mirror of
https://github.com/restic/restic.git
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601 lines
25 KiB
Markdown
601 lines
25 KiB
Markdown
Thanks for using restic. This document will give you an overview of the basic
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functionality provided by restic.
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# Building/installing restic
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If you are using Mac OS X, you can install restic using the
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[homebrew](http://brew.sh/) packet manager:
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$ brew tap restic/restic
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$ brew install restic
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On archlinux, there is a package called `restic-git` which can be installed from AUR, e.g. with `pacaur`:
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$ pacaur -S restic-git
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At debian stable you can install 'go' directly from the repositories (as root):
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$ apt-get install golang-go
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after installation of 'go' go straight forward to 'git clone [...]'
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If you are using Linux, BSD or Windows, the only way to install restic on your
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system right now is to compile it from source. restic is written in the Go
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programming language and you need at least Go version 1.6. Building restic may
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also work with older versions of Go, but that's not supported. See the [Getting
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started](https://golang.org/doc/install) guide of the Go project for
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instructions how to install Go.
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In order to build restic from source, execute the following steps:
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$ git clone https://github.com/restic/restic
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[...]
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$ cd restic
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$ go run build.go
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At the moment, the only tested compiler for restic is the official Go compiler.
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Building restic with gccgo may work, but is not supported.
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Usage help is available:
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$ ./restic --help
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Usage:
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restic [OPTIONS] <command>
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Application Options:
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-r, --repo= Repository directory to backup to/restore from
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--cache-dir= Directory to use as a local cache
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-q, --quiet Do not output comprehensive progress report (false)
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--no-lock Do not lock the repo, this allows some operations on read-only repos. (false)
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-o, --option= Specify options in the form 'foo.key=value'
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Help Options:
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-h, --help Show this help message
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Available commands:
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backup save file/directory
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cat dump something
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check check the repository
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find find a file/directory
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forget removes snapshots from a repository
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init create repository
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key manage keys
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list lists data
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ls list files
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mount mount a repository
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prune removes content from a repository
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rebuild-index rebuild the index
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restore restore a snapshot
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snapshots show snapshots
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unlock remove locks
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version display version
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Similar to programs such as `git`, restic has a number of sub-commands. You can
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see these commands in the listing above. Each sub-command may have own
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command-line options, and there is a help option for each command which lists
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them, e.g. for the `backup` command:
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$ ./restic backup --help
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Usage:
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restic [OPTIONS] backup DIR/FILE [DIR/FILE] [...]
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The backup command creates a snapshot of a file or directory
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Application Options:
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-r, --repo= Repository directory to backup to/restore from (/tmp/repo)
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-p, --password-file= Read the repository password from a file
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--cache-dir= Directory to use as a local cache
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-q, --quiet Do not output comprehensive progress report (false)
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--no-lock Do not lock the repo, this allows some operations on read-only repos. (false)
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-o, --option= Specify options in the form 'foo.key=value'
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Help Options:
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-h, --help Show this help message
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[backup command options]
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-p, --parent= use this parent snapshot (default: last snapshot in repo that has the same target)
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-f, --force Force re-reading the target. Overrides the "parent" flag
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-e, --exclude= Exclude a pattern (can be specified multiple times)
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--exclude-file= Read exclude-patterns from file
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--stdin read backup data from stdin
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--stdin-filename= file name to use when reading from stdin (stdin)
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--tag= Add a tag (can be specified multiple times)
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Subcommand that support showing progress information such as `backup`, `check` and `prune` will do so unless
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the quiet flag `-q` or `--quiet` is set. When running from a non-interactive console progress reporting will
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be limited to once every 10 seconds to not fill your logs.
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Additionally on Unix systems if `restic` receives a SIGUSR signal the current progress will written to the
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standard output so you can check up on the status at will.
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# Initialize a repository
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First, we need to create a "repository". This is the place where your backups
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will be saved at.
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In order to create a repository at `/tmp/backup`, run the following command and
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enter the same password twice:
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$ restic init --repo /tmp/backup
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enter password for new backend:
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enter password again:
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created restic backend 085b3c76b9 at /tmp/backup
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Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
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Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
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Remembering your password is important! If you lose it, you won't be able to
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access data stored in the repository.
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For automated backups, restic accepts the repository location in the
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environment variable `RESTIC_REPOSITORY`. The password can be read from a file
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(via the option `--password-file`) or the environment variable
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`RESTIC_PASSWORD`.
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## Password prompt on Windows
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At the moment, restic only supports the default Windows console interaction.
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If you use emulation environments like [MSYS2](https://msys2.github.io/) or
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[Cygwin](https://www.cygwin.com/), which use terminals like `Mintty` or `rxvt`,
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you may get a password error:
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You can workaround this by using a special tool called `winpty` (look
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[here](https://sourceforge.net/p/msys2/wiki/Porting/) and
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[here](https://github.com/rprichard/winpty) for detail information). On MSYS2,
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you can install `winpty` as follows:
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$ pacman -S winpty
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$ winpty restic -r /tmp/backup init
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# Create a snapshot
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Now we're ready to backup some data. The contents of a directory at a specific
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point in time is called a "snapshot" in restic. Run the following command and
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enter the repository password you chose above again:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work
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enter password for repository:
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scan [/home/user/work]
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scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
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[0:29] 100.00% 54.732 MiB/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
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duration: 0:29, 54.47MiB/s
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snapshot 40dc1520 saved
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As you can see, restic created a backup of the directory and was pretty fast!
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The specific snapshot just created is identified by a sequence of hexadecimal
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characters, `40dc1520` in this case.
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If you run the command again, restic will create another snapshot of your data,
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but this time it's even faster. This is de-duplication at work!
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/shared/work/web
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enter password for repository:
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using parent snapshot 40dc1520aa6a07b7b3ae561786770a01951245d2367241e71e9485f18ae8228c
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scan [/home/user/work]
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scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
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[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
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duration: 0:00, 6572.38MiB/s
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snapshot 79766175 saved
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You can even backup individual files in the same repository.
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work.txt
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scan [~/work.txt]
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scanned 0 directories, 1 files in 0:00
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[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 220B / 220B 1 / 1 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
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duration: 0:00, 0.03MiB/s
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snapshot 31f7bd63 saved
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In fact several hosts may use the same repository to backup directories and
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files leading to a greater de-duplication.
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You can exclude folders and files by specifying exclude-patterns.
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Either specify them with multiple `--exclude`'s or one `--exclude-file`
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$ cat exclude
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# exclude go-files
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*.go
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# exclude foo/x/y/z/bar foo/x/bar foo/bar
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foo/**/bar
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work --exclude=*.c --exclude-file=exclude
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Patterns use [`filepath.Glob`](https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Glob) internally,
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see [`filepath.Match`](https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match) for syntax.
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Additionally `**` exludes arbitrary subdirectories.
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Environment-variables in exclude-files are expanded with [`os.ExpandEnv`](https://golang.org/pkg/os/#ExpandEnv).
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By specifying the option `--one-file-system` you can instruct restic to only
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backup files from the file systems the initially specified files or directories
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reside on. For example, calling restic like this won't backup `/sys` or
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`/dev` on a Linux system:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --one-file-system /
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## Reading data from stdin
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Sometimes it can be nice to directly save the output of a program, e.g.
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`mysqldump` so that the SQL can later be restored. Restic supports this mode of
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operation, just supply the option `--stdin` to the `backup` command like this:
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$ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin
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This creates a new snapshot of the output of `mysqldump`. You can then use e.g.
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the fuse mounting option (see below) to mount the repository and read the file.
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By default, the file name `stdin` is used, a different name can be specified
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with `--stdin-filename`, e.g. like this:
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$ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin --stdin-filename production.sql
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## Tags
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Snapshots can have one or more tags, short strings which add identifying
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information. Just specify the tags for a snapshot with `--tag`:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --tag projectX ~/shared/work/web
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[...]
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The tags can later be used to keep (or forget) snapshots.
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# List all snapshots
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Now, you can list all the snapshots stored in the repository:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
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79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
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bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
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590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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You can filter the listing by directory path:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots --path="/srv"
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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Or filter by host:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots --host luigi
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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Combining filters is also possible.
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# Restore a snapshot
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Restoring a snapshot is as easy as it sounds, just use the following command to
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restore the contents of the latest snapshot to `/tmp/restore-work`:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work
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enter password for repository:
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restoring <Snapshot of [/home/user/work] at 2015-05-08 21:40:19.884408621 +0200 CEST> to /tmp/restore-work
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Use the word `latest` to restore the last backup. You can also combine `latest`
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with the `--host` and `--path` filters to choose the last backup for a specific
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host, path or both.
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup restore latest --target ~/tmp/restore-work --path "/home/art" --host luigi
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enter password for repository:
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restoring <Snapshot of [/home/art] at 2015-05-08 21:45:17.884408621 +0200 CEST> to /tmp/restore-work
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# Manage repository keys
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The `key` command allows you to set multiple access keys or passwords per
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repository. In fact, you can use the `list`, `add`, `remove` and `passwd`
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sub-commands to manage these keys very precisely:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup key list
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enter password for repository:
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ID User Host Created
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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*eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup key add
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enter password for repository:
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enter password for new key:
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enter password again:
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saved new key as <Key of username@kasimir, created on 2015-08-12 13:35:05.316831933 +0200 CEST>
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$ restic -r backup key list
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enter password for repository:
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ID User Host Created
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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5c657874 username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:35:05
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*eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57
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# Check integrity and consistency
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Imagine your repository is saved on a server that has a faulty hard drive, or
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even worse, attackers get privileged access and modify your backup with the
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intention to make you restore malicious data:
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$ sudo echo "boom" >> backup/index/d795ffa99a8ab8f8e42cec1f814df4e48b8f49129360fb57613df93739faee97
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In order to detect these things, it is a good idea to regularly use the `check`
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command to test whether everything is alright, your precious backup data is
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consistent and the integrity is unharmed:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup check
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Load indexes
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ciphertext verification failed
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Trying to restore a snapshot which has been modified as shown above will yield
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the same error:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work
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Load indexes
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ciphertext verification failed
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# Mount a repository
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Browsing your backup as a regular file system is also very easy. First, create
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a mount point such as `/mnt/restic` and then use the following command to serve
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the repository with FUSE:
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$ mkdir /mnt/restic
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup mount /mnt/restic
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enter password for repository:
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Now serving /tmp/backup at /tmp/restic
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Don't forget to umount after quitting!
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Mounting repositories via FUSE is not possible on Windows and OpenBSD.
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# Create an SFTP repository
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In order to backup data via SFTP, you must first set up a server with SSH and
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let it know your public key. Passwordless login is really important since
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restic fails to connect to the repository if the server prompts for
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credentials.
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Once the server is configured, the setup of the SFTP repository can simply be
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achieved by changing the URL scheme in the `init` command:
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$ restic -r sftp:user@host:/tmp/backup init
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enter password for new backend:
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enter password again:
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created restic backend f1c6108821 at sftp:user@host:/tmp/backup
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Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
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Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
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You can also specify a relative (read: no slash (`/`) character at the
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beginning) directory, in this case the dir is relative to the remote user's
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home directory.
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# Create an Amazon S3 repository
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Restic can backup data to any Amazon S3 bucket. However, in this case, changing the URL scheme is not enough since Amazon uses special security credentials to sign HTTP requests. By consequence, you must first setup the following environment variables with the credentials you obtained while creating the bucket.
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$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<MY_ACCESS_KEY>
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$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=<MY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY>
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You can then easily initialize a repository that uses your Amazon S3 as a backend.
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$ restic -r s3:eu-central-1/bucket_name init
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enter password for new backend:
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enter password again:
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created restic backend eefee03bbd at s3:eu-central-1/bucket_name
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Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
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Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
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Fro an s3-compatible server that is not Amazon (like Minio, see below), or is
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only available via HTTP, you can specify the URL to the server like this:
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`s3:http://server:port/bucket_name`.
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## Create a Minio Server repository
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[Minio](https://www.minio.io) is an Open Source Object Storage, written in Go and compatible with AWS S3 API.
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### Pre-Requisites
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* Download and Install [Minio Server](https://minio.io/download/).
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* You can also refer to [https://docs.minio.io](https://docs.minio.io) for step by step guidance on installation and getting started on Minio CLient and Minio Server.
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You must first setup the following environment variables with the credentials of your running Minio Server.
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$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<YOUR-MINIO-ACCESS-KEY-ID>
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$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= <YOUR-MINIO-SECRET-ACCESS-KEY>
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Now you can easily initialize restic to use Minio server as backend with this command.
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$ ./restic -r s3:http://localhost:9000/restic init
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enter password for new backend:
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enter password again:
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created restic backend 6ad29560f5 at s3:http://localhost:9000/restic1
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Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access
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the repository. Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
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# Removing old snapshots
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All backup space is finite, so restic allows removing old snapshots. This can
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be done either manually (by specifying a snapshot ID to remove) or by using a
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policy that describes which snapshots to forget. For all remove operations, two
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commands need to be called in sequence: `forget` to remove a snapshot and
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`prune` to actually remove the data that was referenced by the snapshot from
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the repository.
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## Remove a single snapshot
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The command `snapshots` can be used to list all snapshots in a repository like this:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
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79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
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bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
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590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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In order to remove the snapshot of `/home/art`, use the `forget` command and
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specify the snapshot ID on the command line:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup forget bdbd3439
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enter password for repository:
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removed snapshot d3f01f63
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Afterwards this snapshot is removed:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
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79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
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590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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But the data that was referenced by files in this snapshot is still stored in
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the repository. To cleanup unreferenced data, the `prune` command must be run:
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$ restic -r /tmp/backup prune
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enter password for repository:
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counting files in repo
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building new index for repo
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[0:00] 100.00% 22 / 22 files
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repository contains 22 packs (8512 blobs) with 100.092 MiB bytes
|
|
processed 8512 blobs: 0 duplicate blobs, 0B duplicate
|
|
load all snapshots
|
|
find data that is still in use for 1 snapshots
|
|
[0:00] 100.00% 1 / 1 snapshots
|
|
found 8433 of 8512 data blobs still in use
|
|
will rewrite 3 packs
|
|
creating new index
|
|
[0:00] 86.36% 19 / 22 files
|
|
saved new index as 544a5084
|
|
done
|
|
|
|
Afterwards the repository is smaller.
|
|
|
|
## Removing snapshots according to a policy
|
|
|
|
Removing snapshots manually is tedious and error-prone, therefore restic allows
|
|
specifying which snapshots should be removed automatically according to a
|
|
policy. You can specify how many hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly
|
|
snapshots to keep, any other snapshots are removed. The most important
|
|
command-line parameter here is `--dry-run` which instructs restic to not remove
|
|
anything but print which snapshots would be removed.
|
|
|
|
When `forget` is run with a policy, restic loads the list of all snapshots,
|
|
then groups these by host name and list of directories. The policy is then
|
|
applied to each group of snapshots separately. This is a safety feature.
|
|
|
|
The `forget` command accepts the following parameters:
|
|
|
|
* `--keep-last n` never delete the `n` last (most recent) snapshots
|
|
* `--keep-hourly n` for the last `n` hours in which a snapshot was made, keep
|
|
only the last snapshot for each hour.
|
|
* `--keep-daily n` for the last `n` days which have one or more snapshots, only
|
|
keep the last one for that day.
|
|
* `--keep-weekly n` for the last `n` weeks which have one or more snapshots, only
|
|
keep the last one for that week.
|
|
* `--keep-monthly n` for the last `n` months which have one or more snapshots, only
|
|
keep the last one for that month.
|
|
* `--keep-yearly n` for the last `n` years which have one or more snapshots, only
|
|
keep the last one for that year.
|
|
* `--keep-tag` keep all snapshots which have all tags specified by this option
|
|
(can be specified multiple times).
|
|
|
|
Additionally, you can restrict removing snapshots to those which have a
|
|
particular hostname with the `--hostname` parameter, or tags with the `--tag`
|
|
option. When multiple tags are specified, only the snapshots which have all the
|
|
tags are considered.
|
|
|
|
All the `--keep-*` options above only count hours/days/weeks/months/years which
|
|
have a snapshot, so those without a snapshot are ignored.
|
|
|
|
Let's explain this with an example: Suppose you have only made a backup on each
|
|
Sunday for 12 weeks. Then `forget --keep-daily 4` will keep the last four snapshots
|
|
for the last four Sundays, but remove the rest. Only counting the days which
|
|
have a backup and ignore the ones without is a safety feature: it prevents
|
|
restic from removing many snapshots when no new ones are created. If it was
|
|
implemented otherwise, running `forget --keep-daily 4` on a Friday would remove
|
|
all snapshots!
|
|
|
|
# Debugging restic
|
|
|
|
The program can be built with debug support like this:
|
|
|
|
$ go run build.go -tags debug
|
|
|
|
Afterwards, extensive debug messages are written to the file in environment
|
|
variable `DEBUG_LOG`, e.g.:
|
|
|
|
$ DEBUG_LOG=/tmp/restic-debug.log restic backup ~/work
|
|
|
|
If you suspect that there is a bug, you can have a look at the debug log.
|
|
Please be aware that the debug log might contain sensitive information such as
|
|
file and directory names.
|
|
|
|
The debug log will always contain all log messages restic generates. You can
|
|
also instruct restic to print some or all debug messages to stderr. These can
|
|
also be limited to e.g. a list of source files or a list of patterns for
|
|
function names. The patterns are globbing patterns (see the documentation for
|
|
[`path.Glob`](https://golang.org/pkg/path/#Glob)), multiple patterns are
|
|
separated by commas. Patterns are case sensitive.
|
|
|
|
Printing all log messages to the console can be achieved by setting the file
|
|
filter to `*`:
|
|
|
|
$ DEBUG_FILES=* restic check
|
|
|
|
If you want restic to just print all debug log messages from the files
|
|
`main.go` and `lock.go`, set the environment variable `DEBUG_FILES` like this:
|
|
|
|
$ DEBUG_FILES=main.go,lock.go restic check
|
|
|
|
The following command line instructs restic to only print debug statements
|
|
originating in functions that match the pattern `*unlock*` (case sensitive):
|
|
|
|
$ DEBUG_FUNCS=*unlock* restic check
|
|
|
|
# Under the hood: Browse repository objects
|
|
|
|
Internally, a repository stores data of several different types described in the [design documentation](https://github.com/restic/restic/blob/master/doc/Design.md). You can `list` objects such as blobs, packs, index, snapshots, keys or locks with the following command:
|
|
|
|
```shell
|
|
$ restic -r /tmp/backup list snapshots
|
|
d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
The `find` command searches for a given
|
|
[pattern](http://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match) in the repository.
|
|
|
|
$ restic -r backup find test.txt
|
|
debug log file restic.log
|
|
debug enabled
|
|
enter password for repository:
|
|
found 1 matching entries in snapshot 196bc5760c909a7681647949e80e5448e276521489558525680acf1bd428af36
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 501 20 5 2015-08-26 14:09:57 +0200 CEST path/to/test.txt
|
|
|
|
The `cat` command allows you to display the JSON representation of the objects
|
|
or its raw content.
|
|
|
|
$ restic -r /tmp/backup cat snapshot d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c
|
|
enter password for repository:
|
|
{
|
|
"time": "2015-08-12T12:52:44.091448856+02:00",
|
|
"tree": "05cec17e8d3349f402576d02576a2971fc0d9f9776ce2f441c7010849c4ff5af",
|
|
"paths": [
|
|
"/home/user/work"
|
|
],
|
|
"hostname": "kasimir",
|
|
"username": "username",
|
|
"uid": 501,
|
|
"gid": 20
|
|
}
|