SET data = new.data, deleted = false WHERE id = new.id;
CREATE RULE base_tbl_del_rule AS ON DELETE TO base_tbl
  DO INSTEAD
    UPDATE base_tbl SET deleted = true WHERE id = old.id;
CREATE VIEW rw_view1 WITH (security_barrier=true) AS
  SELECT id, data FROM base_tbl WHERE NOT deleted;
SELECT * FROM rw_view1;
 id | data  
----+-------
  1 | Row 1
(1 row)

EXPLAIN (costs off) DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE id = 1 AND snoop(data);
                            QUERY PLAN                             
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on base_tbl base_tbl_1
   ->  Nested Loop
         ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl base_tbl_1
               Index Cond: (id = 1)
         ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
               Index Cond: (id = 1)
               Filter: ((NOT deleted) AND snoop(data))
(7 rows)

DELETE FROM rw_view1 WHERE id = 1 AND snoop(data);
NOTICE:  snooped value: Row 1
EXPLAIN (costs off) INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (2, 'New row 2');
                        QUERY PLAN                         
-----------------------------------------------------------
 Insert on base_tbl
   InitPlan 1
     ->  Index Only Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl t
           Index Cond: (id = 2)
   ->  Result
         One-Time Filter: ((InitPlan 1).col1 IS NOT TRUE)
 
 Update on base_tbl
   InitPlan 1
     ->  Index Only Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl t
           Index Cond: (id = 2)
   ->  Result
         One-Time Filter: (InitPlan 1).col1
         ->  Index Scan using base_tbl_pkey on base_tbl
               Index Cond: (id = 2)
(15 rows)

INSERT INTO rw_view1 VALUES (2, 'New row 2');
SELECT * FROM base_tbl;
 id |   data    | deleted 
----+-----------+---------
  1 | Row 1     | t
  2 | New row 2 | f
(2 rows)

DROP TABLE base_tbl CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view1
-- security barrier view based on inheritance set
CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b float, c text);
CREATE INDEX t1_a_idx ON t1(a);
INSERT INTO t1
SELECT i,i,'t1' FROM generate_series(1,10) g(i);
ANALYZE t1;
CREATE TABLE t11 (d text) INHERITS (t1);
CREATE INDEX t11_a_idx ON t11(a);
INSERT INTO t11
SELECT i,i,'t11','t11d' FROM generate_series(1,10) g(i);
ANALYZE t11;
CREATE TABLE t12 (e int[]) INHERITS (t1);
CREATE INDEX t12_a_idx ON t12(a);
INSERT INTO t12
SELECT i,i,'t12','{1,2}'::int[] FROM generate_series(1,10) g(i);
ANALYZE t12;
CREATE TABLE t111 () INHERITS (t11, t12);
NOTICE:  merging multiple inherited definitions of column "a"
NOTICE:  merging multiple inherited definitions of column "b"
NOTICE:  merging multiple inherited definitions of column "c"
CREATE INDEX t111_a_idx ON t111(a);
INSERT INTO t111
SELECT i,i,'t111','t111d','{1,1,1}'::int[] FROM generate_series(1,10) g(i);
ANALYZE t111;
CREATE VIEW v1 WITH (security_barrier=true) AS
SELECT *, (SELECT d FROM t11 WHERE t11.a = t1.a LIMIT 1) AS d
FROM t1
WHERE a > 5 AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM t12 WHERE t12.a = t1.a);
SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE a=3; -- should not see anything
 a | b | c | d 
---+---+---+---
(0 rows)

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE a=8;
 a | b |  c   |  d   
---+---+------+------
 8 | 8 | t1   | t11d
 8 | 8 | t11  | t11d
 8 | 8 | t12  | t11d
 8 | 8 | t111 | t11d
(4 rows)

EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
UPDATE v1 SET a=100 WHERE snoop(a) AND leakproof(a) AND a < 7 AND a != 6;
                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on public.t1
   Update on public.t1 t1_1
   Update on public.t11 t1_2
   Update on public.t12 t1_3
   Update on public.t111 t1_4
   ->  Result
         Output: 100, t1.tableoid, t1.ctid
         ->  Append
               ->  Index Scan using t1_a_idx on public.t1 t1_1
                     Output: t1_1.tableoid, t1_1.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_1.a > 5) AND (t1_1.a < 7))
                     Filter: ((t1_1.a <> 6) AND EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_1.a) AND leakproof(t1_1.a))
                     SubPlan 1
                       ->  Append
                             ->  Seq Scan on public.t12 t12_1
                                   Filter: (t12_1.a = t1_1.a)
                             ->  Seq Scan on public.t111 t12_2
                                   Filter: (t12_2.a = t1_1.a)
               ->  Index Scan using t11_a_idx on public.t11 t1_2
                     Output: t1_2.tableoid, t1_2.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_2.a > 5) AND (t1_2.a < 7))
                     Filter: ((t1_2.a <> 6) AND EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_2.a) AND leakproof(t1_2.a))
               ->  Index Scan using t12_a_idx on public.t12 t1_3
                     Output: t1_3.tableoid, t1_3.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_3.a > 5) AND (t1_3.a < 7))
                     Filter: ((t1_3.a <> 6) AND EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_3.a) AND leakproof(t1_3.a))
               ->  Index Scan using t111_a_idx on public.t111 t1_4
                     Output: t1_4.tableoid, t1_4.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_4.a > 5) AND (t1_4.a < 7))
                     Filter: ((t1_4.a <> 6) AND EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_4.a) AND leakproof(t1_4.a))
(30 rows)

UPDATE v1 SET a=100 WHERE snoop(a) AND leakproof(a) AND a < 7 AND a != 6;
SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE a=100; -- Nothing should have been changed to 100
 a | b | c | d 
---+---+---+---
(0 rows)

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=100; -- Nothing should have been changed to 100
 a | b | c 
---+---+---
(0 rows)

EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
UPDATE v1 SET a=a+1 WHERE snoop(a) AND leakproof(a) AND a = 8;
                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on public.t1
   Update on public.t1 t1_1
   Update on public.t11 t1_2
   Update on public.t12 t1_3
   Update on public.t111 t1_4
   ->  Result
         Output: (t1.a + 1), t1.tableoid, t1.ctid
         ->  Append
               ->  Index Scan using t1_a_idx on public.t1 t1_1
                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.tableoid, t1_1.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_1.a > 5) AND (t1_1.a = 8))
                     Filter: (EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_1.a) AND leakproof(t1_1.a))
                     SubPlan 1
                       ->  Append
                             ->  Seq Scan on public.t12 t12_1
                                   Filter: (t12_1.a = t1_1.a)
                             ->  Seq Scan on public.t111 t12_2
                                   Filter: (t12_2.a = t1_1.a)
               ->  Index Scan using t11_a_idx on public.t11 t1_2
                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.tableoid, t1_2.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_2.a > 5) AND (t1_2.a = 8))
                     Filter: (EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_2.a) AND leakproof(t1_2.a))
               ->  Index Scan using t12_a_idx on public.t12 t1_3
                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.tableoid, t1_3.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_3.a > 5) AND (t1_3.a = 8))
                     Filter: (EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_3.a) AND leakproof(t1_3.a))
               ->  Index Scan using t111_a_idx on public.t111 t1_4
                     Output: t1_4.a, t1_4.tableoid, t1_4.ctid
                     Index Cond: ((t1_4.a > 5) AND (t1_4.a = 8))
                     Filter: (EXISTS(SubPlan 1) AND snoop(t1_4.a) AND leakproof(t1_4.a))
(30 rows)

UPDATE v1 SET a=a+1 WHERE snoop(a) AND leakproof(a) AND a = 8;
NOTICE:  snooped value: 8
NOTICE:  snooped value: 8
NOTICE:  snooped value: 8
NOTICE:  snooped value: 8
SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE b=8;
 a | b |  c   |  d   
---+---+------+------
 9 | 8 | t1   | t11d
 9 | 8 | t11  | t11d
 9 | 8 | t12  | t11d
 9 | 8 | t111 | t11d
(4 rows)

DELETE FROM v1 WHERE snoop(a) AND leakproof(a); -- should not delete everything, just where a>5
NOTICE:  snooped value: 6
NOTICE:  snooped value: 7
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
NOTICE:  snooped value: 10
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
NOTICE:  snooped value: 6
NOTICE:  snooped value: 7
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
NOTICE:  snooped value: 10
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
NOTICE:  snooped value: 6
NOTICE:  snooped value: 7
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
NOTICE:  snooped value: 10
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
NOTICE:  snooped value: 6
NOTICE:  snooped value: 7
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
NOTICE:  snooped value: 10
NOTICE:  snooped value: 9
TABLE t1; -- verify all a<=5 are intact
 a | b |  c   
---+---+------
 1 | 1 | t1
 2 | 2 | t1
 3 | 3 | t1
 4 | 4 | t1
 5 | 5 | t1
 1 | 1 | t11
 2 | 2 | t11
 3 | 3 | t11
 4 | 4 | t11
 5 | 5 | t11
 1 | 1 | t12
 2 | 2 | t12
 3 | 3 | t12
 4 | 4 | t12
 5 | 5 | t12
 1 | 1 | t111
 2 | 2 | t111
 3 | 3 | t111
 4 | 4 | t111
 5 | 5 | t111
(20 rows)

DROP TABLE t1, t11, t12, t111 CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to view v1
DROP FUNCTION snoop(anyelement);
DROP FUNCTION leakproof(anyelement);
CREATE TABLE tx1 (a integer);
CREATE TABLE tx2 (b integer);
CREATE TABLE tx3 (c integer);
CREATE VIEW vx1 AS SELECT a FROM tx1 WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM tx2 JOIN tx3 ON b=c);
INSERT INTO vx1 values (1);
SELECT * FROM tx1;
 a 
---
 1
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM vx1;
 a 
---
(0 rows)

DROP VIEW vx1;
DROP TABLE tx1;
DROP TABLE tx2;
DROP TABLE tx3;
CREATE TABLE tx1 (a integer);
CREATE TABLE tx2 (b integer);
CREATE TABLE tx3 (c integer);
CREATE VIEW vx1 AS SELECT a FROM tx1 WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM tx2 JOIN tx3 ON b=c);
INSERT INTO vx1 VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO vx1 VALUES (1);
SELECT * FROM tx1;
 a 
---
 1
 1
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM vx1;
 a 
---
(0 rows)

DROP VIEW vx1;
DROP TABLE tx1;
DROP TABLE tx2;
DROP TABLE tx3;
CREATE TABLE tx1 (a integer, b integer);
CREATE TABLE tx2 (b integer, c integer);
CREATE TABLE tx3 (c integer, d integer);
ALTER TABLE tx1 DROP COLUMN b;
ALTER TABLE tx2 DROP COLUMN c;
ALTER TABLE tx3 DROP COLUMN d;
CREATE VIEW vx1 AS SELECT a FROM tx1 WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM tx2 JOIN tx3 ON b=c);
INSERT INTO vx1 VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO vx1 VALUES (1);
SELECT * FROM tx1;
 a 
---
 1
 1
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM vx1;
 a 
---
(0 rows)

DROP VIEW vx1;
DROP TABLE tx1;
DROP TABLE tx2;
DROP TABLE tx3;
--
-- Test handling of vars from correlated subqueries in quals from outer
-- security barrier views, per bug #13988
--
CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b text, c int);
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1, 'one', 10);
CREATE TABLE t2 (cc int);
INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (10), (20);
CREATE VIEW v1 WITH (security_barrier = true) AS
  SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (a > 0)
  WITH CHECK OPTION;
CREATE VIEW v2 WITH (security_barrier = true) AS
  SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t2.cc = v1.c)
  WITH CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO v2 VALUES (2, 'two', 20); -- ok
INSERT INTO v2 VALUES (-2, 'minus two', 20); -- not allowed
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "v1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-2, minus two, 20).
INSERT INTO v2 VALUES (3, 'three', 30); -- not allowed
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "v2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (3, three, 30).
UPDATE v2 SET b = 'ONE' WHERE a = 1; -- ok
UPDATE v2 SET a = -1 WHERE a = 1; -- not allowed
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "v1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, ONE, 10).
UPDATE v2 SET c = 30 WHERE a = 1; -- not allowed
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "v2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, ONE, 30).
DELETE FROM v2 WHERE a = 2; -- ok
SELECT * FROM v2;
 a |  b  | c  
---+-----+----
 1 | ONE | 10
(1 row)

DROP VIEW v2;
DROP VIEW v1;
DROP TABLE t2;
DROP TABLE t1;
--
-- Test sub-select in nested security barrier views, per bug #17972
--
CREATE TABLE t1 (a int);
CREATE VIEW v1 WITH (security_barrier = true) AS
  SELECT * FROM t1;
CREATE RULE v1_upd_rule AS ON UPDATE TO v1 DO INSTEAD
  UPDATE t1 SET a = NEW.a WHERE a = OLD.a;
CREATE VIEW v2 WITH (security_barrier = true) AS
  SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1);
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) UPDATE v2 SET a = 1;
                          QUERY PLAN                          
--------------------------------------------------------------
 Update on t1
   InitPlan 1
     ->  Result
   ->  Merge Join
         Merge Cond: (t1.a = v1.a)
         ->  Sort
               Sort Key: t1.a
               ->  Seq Scan on t1
         ->  Sort
               Sort Key: v1.a
               ->  Subquery Scan on v1
                     ->  Result
                           One-Time Filter: (InitPlan 1).col1
                           ->  Seq Scan on t1 t1_1
(14 rows)

DROP VIEW v2;
DROP VIEW v1;
DROP TABLE t1;
--
-- Test CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW turning a non-updatable view into an
-- auto-updatable view and adding check options in a single step
--
CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b text);
CREATE VIEW v1 AS SELECT null::int AS a;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW v1 AS SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a > 0 WITH CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO v1 VALUES (1, 'ok'); -- ok
INSERT INTO v1 VALUES (-1, 'invalid'); -- should fail
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "v1"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, invalid).
DROP VIEW v1;
DROP TABLE t1;
-- check that an auto-updatable view on a partitioned table works correctly
create table uv_pt (a int, b int, v varchar) partition by range (a, b);
create table uv_pt1 (b int not null, v varchar, a int not null) partition by range (b);
create table uv_pt11 (like uv_pt1);
alter table uv_pt11 drop a;
alter table uv_pt11 add a int;
alter table uv_pt11 drop a;
alter table uv_pt11 add a int not null;
alter table uv_pt1 attach partition uv_pt11 for values from (2) to (5);
alter table uv_pt attach partition uv_pt1 for values from (1, 2) to (1, 10);
create view uv_ptv as select * from uv_pt;
select events & 4 != 0 AS upd,
       events & 8 != 0 AS ins,
       events & 16 != 0 AS del
  from pg_catalog.pg_relation_is_updatable('uv_pt'::regclass, false) t(events);
 upd | ins | del 
-----+-----+-----
 t   | t   | t
(1 row)

select pg_catalog.pg_column_is_updatable('uv_pt'::regclass, 1::smallint, false);
 pg_column_is_updatable 
------------------------
 t
(1 row)

select pg_catalog.pg_column_is_updatable('uv_pt'::regclass, 2::smallint, false);
 pg_column_is_updatable 
------------------------
 t
(1 row)

select table_name, is_updatable, is_insertable_into
  from information_schema.views where table_name = 'uv_ptv';
 table_name | is_updatable | is_insertable_into 
------------+--------------+--------------------
 uv_ptv     | YES          | YES
(1 row)

select table_name, column_name, is_updatable
  from information_schema.columns where table_name = 'uv_ptv' order by column_name;
 table_name | column_name | is_updatable 
------------+-------------+--------------
 uv_ptv     | a           | YES
 uv_ptv     | b           | YES
 uv_ptv     | v           | YES
(3 rows)

insert into uv_ptv values (1, 2);
select tableoid::regclass, * from uv_pt;
 tableoid | a | b | v 
----------+---+---+---
 uv_pt11  | 1 | 2 | 
(1 row)

create view uv_ptv_wco as select * from uv_pt where a = 0 with check option;
insert into uv_ptv_wco values (1, 2);
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "uv_ptv_wco"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, 2, null).
merge into uv_ptv t
  using (values (1,2), (1,4)) as v(a,b) on t.a = v.a -- fail: matches 2 src rows
  when matched then update set b = t.b + 1
  when not matched then insert values (v.a, v.b + 1);
ERROR:  MERGE command cannot affect row a second time
HINT:  Ensure that not more than one source row matches any one target row.
merge into uv_ptv t
  using (values (1,2), (1,4)) as v(a,b) on t.a = v.a and t.b = v.b
  when matched then update set b = t.b + 1
  when not matched then insert values (v.a, v.b + 1); -- fail: no partition for b=5
ERROR:  no partition of relation "uv_pt1" found for row
DETAIL:  Partition key of the failing row contains (b) = (5).
merge into uv_ptv t
  using (values (1,2), (1,3)) as v(a,b) on t.a = v.a and t.b = v.b
  when matched then update set b = t.b + 1
  when not matched then insert values (v.a, v.b + 1); -- ok
select tableoid::regclass, * from uv_pt order by a, b;
 tableoid | a | b | v 
----------+---+---+---
 uv_pt11  | 1 | 3 | 
 uv_pt11  | 1 | 4 | 
(2 rows)

drop view uv_ptv, uv_ptv_wco;
drop table uv_pt, uv_pt1, uv_pt11;
-- check that wholerow vars appearing in WITH CHECK OPTION constraint expressions
-- work fine with partitioned tables
create table wcowrtest (a int) partition by list (a);
create table wcowrtest1 partition of wcowrtest for values in (1);
create view wcowrtest_v as select * from wcowrtest where wcowrtest = '(2)'::wcowrtest with check option;
insert into wcowrtest_v values (1);
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "wcowrtest_v"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1).
alter table wcowrtest add b text;
create table wcowrtest2 (b text, c int, a int);
alter table wcowrtest2 drop c;
alter table wcowrtest attach partition wcowrtest2 for values in (2);
create table sometable (a int, b text);
insert into sometable values (1, 'a'), (2, 'b');
create view wcowrtest_v2 as
    select *
      from wcowrtest r
      where r in (select s from sometable s where r.a = s.a)
with check option;
-- WITH CHECK qual will be processed with wcowrtest2's
-- rowtype after tuple-routing
insert into wcowrtest_v2 values (2, 'no such row in sometable');
ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "wcowrtest_v2"
DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, no such row in sometable).
drop view wcowrtest_v, wcowrtest_v2;
drop table wcowrtest, sometable;
-- Check INSERT .. ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE works correctly when the view's
-- columns are named and ordered differently than the underlying table's.
create table uv_iocu_tab (a text unique, b float);
insert into uv_iocu_tab values ('xyxyxy', 0);
create view uv_iocu_view as
   select b, b+1 as c, a, '2.0'::text as two from uv_iocu_tab;
insert into uv_iocu_view (a, b) values ('xyxyxy', 1)
   on conflict (a) do update set b = uv_iocu_view.b;
select * from uv_iocu_tab;
   a    | b 
--------+---
 xyxyxy | 0
(1 row)

insert into uv_iocu_view (a, b) values ('xyxyxy', 1)
   on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
select * from uv_iocu_tab;
   a    | b 
--------+---
 xyxyxy | 1
(1 row)

-- OK to access view columns that are not present in underlying base
-- relation in the ON CONFLICT portion of the query
insert into uv_iocu_view (a, b) values ('xyxyxy', 3)
   on conflict (a) do update set b = cast(excluded.two as float);
select * from uv_iocu_tab;
   a    | b 
--------+---
 xyxyxy | 2
(1 row)

explain (costs off)
insert into uv_iocu_view (a, b) values ('xyxyxy', 3)
   on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b where excluded.c > 0;
                                    QUERY PLAN                                     
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Insert on uv_iocu_tab
   Conflict Resolution: UPDATE
   Conflict Arbiter Indexes: uv_iocu_tab_a_key
   Conflict Filter: ((excluded.b + '1'::double precision) > '0'::double precision)
   ->  Result
(5 rows)

insert into uv_iocu_view (a, b) values ('xyxyxy', 3)
   on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b where excluded.c > 0;
select * from uv_iocu_tab;
   a    | b 
--------+---
 xyxyxy | 3
(1 row)

drop view uv_iocu_view;
drop table uv_iocu_tab;
-- Test whole-row references to the view
create table uv_iocu_tab (a int unique, b text);
create view uv_iocu_view as
    select b as bb, a as aa, uv_iocu_tab::text as cc from uv_iocu_tab;
insert into uv_iocu_view (aa,bb) values (1,'x');
explain (costs off)
insert into uv_iocu_view (aa,bb) values (1,'y')
   on conflict (aa) do update set bb = 'Rejected: '||excluded.*
   where excluded.aa > 0
   and excluded.bb != ''
   and excluded.cc is not null;
                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Insert on uv_iocu_tab
   Conflict Resolution: UPDATE
   Conflict Arbiter Indexes: uv_iocu_tab_a_key
   Conflict Filter: ((excluded.a > 0) AND (excluded.b <> ''::text) AND ((excluded.*)::text IS NOT NULL))
   ->  Result
(5 rows)

insert into uv_iocu_view (aa,bb) values (1,'y')
   on conflict (aa) do update set bb = 'Rejected: '||excluded.*
   where excluded.aa > 0
   and excluded.bb != ''
   and excluded.cc is not null;
select * from uv_iocu_view;
           bb            | aa |               cc                
-------------------------+----+---------------------------------
 Rejected: (y,1,"(1,y)") |  1 | (1,"Rejected: (y,1,""(1,y)"")")
(1 row)

-- Test omitting a column of the base relation
delete from uv_iocu_view;
insert into uv_iocu_view (aa,bb) values (1,'x');
insert into uv_iocu_view (aa) values (1)
   on conflict (aa) do update set bb = 'Rejected: '||excluded.*;
select * from uv_iocu_view;
          bb           | aa |              cc               
-----------------------+----+-------------------------------
 Rejected: (,1,"(1,)") |  1 | (1,"Rejected: (,1,""(1,)"")")
(1 row)

alter table uv_iocu_tab alter column b set default 'table default';
insert into uv_iocu_view (aa) values (1)
   on conflict (aa) do update set bb = 'Rejected: '||excluded.*;
select * from uv_iocu_view;
                          bb                           | aa |                                 cc                                  
-------------------------------------------------------+----+---------------------------------------------------------------------
 Rejected: ("table default",1,"(1,""table default"")") |  1 | (1,"Rejected: (""table default"",1,""(1,""""table default"""")"")")
(1 row)

alter view uv_iocu_view alter column bb set default 'view default';
insert into uv_iocu_view (aa) values (1)
   on conflict (aa) do update set bb = 'Rejected: '||excluded.*;
select * from uv_iocu_view;
                         bb                          | aa |                                cc                                 
-----------------------------------------------------+----+-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Rejected: ("view default",1,"(1,""view default"")") |  1 | (1,"Rejected: (""view default"",1,""(1,""""view default"""")"")")
(1 row)

-- Should fail to update non-updatable columns
insert into uv_iocu_view (aa) values (1)
   on conflict (aa) do update set cc = 'XXX';
ERROR:  cannot insert into column "cc" of view "uv_iocu_view"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not updatable.
drop view uv_iocu_view;
drop table uv_iocu_tab;
-- ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE permissions checks
create user regress_view_user1;
create user regress_view_user2;
set session authorization regress_view_user1;
create table base_tbl(a int unique, b text, c float);
insert into base_tbl values (1,'xxx',1.0);
create view rw_view1 as select b as bb, c as cc, a as aa from base_tbl;
grant select (aa,bb) on rw_view1 to regress_view_user2;
grant insert on rw_view1 to regress_view_user2;
grant update (bb) on rw_view1 to regress_view_user2;
set session authorization regress_view_user2;
insert into rw_view1 values ('yyy',2.0,1)
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = excluded.cc; -- Not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
insert into rw_view1 values ('yyy',2.0,1)
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = rw_view1.cc; -- Not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
insert into rw_view1 values ('yyy',2.0,1)
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = excluded.bb; -- OK
insert into rw_view1 values ('zzz',2.0,1)
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = rw_view1.bb||'xxx'; -- OK
insert into rw_view1 values ('zzz',2.0,1)
  on conflict (aa) do update set cc = 3.0; -- Not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
reset session authorization;
select * from base_tbl;
 a |   b    | c 
---+--------+---
 1 | yyyxxx | 1
(1 row)

set session authorization regress_view_user1;
grant select (a,b) on base_tbl to regress_view_user2;
grant insert (a,b) on base_tbl to regress_view_user2;
grant update (a,b) on base_tbl to regress_view_user2;
set session authorization regress_view_user2;
create view rw_view2 as select b as bb, c as cc, a as aa from base_tbl;
insert into rw_view2 (aa,bb) values (1,'xxx')
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = excluded.bb; -- Not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for table base_tbl
create view rw_view3 as select b as bb, a as aa from base_tbl;
insert into rw_view3 (aa,bb) values (1,'xxx')
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = excluded.bb; -- OK
reset session authorization;
select * from base_tbl;
 a |  b  | c 
---+-----+---
 1 | xxx | 1
(1 row)

set session authorization regress_view_user2;
create view rw_view4 as select aa, bb, cc FROM rw_view1;
insert into rw_view4 (aa,bb) values (1,'yyy')
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = excluded.bb; -- Not allowed
ERROR:  permission denied for view rw_view1
create view rw_view5 as select aa, bb FROM rw_view1;
insert into rw_view5 (aa,bb) values (1,'yyy')
  on conflict (aa) do update set bb = excluded.bb; -- OK
reset session authorization;
select * from base_tbl;
 a |  b  | c 
---+-----+---
 1 | yyy | 1
(1 row)

drop view rw_view5;
drop view rw_view4;
drop view rw_view3;
drop view rw_view2;
drop view rw_view1;
drop table base_tbl;
drop user regress_view_user1;
drop user regress_view_user2;
-- Test single- and multi-row inserts with table and view defaults.
-- Table defaults should be used, unless overridden by view defaults.
create table base_tab_def (a int, b text default 'Table default',
                           c text default 'Table default', d text, e text);
create view base_tab_def_view as select * from base_tab_def;
alter view base_tab_def_view alter b set default 'View default';
alter view base_tab_def_view alter d set default 'View default';
insert into base_tab_def values (1);
insert into base_tab_def values (2), (3);
insert into base_tab_def values (4, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def values (5, default, default, default, default),
                                (6, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (11);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (12), (13);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (14, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (15, default, default, default, default),
                                     (16, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (17), (default);
select * from base_tab_def order by a;
 a  |       b       |       c       |      d       | e 
----+---------------+---------------+--------------+---
  1 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  2 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  3 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  4 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  5 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  6 | Table default | Table default |              | 
 11 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 12 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 13 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 14 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 15 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 16 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 17 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
    | View default  | Table default | View default | 
(14 rows)

-- Adding an INSTEAD OF trigger should cause NULLs to be inserted instead of
-- table defaults, where there are no view defaults.
create function base_tab_def_view_instrig_func() returns trigger
as
$$
begin
  insert into base_tab_def values (new.a, new.b, new.c, new.d, new.e);
  return new;
end;
$$
language plpgsql;
create trigger base_tab_def_view_instrig instead of insert on base_tab_def_view
  for each row execute function base_tab_def_view_instrig_func();
truncate base_tab_def;
insert into base_tab_def values (1);
insert into base_tab_def values (2), (3);
insert into base_tab_def values (4, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def values (5, default, default, default, default),
                                (6, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (11);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (12), (13);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (14, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (15, default, default, default, default),
                                     (16, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (17), (default);
select * from base_tab_def order by a;
 a  |       b       |       c       |      d       | e 
----+---------------+---------------+--------------+---
  1 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  2 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  3 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  4 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  5 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  6 | Table default | Table default |              | 
 11 | View default  |               | View default | 
 12 | View default  |               | View default | 
 13 | View default  |               | View default | 
 14 | View default  |               | View default | 
 15 | View default  |               | View default | 
 16 | View default  |               | View default | 
 17 | View default  |               | View default | 
    | View default  |               | View default | 
(14 rows)

-- Using an unconditional DO INSTEAD rule should also cause NULLs to be
-- inserted where there are no view defaults.
drop trigger base_tab_def_view_instrig on base_tab_def_view;
drop function base_tab_def_view_instrig_func;
create rule base_tab_def_view_ins_rule as on insert to base_tab_def_view
  do instead insert into base_tab_def values (new.a, new.b, new.c, new.d, new.e);
truncate base_tab_def;
insert into base_tab_def values (1);
insert into base_tab_def values (2), (3);
insert into base_tab_def values (4, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def values (5, default, default, default, default),
                                (6, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (11);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (12), (13);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (14, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (15, default, default, default, default),
                                     (16, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (17), (default);
select * from base_tab_def order by a;
 a  |       b       |       c       |      d       | e 
----+---------------+---------------+--------------+---
  1 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  2 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  3 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  4 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  5 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  6 | Table default | Table default |              | 
 11 | View default  |               | View default | 
 12 | View default  |               | View default | 
 13 | View default  |               | View default | 
 14 | View default  |               | View default | 
 15 | View default  |               | View default | 
 16 | View default  |               | View default | 
 17 | View default  |               | View default | 
    | View default  |               | View default | 
(14 rows)

-- A DO ALSO rule should cause each row to be inserted twice. The first
-- insert should behave the same as an auto-updatable view (using table
-- defaults, unless overridden by view defaults). The second insert should
-- behave the same as a rule-updatable view (inserting NULLs where there are
-- no view defaults).
drop rule base_tab_def_view_ins_rule on base_tab_def_view;
create rule base_tab_def_view_ins_rule as on insert to base_tab_def_view
  do also insert into base_tab_def values (new.a, new.b, new.c, new.d, new.e);
truncate base_tab_def;
insert into base_tab_def values (1);
insert into base_tab_def values (2), (3);
insert into base_tab_def values (4, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def values (5, default, default, default, default),
                                (6, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (11);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (12), (13);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (14, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (15, default, default, default, default),
                                     (16, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (17), (default);
select * from base_tab_def order by a, c NULLS LAST;
 a  |       b       |       c       |      d       | e 
----+---------------+---------------+--------------+---
  1 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  2 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  3 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  4 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  5 | Table default | Table default |              | 
  6 | Table default | Table default |              | 
 11 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 11 | View default  |               | View default | 
 12 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 12 | View default  |               | View default | 
 13 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 13 | View default  |               | View default | 
 14 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 14 | View default  |               | View default | 
 15 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 15 | View default  |               | View default | 
 16 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 16 | View default  |               | View default | 
 17 | View default  | Table default | View default | 
 17 | View default  |               | View default | 
    | View default  | Table default | View default | 
    | View default  |               | View default | 
(22 rows)

-- Test a DO ALSO INSERT ... SELECT rule
drop rule base_tab_def_view_ins_rule on base_tab_def_view;
create rule base_tab_def_view_ins_rule as on insert to base_tab_def_view
  do also insert into base_tab_def (a, b, e) select new.a, new.b, 'xxx';
truncate base_tab_def;
insert into base_tab_def_view values (1, default, default, default, default);
insert into base_tab_def_view values (2, default, default, default, default),
                                     (3, default, default, default, default);
select * from base_tab_def order by a, e nulls first;
 a |      b       |       c       |      d       |  e  
---+--------------+---------------+--------------+-----
 1 | View default | Table default | View default | 
 1 | View default | Table default |              | xxx
 2 | View default | Table default | View default | 
 2 | View default | Table default |              | xxx
 3 | View default | Table default | View default | 
 3 | View default | Table default |              | xxx
(6 rows)

drop view base_tab_def_view;
drop table base_tab_def;
-- Test defaults with array assignments
create table base_tab (a serial, b int[], c text, d text default 'Table default');
create view base_tab_view as select c, a, b from base_tab;
alter view base_tab_view alter column c set default 'View default';
insert into base_tab_view (b[1], b[2], c, b[5], b[4], a, b[3])
values (1, 2, default, 5, 4, default, 3), (10, 11, 'C value', 14, 13, 100, 12);
select * from base_tab order by a;
  a  |        b         |      c       |       d       
-----+------------------+--------------+---------------
   1 | {1,2,3,4,5}      | View default | Table default
 100 | {10,11,12,13,14} | C value      | Table default
(2 rows)

drop view base_tab_view;
drop table base_tab;