postgresql/src/test/regress/expected/strings.out

--
-- STRINGS
-- Test various data entry syntaxes.
--
-- SQL string continuation syntax
-- E021-03 character string literals
SELECT 'first line'
' - next line'
	' - third line'
	AS "Three lines to one";
         Three lines to one          
-------------------------------------
 first line - next line - third line
(1 row)

-- illegal string continuation syntax
SELECT 'first line'
' - next line' /* this comment is not allowed here */
' - third line'
	AS "Illegal comment within continuation";
ERROR:  syntax error at or near "' - third line'"
LINE 3: ' - third line'
        ^
-- Unicode escapes
SET standard_conforming_strings TO on;
SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
 data 
------
 data
(1 row)

SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
 dat\+000061 
-------------
 dat\+000061
(1 row)

SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
 tricky 
--------
  \
(1 row)

SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';
   \    
--------
 tricky
(1 row)

SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape value at or near "\061'"
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
                         ^
SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape value at or near "\+0061'"
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
                         ^
SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape character at or near "+'"
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
                                         ^
SET standard_conforming_strings TO off;
SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
ERROR:  unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
LINE 1: SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
               ^
DETAIL:  String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
ERROR:  unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
LINE 1: SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061...
               ^
DETAIL:  String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
ERROR:  unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
LINE 1: SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
               ^
DETAIL:  String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';
   \    
--------
 tricky
(1 row)

SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
ERROR:  unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
               ^
DETAIL:  String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
ERROR:  unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
               ^
DETAIL:  String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
ERROR:  unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
               ^
DETAIL:  String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
RESET standard_conforming_strings;
-- bytea
SET bytea_output TO hex;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
   bytea    
------------
 \xdeadbeef
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
   bytea    
------------
 \xdeadbeef
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal data: odd number of digits
LINE 1: SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
               ^
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "x"
LINE 1: SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
               ^
SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
   bytea    
------------
 \xde00beef
(1 row)

SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465416442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465006442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\123dBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465536442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465536442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type bytea
LINE 1: SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
               ^
SET bytea_output TO escape;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
      bytea       
------------------
 \336\255\276\357
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
      bytea       
------------------
 \336\255\276\357
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
      bytea       
------------------
 \336\000\276\357
(1 row)

SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
  bytea   
----------
 DeAdBeEf
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
    bytea    
-------------
 De\000dBeEf
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
  bytea   
----------
 DeSdBeEf
(1 row)

--
-- test conversions between various string types
-- E021-10 implicit casting among the character data types
--
SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
 text(char) 
------------
 a
 ab
 abcd
 abcd
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
 text(varchar) 
---------------
 a
 ab
 abcd
 abcd
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS text) AS "text(name)";
 text(name) 
------------
 namefield
(1 row)

-- since this is an explicit cast, it should truncate w/o error:
SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
 char(text) 
------------
 doh!      
 hi de ho n
(2 rows)

-- note: implicit-cast case is tested in char.sql
SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(20)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
      char(text)      
----------------------
 doh!                
 hi de ho neighbor   
(2 rows)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
 char(varchar) 
---------------
 a         
 ab        
 abcd      
 abcd      
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS char(10)) AS "char(name)";
 char(name) 
------------
 namefield 
(1 row)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
   varchar(text)   
-------------------
 doh!
 hi de ho neighbor
(2 rows)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
 varchar(char) 
---------------
 a
 ab
 abcd
 abcd
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS varchar) AS "varchar(name)";
 varchar(name) 
---------------
 namefield
(1 row)

--
-- test SQL string functions
-- E### and T### are feature reference numbers from SQL99
--
-- E021-09 trim function
SELECT TRIM(BOTH FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks' AS "bunch o blanks";
 bunch o blanks 
----------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT TRIM(LEADING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks  ' AS "bunch o blanks  ";
 bunch o blanks   
------------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = '  bunch o blanks' AS "  bunch o blanks";
   bunch o blanks 
------------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxxxsome Xsxxxxx') = 'some Xs' AS "some Xs";
 some Xs 
---------
 t
(1 row)

-- E021-06 substring expression
SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3) = '34567890' AS "34567890";
 34567890 
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 4 FOR 3) = '456' AS "456";
 456 
-----
 t
(1 row)

-- T581 regular expression substring (with SQL's bizarre regexp syntax)
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') AS "bcd";
 bcd 
-----
 bcd
(1 row)

-- No match should return NULL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- Null inputs should return NULL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '%' FOR NULL) IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING(NULL FROM '%' FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM NULL FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- The first and last parts should act non-greedy
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a*#"%#"g*' FOR '#') AS "abcdefg";
 abcdefg 
---------
 abcdefg
(1 row)

-- Vertical bar in any part affects only that part
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a|b#"%#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%#"x|g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%|ab#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

-- Can't have more than two part separators
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a*#"%#"g*#"x' FOR '#') AS "error";
ERROR:  SQL regular expression may not contain more than two escape-double-quote separators
CONTEXT:  SQL function "substring" statement 1
-- Postgres extension: with 0 or 1 separator, assume parts 1 and 3 are empty
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%g' FOR '#') AS "bcdefg";
 bcdefg 
--------
 bcdefg
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a%g' FOR '#') AS "abcdefg";
 abcdefg 
---------
 abcdefg
(1 row)

-- substring() with just two arguments is not allowed by SQL spec;
-- we accept it, but we interpret the pattern as a POSIX regexp not SQL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'c.e') AS "cde";
 cde 
-----
 cde
(1 row)

-- With a parenthesized subexpression, return only what matches the subexpr
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'b(.*)f') AS "cde";
 cde 
-----
 cde
(1 row)

-- Check behavior of SIMILAR TO, which uses largely the same regexp variant
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' AS true;
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO 'bcd%' AS false;
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS false;
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcd%' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS true;
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- Postgres uses '\' as the default escape character, which is not per spec
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' AS false;
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- and an empty string to mean "no escape", which is also not per spec
SELECT 'abcd\efg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' ESCAPE '' AS true;
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- these behaviors are per spec, though:
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' ESCAPE NULL AS null;
 null 
------
 
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '##' AS error;
ERROR:  invalid escape string
HINT:  Escape string must be empty or one character.
-- Test back reference in regexp_replace
SELECT regexp_replace('1112223333', E'(\\d{3})(\\d{3})(\\d{4})', E'(\\1) \\2-\\3');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 (111) 222-3333
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('AAA   BBB   CCC   ', E'\\s+', ' ', 'g');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 AAA BBB CCC 
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('AAA', '^|$', 'Z', 'g');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 ZAAAZ
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'gi');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 Z Z
(1 row)

-- invalid regexp option
SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'z');
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
-- set so we can tell NULL from empty string
\pset null '\\N'
-- return all matches from regexp
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bar,beque}
(1 row)

-- test case insensitive
SELECT regexp_matches('foObARbEqUEbAz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'i');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bAR,bEqUE}
(1 row)

-- global option - more than one match
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebazilbarfbonk', $re$(b[^b]+)(b[^b]+)$re$, 'g');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bar,beque}
 {bazil,barf}
(2 rows)

-- empty capture group (matched empty string)
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.*)(beque)$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bar,"",beque}
(1 row)

-- no match
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)(beque)$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
(0 rows)

-- optional capture group did not match, null entry in array
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)?(beque)$re$);
  regexp_matches  
------------------
 {bar,NULL,beque}
(1 row)

-- no capture groups
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$barbeque$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {barbeque}
(1 row)

-- start/end-of-line matches are of zero length
SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '^', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
(4 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '$', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
(4 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches('1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '^.?', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {1}
 {2}
 {3}
 {4}
 {""}
(5 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '.?$', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {1}
 {""}
 {2}
 {""}
 {3}
 {""}
 {4}
 {""}
 {""}
(10 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4', '.?$', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {1}
 {""}
 {2}
 {""}
 {3}
 {""}
 {4}
 {""}
(9 rows)

-- give me errors
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'gz');
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(barbeque$re$);
ERROR:  invalid regular expression: parentheses () not balanced
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque){2,1}$re$);
ERROR:  invalid regular expression: invalid repetition count(s)
-- split string on regexp
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$) AS foo;
  foo  | length 
-------+--------
 the   |      3
 quick |      5
 brown |      5
 fox   |      3
 jumps |      5
 over  |      4
 the   |      3
 lazy  |      4
 dog   |      3
(9 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$);
             regexp_split_to_array             
-----------------------------------------------
 {the,quick,brown,fox,jumps,over,the,lazy,dog}
(1 row)

SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$) AS foo;
 foo | length 
-----+--------
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
 q   |      1
 u   |      1
 i   |      1
 c   |      1
 k   |      1
 b   |      1
 r   |      1
 o   |      1
 w   |      1
 n   |      1
 f   |      1
 o   |      1
 x   |      1
 j   |      1
 u   |      1
 m   |      1
 p   |      1
 s   |      1
 o   |      1
 v   |      1
 e   |      1
 r   |      1
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
 l   |      1
 a   |      1
 z   |      1
 y   |      1
 d   |      1
 o   |      1
 g   |      1
(35 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$);
                          regexp_split_to_array                          
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 {t,h,e,q,u,i,c,k,b,r,o,w,n,f,o,x,j,u,m,p,s,o,v,e,r,t,h,e,l,a,z,y,d,o,g}
(1 row)

SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '') AS foo;
 foo | length 
-----+--------
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
     |      1
 q   |      1
 u   |      1
 i   |      1
 c   |      1
 k   |      1
     |      1
 b   |      1
 r   |      1
 o   |      1
 w   |      1
 n   |      1
     |      1
 f   |      1
 o   |      1
 x   |      1
     |      1
 j   |      1
 u   |      1
 m   |      1
 p   |      1
 s   |      1
     |      1
 o   |      1
 v   |      1
 e   |      1
 r   |      1
     |      1
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
     |      1
 l   |      1
 a   |      1
 z   |      1
 y   |      1
     |      1
 d   |      1
 o   |      1
 g   |      1
(43 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '');
                                          regexp_split_to_array                                          
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 {t,h,e," ",q,u,i,c,k," ",b,r,o,w,n," ",f,o,x," ",j,u,m,p,s," ",o,v,e,r," ",t,h,e," ",l,a,z,y," ",d,o,g}
(1 row)

-- case insensitive
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i') AS foo;
            foo            | length 
---------------------------+--------
 th                        |      2
  QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ov |     25
 r Th                      |      4
  lazy dOG                 |      9
(4 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i');
                regexp_split_to_array                
-----------------------------------------------------
 {th," QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ov","r Th"," lazy dOG"}
(1 row)

-- no match of pattern
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch') AS foo;
                     foo                     | length 
---------------------------------------------+--------
 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog |     43
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch');
              regexp_split_to_array              
-------------------------------------------------
 {"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"}
(1 row)

-- some corner cases
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','1');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {"",23456}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','6');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {12345,""}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','.');
 regexp_split_to_array  
------------------------
 {"","","","","","",""}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','(?:)');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('1','');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {1}
(1 row)

-- errors
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'zippy') AS foo;
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'iz');
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
-- global option meaningless for regexp_split
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g') AS foo;
ERROR:  regexp_split_to_table() does not support the "global" option
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g');
ERROR:  regexp_split_to_array() does not support the "global" option
-- change NULL-display back
\pset null ''
-- E021-11 position expression
SELECT POSITION('4' IN '1234567890') = '4' AS "4";
 4 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT POSITION('5' IN '1234567890') = '5' AS "5";
 5 
---
 t
(1 row)

-- T312 character overlay function
SELECT OVERLAY('abcdef' PLACING '45' FROM 4) AS "abc45f";
 abc45f 
--------
 abc45f
(1 row)

SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5) AS "yabadaba";
 yabadaba 
----------
 yabadaba
(1 row)

SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5 FOR 0) AS "yabadabadoo";
 yabadabadoo 
-------------
 yabadabadoo
(1 row)

SELECT OVERLAY('babosa' PLACING 'ubb' FROM 2 FOR 4) AS "bubba";
 bubba 
-------
 bubba
(1 row)

--
-- test LIKE
-- Be sure to form every test as a LIKE/NOT LIKE pair.
--
-- simplest examples
-- E061-04 like predicate
SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'H%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'H%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'indio%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'indio%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%eye' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%eye' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in__o' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in__o' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in_o' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in_o' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- unused escape character
SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- escape character
-- E061-05 like predicate with escape clause
SELECT 'h%' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%awkeye' LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%awkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- escape character same as pattern character
SELECT 'maca' LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'maca' NOT LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'ma%a' LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'ma%a' NOT LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'bear' LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'bear' NOT LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

--
-- test ILIKE (case-insensitive LIKE)
-- Be sure to form every test as an ILIKE/NOT ILIKE pair.
--
SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'Hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'Hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

--
-- test %/_ combination cases, cf bugs #4821 and #5478
--
SELECT 'foo' LIKE '_%' as t, 'f' LIKE '_%' as t, '' LIKE '_%' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%_' as t, 'f' LIKE '%_' as t, '' LIKE '%_' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '__%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '___%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '____%' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%__' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%___' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%____' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'jack' LIKE '%____%' AS t;
 t 
---
 t
(1 row)

--
-- basic tests of LIKE with indexes
--
CREATE TABLE texttest (a text PRIMARY KEY, b int);
SELECT * FROM texttest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
 a | b 
---+---
(0 rows)

CREATE TABLE byteatest (a bytea PRIMARY KEY, b int);
SELECT * FROM byteatest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
 a | b 
---+---
(0 rows)

DROP TABLE texttest, byteatest;
--
-- test implicit type conversion
--
-- E021-07 character concatenation
SELECT 'unknown' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat unknown types";
 Concat unknown types 
----------------------
 unknown and unknown
(1 row)

SELECT text 'text' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat text to unknown type";
 Concat text to unknown type 
-----------------------------
 text and unknown
(1 row)

SELECT char(20) 'characters' || ' and text' AS "Concat char to unknown type";
 Concat char to unknown type 
-----------------------------
 characters and text
(1 row)

SELECT text 'text' || char(20) ' and characters' AS "Concat text to char";
 Concat text to char 
---------------------
 text and characters
(1 row)

SELECT text 'text' || varchar ' and varchar' AS "Concat text to varchar";
 Concat text to varchar 
------------------------
 text and varchar
(1 row)

--
-- test substr with toasted text values
--
CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 text);
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
--
-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
-- operation used in that case
--
alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 123
 123
 123
 123
(4 rows)

-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
ERROR:  negative substring length not allowed
-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
-- string is assumed.
SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
-- string length
SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
-- expect >0 blocks
SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
 is_empty 
----------
 f
(1 row)

TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
ALTER TABLE toasttest set (toast_tuple_target = 4080);
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
-- expect 0 blocks
SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
 is_empty 
----------
 t
(1 row)

DROP TABLE toasttest;
--
-- test substr with toasted bytea values
--
CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 bytea);
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
--
-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
-- operation used in that case
--
alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 123
 123
 123
 123
(4 rows)

-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
ERROR:  negative substring length not allowed
-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
-- string is assumed.
SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
-- string length
SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

DROP TABLE toasttest;
-- test internally compressing datums
-- this tests compressing a datum to a very small size which exercises a
-- corner case in packed-varlena handling: even though small, the compressed
-- datum must be given a 4-byte header because there are no bits to indicate
-- compression in a 1-byte header
CREATE TABLE toasttest (c char(4096));
INSERT INTO toasttest VALUES('x');
SELECT length(c), c::text FROM toasttest;
 length | c 
--------+---
      1 | x
(1 row)

SELECT c FROM toasttest;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                c                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 x                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
(1 row)

DROP TABLE toasttest;
--
-- test length
--
SELECT length('abcdef') AS "length_6";
 length_6 
----------
        6
(1 row)

--
-- test strpos
--
SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'cd') AS "pos_3";
 pos_3 
-------
     3
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
 pos_0 
-------
     0
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('abcdef', '') AS "pos_1";
 pos_1 
-------
     1
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
 pos_0 
-------
     0
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('', '') AS "pos_1";
 pos_1 
-------
     1
(1 row)

--
-- test replace
--
SELECT replace('abcdef', 'de', '45') AS "abc45f";
 abc45f 
--------
 abc45f
(1 row)

SELECT replace('yabadabadoo', 'ba', '123') AS "ya123da123doo";
 ya123da123doo 
---------------
 ya123da123doo
(1 row)

SELECT replace('yabadoo', 'bad', '') AS "yaoo";
 yaoo 
------
 yaoo
(1 row)

--
-- test split_part
--
select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',0) AS "an error";
ERROR:  field position must be greater than zero
select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',1) AS "joeuser";
 joeuser 
---------
 joeuser
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',2) AS "mydatabase";
 mydatabase 
------------
 mydatabase
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',3) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',2) AS "joeuser";
 joeuser 
---------
 joeuser
(1 row)

--
-- test to_hex
--
select to_hex(256*256*256 - 1) AS "ffffff";
 ffffff 
--------
 ffffff
(1 row)

select to_hex(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "ffffffff";
 ffffffff 
----------
 ffffffff
(1 row)

--
-- MD5 test suite - from IETF RFC 1321
-- (see: ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc1321.txt)
--
select md5('') = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('a') = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('abc') = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('message digest') = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz') = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789') = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890') = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5(''::bytea) = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('a'::bytea) = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('abc'::bytea) = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('message digest'::bytea) = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'::bytea) = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'::bytea) = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890'::bytea) = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS "TRUE";
 TRUE 
------
 t
(1 row)

--
-- SHA-2
--
SET bytea_output TO hex;
SELECT sha224('');
                           sha224                           
------------------------------------------------------------
 \xd14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac5b3e42f
(1 row)

SELECT sha224('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                           sha224                           
------------------------------------------------------------
 \x619cba8e8e05826e9b8c519c0a5c68f4fb653e8a3d8aa04bb2c8cd4c
(1 row)

SELECT sha256('');
                               sha256                               
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xe3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
(1 row)

SELECT sha256('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                               sha256                               
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xef537f25c895bfa782526529a9b63d97aa631564d5d789c2b765448c8635fb6c
(1 row)

SELECT sha384('');
                                               sha384                                               
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \x38b060a751ac96384cd9327eb1b1e36a21fdb71114be07434c0cc7bf63f6e1da274edebfe76f65fbd51ad2f14898b95b
(1 row)

SELECT sha384('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                                               sha384                                               
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xed892481d8272ca6df370bf706e4d7bc1b5739fa2177aae6c50e946678718fc67a7af2819a021c2fc34e91bdb63409d7
(1 row)

SELECT sha512('');
                                                               sha512                                                               
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xcf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e
(1 row)

SELECT sha512('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                                                               sha512                                                               
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \x91ea1245f20d46ae9a037a989f54f1f790f0a47607eeb8a14d12890cea77a1bbc6c7ed9cf205e67b7f2b8fd4c7dfd3a7a8617e45f3c463d481c7e586c39ac1ed
(1 row)

--
-- test behavior of escape_string_warning and standard_conforming_strings options
--
set escape_string_warning = off;
set standard_conforming_strings = off;
show escape_string_warning;
 escape_string_warning 
-----------------------
 off
(1 row)

show standard_conforming_strings;
 standard_conforming_strings 
-----------------------------
 off
(1 row)

set escape_string_warning = on;
set standard_conforming_strings = on;
show escape_string_warning;
 escape_string_warning 
-----------------------
 on
(1 row)

show standard_conforming_strings;
 standard_conforming_strings 
-----------------------------
 on
(1 row)

select 'a\bcd' as f1, 'a\b''cd' as f2, 'a\b''''cd' as f3, 'abcd\'   as f4, 'ab\''cd' as f5, '\\' as f6;
  f1   |   f2   |   f3    |  f4   |   f5   | f6 
-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
 a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
(1 row)

set standard_conforming_strings = off;
select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\'   as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as f6;
WARNING:  nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
LINE 1: select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3,...
               ^
HINT:  Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
WARNING:  nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
LINE 1: select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3,...
                               ^
HINT:  Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
WARNING:  nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
LINE 1: select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3,...
                                                 ^
HINT:  Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
WARNING:  nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
LINE 1: ...bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\'  ...
                                                             ^
HINT:  Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
WARNING:  nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
LINE 1: ...'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\'   as f4, 'ab\\\'cd'...
                                                             ^
HINT:  Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
WARNING:  nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
LINE 1: ...'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\'   as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as ...
                                                             ^
HINT:  Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
  f1   |   f2   |   f3    |  f4   |   f5   | f6 
-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
 a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
(1 row)

set escape_string_warning = off;
set standard_conforming_strings = on;
select 'a\bcd' as f1, 'a\b''cd' as f2, 'a\b''''cd' as f3, 'abcd\'   as f4, 'ab\''cd' as f5, '\\' as f6;
  f1   |   f2   |   f3    |  f4   |   f5   | f6 
-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
 a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
(1 row)

set standard_conforming_strings = off;
select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\'   as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as f6;
  f1   |   f2   |   f3    |  f4   |   f5   | f6 
-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
 a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
(1 row)

--
-- Additional string functions
--
SET bytea_output TO escape;
SELECT initcap('hi THOMAS');
  initcap  
-----------
 Hi Thomas
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
 lpad  
-------
 xyxhi
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', 5);
 lpad  
-------
    hi
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
 lpad 
------
 
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hello', 2);
 lpad 
------
 he
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', 5, '');
 lpad 
------
 hi
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
 rpad  
-------
 hixyx
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', 5);
 rpad  
-------
 hi   
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
 rpad 
------
 
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hello', 2);
 rpad 
------
 he
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', 5, '');
 rpad 
------
 hi
(1 row)

SELECT ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz');
 ltrim 
-------
 trim
(1 row)

SELECT translate('', '14', 'ax');
 translate 
-----------
 
(1 row)

SELECT translate('12345', '14', 'ax');
 translate 
-----------
 a23x5
(1 row)

SELECT ascii('x');
 ascii 
-------
   120
(1 row)

SELECT ascii('');
 ascii 
-------
     0
(1 row)

SELECT chr(65);
 chr 
-----
 A
(1 row)

SELECT chr(0);
ERROR:  null character not permitted
SELECT repeat('Pg', 4);
  repeat  
----------
 PgPgPgPg
(1 row)

SELECT repeat('Pg', -4);
 repeat 
--------
 
(1 row)

SELECT trim(E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
 btrim 
-------
 Tom
(1 row)

SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
 btrim 
-------
 trim
(1 row)

SELECT btrim(''::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
 btrim 
-------
 
(1 row)

SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, ''::bytea);
    btrim     
--------------
 \000trim\000
(1 row)

SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'Th\\001omas'::bytea from 2),'escape');
   encode    
-------------
 TTh\x01omas
(1 row)

SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 8),'escape');
       encode       
--------------------
 Th\000omas\x02\x03
(1 row)

SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 5 for 3),'escape');
     encode      
-----------------
 Th\000o\x02\x03
(1 row)